Editing Internment (section)

== Defining internment and concentration camp ==
[[Image:Fort Marr.JPG|thumb|Fort Marr is the last surviving remnant of the American forts used to intern the [[Cherokee removal|Cherokee]] in preparation for their [[Indian removal|removal]] to Indian Territory, months prior the "[[Trail of Tears]]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carter III |first1=Samuel |date=1976 |title=Cherokee Sunset: A Nation Betrayed. A Narrative of Travail and Triumph, Persecution and Exile |url=https://archive.org/details/cherokeesunsetna00cart|location=New York |publisher=Doubleday |page=[https://archive.org/details/cherokeesunsetna00cart/page/232 232] |isbn=978-0385067355}}</ref>]]
[[File:Weyler reconcentrados.png|thumb|Cuban victims of [[Reconcentration policy|Spanish reconcentration policies]], 1896.]]

The ''[[American Heritage Dictionary]]'' defines the term ''concentration camp'' as: "A camp where persons are confined, usually without hearings and typically under harsh conditions, often as a result of their membership in a group which the government has identified as dangerous or undesirable."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Concentration camp |url=http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=concentration+camp&submit.x=-664&submit.y=-210 |access-date=22 July 2014 |publisher=American Heritage Dictionary}}</ref>

Although the first example of civilian internment may date as far back as the 1830s,<ref>{{Cite book |last=James L. Dickerson |title=Inside America's Concentration Camps: Two Centuries of Internment and Torture |publisher=Chicago Review Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-55652-806-4 |page=29}}</ref> the English term ''concentration camp'' was first used in order to refer to the [[Reconcentration policy|reconcentration camps]] (Spanish:''reconcentrados'')  which were set up by the [[Spain under the Restoration|Spanish military]] in [[Cuba]] during the [[Ten Years' War]] (1868–1878).<ref name="Columbia">{{Cite book |title=The Columbia Encyclopedia: Concentration Camp |date=2008 |publisher=Columbia University Press |edition=Sixth}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2 November 2017 |title=Concentration Camps Existed Long Before Auschwitz |work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/concentration-camps-existed-long-before-Auschwitz-180967049/}}</ref> The label was applied yet again to camps set up by the United States during the [[Philippine–American War]] (1899–1902).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Storey |first1=Moorfield |url=https://archive.org/stream/secretaryrootsr00codmgoog#page/n8/mode/2up |title=Secretary Root's record. "Marked severities" in Philippine warfare. An analysis of the law and facts bearing on the action and utterances of President Roosevelt and Secretary Root |last2=Codman |first2=Julian |publisher=George H. Ellis Company |year=1902 |location=Boston |pages=89–95 |author-link=Moorfield Storey |author-link2=Julian Codman}}</ref> And expanded usage of the ''concentration camp'' label continued, when the [[Second Boer War concentration camps|British set up camps]] during the [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902) in South Africa for interning [[Boer]]s during the same time period.<ref name="Columbia" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Documents re camps in Boer War |url=http://www-sul.stanford.edu/africa/boers.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609212833/http://www-sul.stanford.edu/africa/boers.html |archive-date=9 June 2007 |publisher=sul.stanford.edu}}</ref>

