Editing International Phonetic Alphabet (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of the International Phonetic Alphabet}}

In 1886 a group of French and English language teachers, led by the French linguist [[Paul Passy]], formed what would be known from 1897 onwards as the [[International Phonetic Association]] (in French, {{lang|fr|l'Association phonétique internationale}}).<ref name="IPA194-196">{{harvnb|International Phonetic Association|1999|pp=194–196}}</ref> The idea of the alphabet had been suggested to Passy by [[Otto Jespersen]]. It was developed by Passy along with other members of the association, principally [[Daniel Jones (phonetician)|Daniel Jones]].
The original IPA alphabet was based on the [[Romic alphabet]], an English [[spelling reform]] created by [[Henry Sweet]] that in turn was based on the [[Palaeotype alphabet]] of [[Alexander John Ellis]], itself derived from [[Lepsius Standard Alphabet]] first used for transcribing Ancient Egyptian into German.

The original intent was to make it usable for other languages the values of the symbols were allowed to vary from language to language.{{NoteTag|"Originally, the aim was to make available a set of phonetic symbols which would be given ''different'' articulatory values, if necessary, in different languages."<ref>{{harv|International Phonetic Association|1999|pp=195–196}}</ref>}} For example, the sound {{IPAblink|ʃ}} (the ''sh'' in ''shoe'') was originally represented with the letter {{angbr|c}} for English but with {{angbr|x}} for French and German; with German, {{angbr|c}} was used for the {{IPAblink|x}} sound of ''[[Bach]]''.<ref name="IPA194-196" /> With a growing number of transcribed languages this proved impractical, and in 1888 the values of the letters were made uniform across languages. This would provide the base for all future revisions.<ref name="IPA194-196" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Passy |first=Paul |year=1888 |title=Our revised alphabet |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44701189 |journal=[[The Phonetic Teacher]] |volume=3 |issue=7/8 |pages=57–60 |jstor=44701189 |access-date=14 May 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418202055/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44701189 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since its creation, the IPA has undergone a number of revisions. After relatively frequent revisions and expansions from the 1890s to the 1940s, the IPA remained nearly static until the [[Kiel Convention]] in 1989, which substantially revamped the alphabet. A smaller revision took place in 1993 with the resurrection of letters for [[mid central vowel]]s<ref name="world" /> and the retirement of letters for [[implosive consonant#Voiceless implosives|voiceless implosives]].<ref name="Pullum">{{Cite book |last1=Pullum |first1=Geoffrey K. |title=Phonetic Symbol Guide |title-link=Phonetic Symbol Guide |last2=Ladusaw |first2=William A. |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=1986 |isbn=0-226-68532-2 |location=Chicago |pages=152, 209 |author-link=Geoffrey Pullum}}</ref> The alphabet was last revised in May 2005 with the addition of a letter for a [[labiodental flap]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Nicolaidis |first=Katerina |title=Approval of New IPA Sound: The Labiodental Flap |url=http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/flap.htm |date=September 2005 |publisher=International Phonetic Association |access-date=17 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902212308/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/ipa/flap.htm |archive-date=2 September 2006}}</ref> Apart from the addition and removal of symbols, changes to the IPA have consisted largely of renaming symbols and categories and in modifying [[typeface]]s.<ref name="world" />

[[Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet]] for [[speech pathology]] (extIPA) were created in 1990 and were officially adopted by the [[International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association]] in 1994.<ref>{{harvnb|International Phonetic Association|1999|p=186}}</ref>
They were substantially revised in 2015.