Editing Interfaith marriage (section)

== Legal status ==

===Human rights===
According to Article 16 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], men and women who have attained the [[age of majority]] have the right to marry "without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a16|title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> Although most of Article 16 is incorporated verbatim in Article 23 of the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]], the references to religious and racial limitations is omitted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html|title=UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> Article 17, clause two, of the [[American Convention on Human Rights]] says that all men and women have the right to marry, subject to the conditions of domestic law "insofar as such conditions do not affect the principle of nondiscrimination established in this Convention."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cidh.org/Basicos/English/Basic3.American%20Convention.htm|title=AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS|website=cidh.org|access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref>

===United States===
According to a study conducted by the [[Pew Research Center]] (2015), interfaith marriage has become increasingly common in the [[United States]] during the past decades. While of marriages performed before 1960, 81% of marriages were between spouses from the same religious denomination, 11% were between spouses of different [[Christian denominations]], 5% were between a [[Christianity in the United States|Christian]] and a [[Irreligion in the United States|religiously unaffiliated spouse]], and 3% were other mixed forms of interfaith marriages, the corresponding figures for marriages performed in the period of 2010–2014 were 61%, 15%, 18% and 6%.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/06/02/interfaith-marriage/ | title=Interfaith marriage is common in U.S., particularly among the recently wed | date=2 June 2015 }}</ref> Interfaith marriages are least common among [[Hinduism in the United States|Hindus]], [[Mormons]], and [[Islam in the United States|Muslims]], and most common among [[Irreligion in the United States|religiously unaffiliated people]], [[mainline Protestants]], and [[American Jews|Jews]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/06/02/interfaith-marriage/ | title=Interfaith marriage is common in U.S., particularly among the recently wed | date=2 June 2015 }}</ref>

[[Joan Boocock Lee]], an [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]] [[British Americans|British-American]] actress who was married to the [[Agnosticism|agnostic]] [[American Jews|Jewish-American]] comic book creator [[Stan Lee]] until her death, stated that the couple faced difficulty [[Adoption in the United States|adopting a child]] in the mid-20th century United States.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=[[Joan Boocock Lee]]; [[Stan Lee]]|year=2010|title=With Great Power: The Stan Lee Story|title-link=IMDbTitle:1091863|time=0:47:20|oclc=1038407559}}</ref> Since the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|1960s]], American composers have written [[wedding music]] for use during interfaith marriage ceremonies, most notably [[John Serry Sr.]]<ref>[https://www.esm.rochester.edu/sibley/files/John-J-Serry-Sr-Collection.pdf Eastman School of Music - University of Rochester - Sibley Music Library: John J. Serry Sr. Collection score "Processional March (1951, Revised for Organ 1968)" Folder 18 p. 10 archived at the University of Rochester Eastman School of Music Sibley Music Library Special collections on esm.rochester.edu]</ref> With this in mind, Serry devoted the remaining thirty-five years of his professional career to the performance of wedding music and liturgical music of the [[Judaism in the United States|Jewish]] and [[Catholic Church in the United States|Roman Catholic]] faiths as a freelance organist at the Interfaith Chapel of [[Long Island University C W Post Campus]] in Brookville, New York (1968–2002).<ref>''The New York Times'', 21 June 1964, p. 84</ref><ref>''The New York Times'', 9 June 1965, p. 47</ref><ref>''The New York Times'', 14 June 1987, p. LI22</ref><ref>''The New York Times''14 June 1987, P. New York Region</ref><ref name="Mitchell">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/14/nyregion/interfaith-chapels-in-demand.html? |title=Interfaith Chapels in Demand |first=Ellen |last=Mitchell |work=The New York Times |date=14 June 1987 |access-date=26 November 2018}}</ref> As more [[rabbi]]s sought to unite couples of different faiths without first requiring conversions in the 1960s and 1970s,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewdRDwAAQBAJ&dq=Interfaith+marriages+in+the+1960's&pg=PA22|title=Beyond Chrismukkah: The Christian-Jewish Interfaith Family in the United States|first=Samira K.|last=Mehta|date=March 13, 2018|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-1-4696-3637-5 |access-date=January 28, 2025|via=Google Books}}</ref> he collaborated with several clergymen of both the Jewish and Roman Catholic religious traditions, including Rabbi Nathaniel Schwartz<ref name="Mitchell"/> and the Rev. John Heinlein.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/18/style/no-headline-058256.html|title=No Headline|date=March 18, 1984|access-date=January 28, 2025|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/06/style/ther-ese-o-hara-and-g-a-krebs-wed.html|title=Ther ese O'Hara and G. A. Krebs Wed|date=November 6, 1983|access-date=January 28, 2025|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esm.rochester.edu/sibley/files/John-J-Serry-Sr-Collection.pdf|title=Eastman School of Music – University of Rochester – Sibley Music Library: John J. Serry Sr. Collection: Series 3, p. 6 – Scrapbook containing musical programs as archived at the University of Rochester Eastman School of Music Sibley Music Library Special collections on esm.rochester.edu|access-date=January 28, 2025}}</ref>

