Editing Internet in China (section)

==History==
[[File:P1994-2011.gif|thumb|left|Internet penetration rates in China in the context of [[East Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]], 1995–2012]]

From 1995 to 2004, internet use in China was almost entirely in urban areas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Shi |first=Song |title=China and the Internet: Using New Media for Development and Social Change |date=2023 |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |isbn=9781978834736 |location=New Brunswick, NJ}}</ref>{{Rp|page=3}} By 2003, less than 0.2% of rural people had used the internet.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=3}} In 2004, the [[Ministry of Industry and Information Technology]] began the Connecting Every Village Project which promoted the use of telecommunications and internet in rural China. Beginning in late 2009, the program began building rural telecenters each of which had at least one telephone, computer, and internet connectivity.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=37–38}} Approximately 90,000 rural telecenters were built by 2011.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=38}} By 2011, 89% of administrative villages had internet access.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=3, 24}}

China replaced the U.S. in its global leadership in terms of installed telecommunication bandwidth in 2011. By 2014, China hosts more than twice as much national bandwidth potential than the U.S., the historical leader in terms of installed telecommunication bandwidth (China: 29% versus US: 13% of the global total).<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2jp4w5rq|title=The bad news is that the digital access divide is here to stay: Domestically installed bandwidths among 172 countries for 1986–2014|first=Martin|last=Hilbert|date=1 June 2016|journal=Telecommunications Policy|volume=40|issue=6|pages=567–581|access-date=15 August 2018|doi=10.1016/j.telpol.2016.01.006|archive-date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604191331/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2jp4w5rq|url-status=live}}</ref>

China began implementing a National Broadband Strategy in 2013.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=90}} The program aimed to increase the speed, quality, and adoption of broadband and 4G networks.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=90}} As of 2018, 96% of administrative villages had fiber optic networks and 95% had 4G networks.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=90}}

Wireless, especially internet access through a mobile phone, has developed rapidly. The affordability of mobile phones and internet data in China has resulted in the number of mobile internet users in China surpassing the number of computer internet users.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Parzyan |first=Anahit |url= |title=China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace |date=2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |others=Mher Sahakyan |isbn=978-1-003-35258-7 |edition= |location=New York |pages= |chapter=China's Digital Silk Road: Empowering Capabilities for Digital Leadership in Eurasia |oclc=1353290533}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=178}} 500 million were accessing the internet via cell phones in 2013.<ref name="CNNIC33">{{cite web |title=第33次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告 |trans-title=33rd statistical report on Internet development in China |url=http://www.cnnic.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/hlwtjbg/201401/t20140116_43820.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119020216/http://www.cnnic.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/hlwtjbg/201401/t20140116_43820.htm |archive-date=19 January 2014 |access-date=21 January 2014 |work=CNNIC}}</ref> The number of dial-up users peaked in 2004 and since then has decreased sharply.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} Generally statistics on the number of mobile internet users in China show a significant slump in the growth rate between 2008 and 2010, with a small peak in the next two years.<ref>[http://www.iresearchchina.com/views/3959.html China Mobile Internet Market] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304061006/http://www.iresearchchina.com/views/3959.html |date=4 March 2013 }}, China Internet Network Information Center, iResearch. February 2012.</ref>

In 2015, the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] promoted the [[Internet Plus]] initiative, a five-year plan to integrate traditional manufacturing and service industries with big data, cloud computing, and [[Internet of things]] technology.<ref name=":Zhang" />{{Rp|page=44}} The State Council provided support for Internet Plus through policy support in area including cross-border [[E-commerce in China|e-commerce]] and rural e-commerce.<ref name=":Zhang" />{{Rp|page=44}} Various regulatory bodies promoted Internet Plus within their sectors.<ref name=":Zhang" />{{Rp|page=44}}

In April 2020, the [[National Development and Reform Commission]] (NDRC) proposed that "satellite internet" should be a part of new national infrastructure.  By the next month, [[Shanghai]], [[Beijing]], [[Fuzhou]], [[Chongqing]], [[Chengdu]], and [[Shenzhen]] had each proposed regional action plans to support the new [[satellite internet constellation]] project<ref name=cmn20200917>{{cite news |title=Chinese Commercial Rocket Startup Space Pioneer Secures Series A |url=https://www.chinamoneynetwork.com/2020/09/17/chinese-commercial-rocket-startup-space-pioneer-secures-series-a |work=China Money Network |date=17 September 2020 |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220061604/https://www.chinamoneynetwork.com/2020/09/17/chinese-commercial-rocket-startup-space-pioneer-secures-series-a |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- the refname sn20210727 source refers to it as "China's national Satellite Internet project"; unclear what is the best descriptive name to refer to it here in Wikipedia--> with a goal to provide domestic China satellite internet to rural areas.<ref name=sn20210727>{{cite news |title=Chinese rocket company Space Pioneer secures major funding ahead of first launch |url=https://spacenews.com/chinese-rocket-company-space-pioneer-secures-major-funding-ahead-of-first-launch/ |last=Jones |first=Andrew |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=27 July 2021 |access-date=27 July 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727183506/https://spacenews.com/chinese-rocket-company-space-pioneer-secures-major-funding-ahead-of-first-launch/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Beginning in 2019, US ([[SpaceX]] [[Starlink]])<ref name=sfn20191111>{{cite news |title=Successful launch continues deployment of SpaceX's Starlink network |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/11/11/successful-launch-continues-deployment-of-spacexs-starlink-network/ |work=Spaceflight Now |date=11 November 2019 |access-date=27 July 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160301/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/11/11/successful-launch-continues-deployment-of-spacexs-starlink-network/|url-status=live}}</ref> and UK ([[OneWeb satellite constellation|OneWeb]], 2020)<ref name=cnn20200206>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/06/tech/oneweb-satellite-internet-launch-scn/index.html |date=February 6, 2020 |title=The race for space-based broadband: OneWeb launches 34 more internet satellites |last=Wattles |first=Jackie |website=CNN |access-date=2020-02-07 |archive-date=28 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828212454/https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/06/tech/oneweb-satellite-internet-launch-scn/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sn20200321">{{cite web|last1=Henry|first1=Caleb|date=21 March 2020|title=Soyuz launches 34 OneWeb satellites|url=https://spacenews.com/soyuz-launches-34-oneweb-satellites/|access-date=15 April 2020|website=spacenews.com|publisher=SpaceNews|archive-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20200322121542/https://spacenews.com/soyuz-launches-34-oneweb-satellites/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- a half-dozen test sats were launched in 2019, before the OneWeb bankruptcy; but the main launches of operational sats began only in 2020 --> private companies had begun fielding large internet satellite constellations with global coverage; however China does not intend to [[Satellite landing rights|license]] non-Chinese technical solutions for satellite broadband within the [[nation state|jurisdiction]] of Chinese law.<ref name=cbc20200619>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/spacex-high-speed-internet-1.5618918 |title=Elon Musk's company SpaceX applies to offer high-speed Internet service to Canadians |work=[[CBC News]] |date=19 June 2020 |access-date=27 July 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160154/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/spacex-high-speed-internet-1.5618918 |url-status=live }}</ref>