Editing Interneuron (section)

==Structure==
In the [[human brain]], approximately 20–30% of the neurons in the [[neocortex]] are interneurons, and the remaining majority of neurons are [[pyramidal cell|pyramidal]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Markram | first1 = Henry |display-authors=etal | year = 2004 | title = Interneurons of the neocortical inhibitory system | journal = Nature Reviews Neuroscience | volume = 5 | issue = 10| pages = 793–807 | doi=10.1038/nrn1519 | pmid=15378039| s2cid = 382334 }}</ref>  Investigations into the molecular diversity of neurons is impeded by the inability to isolate cell populations born at different times for gene expression analysis. An effective means of identifying [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coetaneous coetaneous] interneurons is neuronal birthdating.<ref name="Ng-2017">{{Cite journal|last1=Ng|first1=Hui Xuan|last2=Lee|first2=Ean Phing|last3=Cavanagh|first3=Brenton L.|last4=Britto|first4=Joanne M.|last5=Tan|first5=Seong-Seng|title=A method for isolating cortical interneurons sharing the same birthdays for gene expression studies|journal=Experimental Neurology|volume=295|pages=36–45|doi=10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.05.006|pmid=28511841|year=2017|s2cid=3377296}}</ref> This can be achieved using nucleoside analogs such as [[5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine|EdU]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Endaya|first1=Berwini|last2=Cavanagh|first2=Brenton|last3=Alowaidi|first3=Faisal|last4=Walker|first4=Tom|last5=Pennington|first5=Nicholas de|last6=Ng|first6=Jin-Ming A.|last7=Lam|first7=Paula Y.P.|last8=Mackay-Sim|first8=Alan|last9=Neuzil|first9=Jiri|title=Isolating dividing neural and brain tumour cells for gene expression profiling|journal=Journal of Neuroscience Methods|volume=257|pages=121–133|doi=10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.09.020|pmid=26432933|year=2016|s2cid=44969376}}</ref><ref name="Ng-2017" />

In 2008, a nomenclature for the features of GABAergic cortical interneurons was proposed, called ''Petilla terminology''.<ref name="pmid18568015">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nrn2402 |pmid=18568015 |pmc=2868386 |title=Petilla terminology: Nomenclature of features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=557–68 |year=2008 |last1=Ascoli |first1=Giorgio A. |last2=Alonso-Nanclares |first2=Lidia |last3=Anderson |first3=Stewart A. |last4=Barrionuevo |first4=German |last5=Benavides-Piccione |first5=Ruth |last6=Burkhalter |first6=Andreas |last7=Buzsáki |first7=György |last8=Cauli |first8=Bruno |last9=Defelipe |first9=Javier |last10=Fairén |first10=Alfonso |last11=Feldmeyer |first11=Dirk |last12=Fishell |first12=Gord |last13=Fregnac |first13=Yves |last14=Freund |first14=Tamas F. |last15=Gardner |first15=Daniel |last16=Gardner |first16=Esther P. |last17=Goldberg |first17=Jesse H. |last18=Helmstaedter |first18=Moritz |last19=Hestrin |first19=Shaul |last20=Karube |first20=Fuyuki |last21=Kisvárday |first21=Zoltán F. |last22=Lambolez |first22=Bertrand |last23=Lewis |first23=David A. |last24=Marin |first24=Oscar |last25=Markram |first25=Henry |last26=Muñoz |first26=Alberto |last27=Packer |first27=Adam |last28=Petersen |first28=Carl C. H. |last29=Rockland |first29=Kathleen S. |last30=Rossier |first30=Jean |display-authors=29 }}</ref>

=== Spinal cord ===
*  [[Spinal interneuron#Ia inhibitory interneuron|Ia inhibitory interneuron]]: Found in [[rexed laminae#Laminae|lamina VII]].  Responsible for inhibiting antagonist [[motor neuron]].  1a spindle afferents activate 1a inhibitory neuron.
*  [[File:Anatomy and physiology of animals A reflex arc.jpg|thumb|A [[spinal interneuron]] (relay neuron) forms part of a [[reflex arc]]]][[Spinal interneuron#Ib inhibitory interneuron|Ib inhibitory interneuron]]: Found in [[Rexed laminae#Laminae|lamina V, VI, VII]]. Afferent or [[Golgi tendon organ]] activates it.

=== Cortex ===
*  [[Parvalbumin]]-expressing interneurons
*  CCK-expressing interneurons
*  VIP-expressing interneurons
*  SOM-expressing interneurons<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Muñoz|first1=W|last2=Tremblay|first2=R|last3=Levenstein|first3=D|last4=Rudy|first4=B|title=Layer-specific modulation of neocortical dendritic inhibition during active wakefulness.|journal=Science|date=3 March 2017|volume=355|issue=6328|pages=954–959|pmid=28254942|doi=10.1126/science.aag2599|bibcode=2017Sci...355..954M|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Cerebellum ===
*  [[Cerebellum#Microanatomy|Molecular layer]] ([[basket cell]]s, [[stellate cell]]s)
*  [[Golgi cell]]s
*  [[Granule cell]]s
*  [[Lugaro cell]]s
*  [[Unipolar brush cell]]s

===Striatum===
*[[Parvalbumin]]-expressing interneurons<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/8138 |pmid=10321252 |year=1999 |last1=Tepper |first1=James M. |title=Inhibitory control of neostriatal projection neurons by GABAergic interneurons |journal=Nature Neuroscience |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=467–72 |last2=Koós |first2=Tibor |s2cid=16088859 }}</ref>
*[[Cholinergic]] interneurons<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/neu.10150 |pmid=12436423 |title=Cholinergic interneuron characteristics and nicotinic properties in the striatum |journal=Journal of Neurobiology |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=590–605 |year=2002 |last1=Zhou |first1=Fu-Ming |last2=Wilson |first2=Charles J. |last3=Dani |first3=John A. |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nn.2984 |pmid=22158514 |pmc=3245803 |title=GABAergic circuits mediate the reinforcement-related signals of striatal cholinergic interneurons |journal=Nature Neuroscience |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=123–30 |year=2011 |last1=English |first1=Daniel F |last2=Ibanez-Sandoval |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Stark |first3=Eran |last4=Tecuapetla |first4=Fatuel |last5=Buzsáki |first5=György |last6=Deisseroth |first6=Karl |last7=Tepper |first7=James M |last8=Koos |first8=Tibor }}</ref>
*[[Tyrosine hydroxylase]]-expressing interneurons<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5996-09.2010 |pmid=20484642 |title=Electrophysiological and Morphological Characteristics and Synaptic Connectivity of Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Expressing Neurons in Adult Mouse Striatum |journal=Journal of Neuroscience |volume=30 |issue=20 |pages=6999–7016 |year=2010 |last1=Ibanez-Sandoval |first1=O. |last2=Tecuapetla |first2=F. |last3=Unal |first3=B. |last4=Shah |first4=F. |last5=Koos |first5=T. |last6=Tepper |first6=J. M. |pmc=4447206}}</ref>
*Calretinin-expressing interneurons<ref name = Tepper>{{cite journal |doi=10.3389/fnana.2010.00150 |title=Heterogeneity and Diversity of Striatal GABAergic Interneurons |journal=Frontiers in Neuroanatomy |volume=4 |year=2010 |last1=Ibáñez-Sandoval |first1=Osvaldo |last2=Koós |first2=Tibor |last3=Tecuapetla |first3=Fatuel |last4=Tepper |first4=James M. |pmid=21228905 |pages=150 |pmc=3016690|doi-access=free }}</ref>
*Nitric oxide synthase-expressing interneurons<ref name = Tepper/>