===India===
{{See also|Special Marriage Act, 1954|Love jihad}}

Interfaith marriage is controversial in some areas, especially disapproval of relationships between Hindus and Muslims. Advertisements and films depicting Hindu-Muslim relationships have attracted condemnation and legal action.<ref name=conversation>{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/the-problem-with-indias-love-jihad-laws-152675|title=The problem with India's 'love jihad' laws|first=Sumit|last=Ganguly|website=The Conversation|date=27 January 2021 }}</ref> Hindu-Muslim couples have experienced harassment, including posting personal details on social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/hindu-muslim-couples-love-jihad-rightwing-marriage-notice|title=To Harass Hindu-Muslim Couples, Rightwing Activists Are Now Using Their Marriage Documents|website=The Wire}}</ref> In 2020 and 2021, several Indian states with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] governments passed laws prohibiting forced conversions, and requiring notification of intent to marry and a waiting period, and allowing anyone to object to the union. Interfaith marriages have been taken as an inherent indication of a forced conversion, despite some individuals stating they will not be converting in order to marry.<ref name=crux>[https://cruxnow.com/church-in-asia/2021/08/indian-court-strikes-down-provisions-against-interfaith-marriage/ Indian court strikes down provisions against interfaith marriage]</ref>  Fearing vigilante violence and after facing long delays and uncooperative lawyers and government officials, some couples have fled to other states to get married, often losing their jobs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/14/1037096376/a-new-law-in-india-is-making-it-harder-for-interfaith-couples-to-get-married|title=A New Law In India Is Making It Harder For Interfaith Couples To Get Married|website=NPR.org }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56330206|title=India's interfaith couples on edge after new law|work=BBC News |date=15 March 2021}}</ref> In August 2021, the [[Gujarat High Court]] limited the scope of that state's law on the grounds of freedom of religion.<ref name=crux />

According to scholar Tamalapakula (2019), within the context of interfaith marriage, the social dimension of the [[caste system in India]] should be heavily considered.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tamalapakula |first=Sowjanya |date=2019 |title=The Politics of Inter-caste Marriage among Dalits in India: The Political as Personal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26663710 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=317 |doi=10.1525/as.2019.59.2.315 |jstor=26663710 |issn=0004-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In various instances in her study of interfaith and inter-caste marriages, arguably the dynamics of class and gender play a pivotal role in the development of social relationships between families of interfaith and inter-caste marriages. In one of the used examples, in the marriages between [[Brahmin]] women and the [[Dalit]] men, the men are often viewed poorly by Brahmin relatives and isolate from their Dalit relatives to avoid association, to attain a similar status to the Brahmin women which is socially seen as ¨pure¨ compared to the Dalit man<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tamalapakula |first=Sowjanya |date=2019 |title=The Politics of Inter-caste Marriage among Dalits in India: The Political as Personal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26663710 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=324–326 |doi=10.1525/as.2019.59.2.315 |jstor=26663710 |issn=0004-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref> 

