Editing Intelligence (section)

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Nous}}
The word ''[[wikt:intelligence#English|intelligence]]'' derives from the Latin [[noun]]s ''[[wikt:intelligentia|intelligentia]]'' or ''[[wikt:intellectus|intellēctus]]'', which in turn stem from the verb ''[[wikt:intelligere|intelligere]]'', to comprehend or perceive. In the [[Middle Ages]], the word ''intellectus'' became the scholarly technical term for understanding and a translation for the Greek philosophical term ''nous''. This term, however, was strongly linked to the [[metaphysics|metaphysical]] and [[cosmology|cosmological]] theories of [[teleology|teleological]] [[scholasticism]], including theories of the immortality of the soul, and the concept of the [[active intellect]] (also known as the active intelligence). This approach to the study of nature was strongly rejected by  [[early modern philosophy|early modern philosophers]] such as [[Francis Bacon]], [[Thomas Hobbes]], [[John Locke]], and [[David Hume]], all of whom preferred "understanding" (in place of "''intellectus''" or "intelligence") in their English philosophical works.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maich|page=305|title=A Hobbes Dictionary|first=Aloysius|publisher=Blackwell|year=1995}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nidditch|first=Peter|chapter=Foreword|page=xxii|publisher=Oxford University Press|title=An Essay Concerning Human Understanding}}</ref> Hobbes for example, in his Latin ''[[De Corpore]]'', used "''intellectus intelligit''", translated in the English version as "the understanding understandeth", as a typical example of a logical [[absurdity]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/thomhobbesmalme03molegoog|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105204954/http://www.archive.org/stream/thomhobbesmalme03molegoog|url-status=dead|title=Opera philosophica quæ latine scripsit omnia, in unum corpus nunc primum collecta studio et labore Gulielmi Molesworth ..|first1=Thomas|last1=Hobbes|first2=William|last2=Molesworth|date=15 February 1839|archive-date=5 November 2013|publisher=Londoni, apud Joannem Bohn|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> "Intelligence" has therefore become less common in English language philosophy, but it has later been taken up (with the scholastic theories that it now implies) in more contemporary [[psychology]].<ref>This paragraph almost verbatim from {{cite book|editor-last1=Goldstein|editor-first1=Sam|editor-last2=Princiotta|editor-first2=Dana|editor-last3=Naglieri|editor-first3=Jack A.|title=Handbook of Intelligence: Evolutionary Theory, Historical Perspective, and Current Concepts|date=2015|publisher=Springer|location=New York, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London|isbn=978-1-4939-1561-3|page=3}}</ref>