During the 20th century, the arbitrary internment of civilians by the state reached its most extreme forms in the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[List of Gulag camps|Gulag system of concentration camps]] (1918–1991)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=Gulag: A History, by Anne Applebaum (Doubleday) |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/anne-applebaum |access-date=2019-11-13 |website=The Pulitzer Prizes}}</ref> and the [[Nazi concentration camps]] (1933–1945). The Soviet system was the first applied by a government on its own citizens.<ref name=":0" /> The Gulag consisted in over 30,000 camps for most of its existence (1918–1991) and detained some 18 million from 1929 until 1953,<ref name=":1" /> which is only a third of its 73-year lifespan. The Nazi concentration camp system was extensive, with as many as 15,000 camps<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1">{{cite web |title=Concentration Camp Listing |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/cclist.html |publisher=Editions Kritak |location=Belgium |quote=Sourced from Van Eck, Ludo ''Le livre des Camps''}} and {{cite book | author = Gilbert, Martin | title = Atlas of the Holocaust | location = New York | publisher= William Morrow| year =  1993| isbn = 0-688-12364-3}}. In this online site are the names of 149 camps and 814 subcamps, organized by country.</ref> and at least 715,000 simultaneous internees.<ref>{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Richard J. |title=The Third Reich in Power |publisher=Penguin Group |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-14-303790-3 |location=New York}}</ref> The total number of casualties in these camps is difficult to determine, but the deliberate policy of [[extermination through labor]] in many of the camps was designed to ensure that the inmates would die of starvation, untreated disease and [[summary execution]]s within set periods of time.<ref name="Marek Przybyszewski">{{cite book |last=Marek Przybyszewski |url=http://www.historia.terramail.pl/opracowania/nowozytna/zamek_centrum_administracji.html |title=IBH Opracowania – Działdowo jako centrum administracyjne ziemi sasińskiej |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022004220/http://www.historia.terramail.pl/opracowania/nowozytna/zamek_centrum_administracji.html |archive-date=2010-10-22 |language=pl |trans-title=Działdowo as the centre of local administration |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Moreover, Nazi Germany established six [[extermination camp]]s, specifically designed to kill millions of people, primarily by [[Extermination camp#Gassing|gassing]].<ref name="Gellately2001">{{Cite book |last1=Robert Gellately |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1toqgWg8ROUC&q=forced+labor |title=Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany |last2=Nathan Stoltzfus |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-691-08684-2 |page=216}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Anne Applebaum |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2001/oct/18/a-history-of-horror |title=A History of Horror{{!}} Review of ''Le Siècle des camps'' by Joël Kotek and Pierre Rigoulot |date=18 October 2001 |magazine=[[The New York Review of Books]]}}</ref>
[[File:Buchenwald Slave Laborers Liberation.jpg|thumb|Jewish slave laborers at the [[Buchenwald concentration camp]] near [[Weimar]] photographed after their liberation by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] on 16 April 1945]]

As a result, the term "concentration camp" is sometimes conflated with the concept of an "[[extermination camp]]" and historians debate whether the term "concentration camp" or the term "internment camp" should be used to describe other examples of civilian internment.<ref name=euph/>

The "concentration camp" label continues to see expanded use for cases post-[[World War II]], for instance in relation to [[List of British detention camps during the Mau Mau Uprising|British camps in Kenya]] during the [[Mau Mau rebellion]] (1952–1960),<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 2019 |title=Museum of British Colonialism releases online 3D models of British concentration camps in Kenya |work=Morning Star |url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/b/museum-british-colonialism-releases-online-3d-models-british}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 1989 |title=The Mau Mau Rebellion |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1989/12/31/the-mau-mau-rebellion/186d8bdf-1d95-4b63-9147-c67f20d7eb0f/}}</ref> and camps set up in [[Chile]] during the [[military dictatorship]] of [[Augusto Pinochet]] (1973–1990).<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2013 |title=Chilean coup: 40 years ago I watched Pinochet crush a democratic dream |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/07/chile-coup-pinochet-allende}}</ref> According to the [[United States Department of Defense]] as many as 3 million [[Uyghurs]] and members of other [[Islam in China|Muslim]] minority groups are being held in [[China]]'s [[Xinjiang re-education camps|re-education camps]] which are located in the [[Xinjiang]] region and which American news reports often label as ''concentration camps''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2019 |title=As the U.S. Targets China's 'Concentration Camps', Xinjiang's Human Rights Crisis is Only Getting Worse |work=Newsweek |url=https://www.newsweek.com/xinjiang-uyghur-crisis-muslim-china-1398782}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 2019 |title=Uighurs and their supporters decry Chinese 'concentration camps', 'genocide' after Xinjiang documents leaked |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/11/17/uighurs-their-supporters-decry-chinese-concentration-camps-genocide-after-xinjiang-documents-leaked/}}</ref> The camps were established in the late 2010s under [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|Chinese Communist Party general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]]'s [[China under Xi Jinping|administration]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ramzy |first1=Austin |last2=Buckley |first2=Chris |date=2019-11-16 |title='Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/world/asia/china-xinjiang-documents.html |access-date=2019-11-16 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kate O'Keeffe and Katy Stech Ferek |date=14 November 2019 |title=Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President', U.S. Panel Says |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/stop-calling-chinas-xi-jinping-president-u-s-panel-says-11573740000}}</ref>