Still, marriage is often seen as a means for the improvement of social status by Dalit men and even as a means of transcending the boundaries of caste-based discrimination and constraints for both men and women. Yet, for Dalit women, Tamalapakula argues that given that the higher castes would never accept them to be as the legal wife of a Brahmin man and as they are seen as sexually exploited from their Dalit relatives,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tamalapakula |first=Sowjanya |date=2019 |title=The Politics of Inter-caste Marriage among Dalits in India: The Political as Personal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26663710 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=330 |doi=10.1525/as.2019.59.2.315 |jstor=26663710 |issn=0004-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref> it is another example how interfaith and inter-caste marriages are essentially tied through structural inequalities surrounding gender and class. Thus, while interfaith marriage is seen as partly controverisal and legally acceptable, it is part of a larger power dynamic that crosses between class and gender within Dalit and Brahmin castes. 

===Saudi Arabia===
[[Religion in Saudi Arabia]] is dominated and heavily influenced by the [[Salafi movement|Salafi brand]] of [[Sunni Islam]] and its [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi ideology]],<ref name="CPRT-108"/> a political and religious ideology named after [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]], an 18th-century [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]] preacher, [[Islamic scholar|scholar]], and [[Islamic theology|theologian]] from the [[Najd]] region in central [[Arabia]],{{refn|<ref name="Laoust2012">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Laoust |author-first=H. |title=Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3033 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref><ref name="Haykel2013">{{cite book |author-last=Haykel |author-first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Haykel |year=2013 |chapter=Ibn ‛Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (1703-92) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA231 |editor1-last=Böwering |editor1-first=Gerhard |editor1-link=Gerhard Böwering |editor2-last=Crone |editor2-first=Patricia |editor2-link=Patricia Crone |editor3-last=Kadi |editor3-first=Wadad |editor4-last=Mirza |editor4-first=Mahan |editor5-last=Stewart |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-link=Devin J. Stewart |editor6-last=Zaman |editor6-first=Muhammad Qasim |title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]] and [[Woodstock, Oxfordshire]] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |pages=231–232 |isbn=978-0-691-13484-0 |quote=Founder of a revivalist and reformist religious movement centered in Najd in central Arabia and commonly referred to as the Wahhabiyya or Wahhabis, Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Wahhab belonged to a prominent family of Hanbali scholars, the Al Musharraf of Ushayqir |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Esposito2004">{{cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |year=2004 |chapter=Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (d. 1791) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC&pg=PA123 |title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=123 |isbn=0-19-512559-2 |access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Oxford2020">{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712051853/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916 |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 12, 2016 |title=Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad - Oxford Islamic Studies Online |date=2020 |website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Wagemakers 2021">{{cite book |author-last=Wagemakers |author-first=Joas |year=2021 |chapter=Part 3: Fundamentalisms and Extremists – The Citadel of Salafism |editor1-last=Cusack |editor1-first=Carole M. |editor1-link=Carole M. Cusack |editor2-last=Upal |editor2-first=M. Afzal |editor2-link=Afzal Upal |title=Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=21 |doi=10.1163/9789004435544_019 |doi-access=free |pages=333–347 |isbn=978-90-04-43554-4 |issn=1874-6691}}</ref>}} founder of the [[Islamic revival|Islamic revivalist]] and [[Islah|reformist]] movement known as [[Wahhabism]].{{refn|<ref name="Laoust2012"/><ref name="Haykel2013"/><ref name="Esposito2004"/><ref name="Oxford2020"/><ref name="Wagemakers 2021"/><ref name="Nahouza 2018">{{cite book |author-last=Nahouza |author-first=Namira |year=2018 |chapter=Wahhabism: A Historical Overview |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyaODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |title=Wahhabism and the Rise of the New Salafists: Theology, Power, and Sunni Islam |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |location=[[London]] and New York |pages=61–78 |isbn=9781788311427}}</ref><ref name="Ágoston-Masters 2009">{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Ágoston |editor1-first=Gábor |editor2-first=Bruce |editor2-last=Masters |year=2009 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |chapter=Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA260 |location=New York |publisher=[[Facts On File]] |pages=260–61 |isbn=978-0-8160-6259-1 |lccn=2008020716 |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref>}} Hence, [[Freedom of religion|religious rights]] are restricted both for [[Saudi Arabian nationality law|Saudi citizens]] and [[Foreigners in Saudi Arabia|foreigners]] that reside in the country.<ref name="CPRT-108"/><ref name="Nahouza 2018"/><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Bokhari |editor1-first=Kamran |editor2-last=Senzai |editor2-first=Farid |year=2013 |chapter=Conditionalist Islamists: The Case of the Salafis |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThiuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |title=Political Islam in the Age of Democratization |location=[[Basingstoke]] and New York |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |pages=81–100 |doi=10.1057/9781137313492_5 |isbn=978-1-137-31349-2}}</ref> Public celebration or advocacy of any other religion is generally prohibited.<ref name="CPRT-108">{{cite book |editor1-last=Hyde |editor1-first=Henry J. |editor2-last=Lugar |editor2-first=Richard G. |date=6 October 2004 |title=Annual Report on International Religious Freedom 2004 and Designations of Countries of Particular Concern: Hearing Before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, 108th Congress, 2nd Session |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Orwi3boOIpQC&pg=PA86 |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|U.S. House Committee on International Relations]] |page=86 |quote=[[Saudi Arabia]] doesn't allow [[Freedom of religion|religious freedom]] to any of [[Saudi Arabian nationality law|its citizens]], to [[Foreigners in Saudi Arabia|foreign expatriates]], to [[Muslims]], even to those who are [[Wahhabism|Wahhabis]]. The word "freedom" is what is missing. The [Saudi] government control over the religion and understanding of Islam is the [[International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism|core cause of extremism]] in the country. The faith of Islam has been used by the government as a political tool to oppress reformers, critics, and opponents. Saudi Arabia is a glaring example of [[religious apartheid]]. The religious institutions extending from government clerics, judges, religious curriculums, and to all religious instructions in media are restricted to the Wahhabi understanding of Islam, adhered to by less than 40% of the population.}}</ref>

===Israel===
In [[Israel]], marriages are performed by delegated religious authorities. As such, most interfaith marriages are [[de facto]] not performed without a recognized conversion.<ref name=lerner2011p214>{{cite book|author=Hanna Lerner|title=Making Constitutions in Deeply Divided Societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MykpY_PRtmUC|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50292-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MykpY_PRtmUC&pg=PA214&lpg=PA214 214]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-04 |title=Civil marriage now |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/civil-marriage-now-504216 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}</ref> This system is largely a continuation of the [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman Millet]] system in which different communities were  allowed to control their own internal affairs. In the [[Druze]] religion there is no marriage between Druze and non-Druze and in traditional Judaism there is no marriage between a Jew and a Gentile. Thus, interfaith marriages in which one of the spouses is Jewish or Druze, are not recognized by the state. Muslim [[Qadi|Qadis]] sometimes perform marriage ceremonies of a Muslim with a Jewish or Christian woman, and Christian priests in special cases perform marriage ceremonies of a Christian or Christian woman with a non-Christian, and in other cases they are recognized retrospectively, and in any case the state recognizes these marriages.  All interfaith marriages performed in other countries are recognized.<ref name="thejewishweek.com">Michel Chabin 2013-06-13 [http://www.thejewishweek.com/special-sections/celebrate/married-mediterranean-not-israel Married On The Mediterranean — But Not In Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203024852/http://www.thejewishweek.com/special-sections/celebrate/married-mediterranean-not-israel |date=3 December 2016 }} The Jewish Week. Retrieved 2015-10-01</ref> ''Hitbolelut,'' meaning [[Jewish assimilation|assimilation]] in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], is a  term used mainly to refer with prejudice to [[Jewish|Jews]] who marry outside of the Jewish people. The term has strong resonance in Israel and with many Jews worldwide as marrying outside historically meant leaving the Jewish community to be absorbed by the dominant culture.<ref name="Endelman275">{{Cite book |last=Endelman |first=Todd M. |date=2015 |title=Leaving the Jewish Fold: Conversion and Radical Assimilation in Modern Jewish History |chapter=7. Neither Jew nor Christian. New Religions, New Creeds |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400866380-010/html |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=275 |doi=10.1515/9781400866380-010 |isbn=9781400866380 |access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Endelman |first=Todd |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400866380 |title=Leaving the Jewish Fold |date=2015-12-31 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-6638-0 |location=Princeton|doi=10.1515/9781400866380 }}</ref>

Perhaps because of these norms, interfaith marriages between a Jewish individual and a non-Jewish individual are extremely rare in Israel. One [[Pew Research Center]] study, conducted in 2014–2015, indicated that only about two percent of Jewish individuals were part of an interfaith marriage. In addition, about 97 percent of Jews in the same stated that they would be not be completely comfortable with their child marrying a Muslim while 89 percent expressed similar views when asked about a hypothetical marriage to a Christian.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pew Research Center |date=March 8, 2016 |title=11. Intergroup marriage and friendship |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2016/03/08/intergroup-marriage-and-friendship/ |access-date=July 19, 2024}}</ref>

=== Lebanon ===
Depending on the [[Sectarianism|sectarian]] affiliation of the partners, there are different legal frameworks governing interfaith marriages. As secular [[civil marriage]] is not possible in [[Lebanon]], the religious laws of the [[Sectarianism in Lebanon|18 recognised sects]] must be followed for marriage. This leads to different restrictions, such as [[Christians]], who cannot marry non-Christians in a [[Church (building)|church]], or [[Muslims|Muslim]] women, who cannot marry Christian or [[Druze]] men unless one of the partners [[Religious conversion|converts]] to the religion of the other. For Lebanese couples, an option to circumvent conversion is to have a [[Marriage in Cyprus|civil marriage in Cyprus]]. Based on a comparison made between the 2011 and the 2018 electoral registration records, a slow but steady change in mixed marriages is measured. The data shows an increase in the percentage of Lebanese marriages that were interreligious without conversion, from 0.9% in 2011, to 1.31% in 2018.<ref name=":0" /> In general interfaith marriages represent between 2 percent and 5 percent of all marriages among Lebanese.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deeb |first=Lara |title=Love Across Difference Mixed Marriage in Lebanon |date=August 10, 2024 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9781503640764}}</ref>

In her book ''Love Across Difference: Mixed Marriage in Lebanon,'' Lara Deeb explores the histories of several interfaith couples and their [[Lived experience|lived experiences.]] In this work, Deeb describes how partners negotiated strategies to continue practicing their respective religions and how to handle religious differences in raising their children. Furthermore, the book describes familial reactions (both [[Nuclear family|nuclear]] and [[Extended family|extended]]) to interfaith marriages, as well as social [[reputation]] and [[Social class|class]] related concerns, and religious prejudices in [[Lebanon]]. The reactions depicted in the book varied widely, ranging from immediate acceptance to rejection and [[shunning]]. Deep discusses not only interfaith marriage, but also points to similar issues arising from marriage between different [[Religious denomination|religious sects]]. According to the author, interfaith marriage is becoming increasingly accepted in Lebanon. However, the disagreement between those in favor of and those against interfaith marriage is growing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Deeb |first=Lara |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781503640764/html |title=Love Across Difference: Mixed Marriage in Lebanon |date=2024-12-31 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-4076-4 |pages=260 |doi=10.1515/9781503640764}}</ref>