Editing Intuition (section)

==Psychology==
===Freud===
According to [[Sigmund Freud]], knowledge could only be attained through the intellectual manipulation of carefully made observations. He rejected any other means of acquiring knowledge such as intuition. His findings could have been an analytic turn of his mind towards the subject.<ref name="Freud">{{cite book |last1= Walker Punerr|first1= Helen |title=Sigmund Freud: His Life and Mind |date= January 1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=386tCTzeb28C&q=intuition+sigmund+freud&pg=PA197 |access-date=28 December 2014  |publisher=Transaction Publishers |pages=197–200|isbn= 9781412834063 }}</ref>

===Jung===
In [[Carl Jung]]'s [[theory]] of the [[Human ego|ego]], described in 1916 in ''[[Psychological Types]]'', intuition is an "irrational function", opposed most directly by [[Sense|sensation]], and opposed less strongly by the "rational functions" of thinking and feeling. Jung defined intuition as "perception via the unconscious": using sense-perception only as a starting point, to bring forth ideas, images, possibilities, or ways out of a blocked situation, by a process that is mostly unconscious.<ref name="ptypes">{{cite book|first=C.G.|last=Jung|title=Psychological Types|series=Bollingen Series XX|volume=6|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1971}}</ref>

Jung said that a person in whom intuition is dominant—an "intuitive type"—acts not on the basis of rational judgment but on sheer intensity of perception. An extroverted intuitive type, "the [[Nature|natural]] champion of all minorities with a future", orients to new and promising but unproven possibilities, often leaving to chase after a new possibility before old ventures have borne fruit, oblivious to his or her own welfare in the constant pursuit of change. An introverted intuitive type orients by images from the unconscious, ever exploring the [[psychic]] world of the [[Jungian archetypes|archetypes]], seeking to perceive the meaning of events, but often having no interest in playing a role in those events and not seeing any connection between the contents of the psychic world and him- or herself. Jung thought that extroverted intuitive types were likely entrepreneurs, speculators, cultural revolutionaries, often undone by a desire to escape every situation before it becomes settled and constraining—even repeatedly leaving lovers for the sake of new romantic possibilities. His introverted intuitive types were likely mystics, prophets, or cranks, struggling with a tension between protecting their visions from influence by others and making their ideas comprehensible and reasonably persuasive to others—a necessity for those visions to bear real fruit. Jung's discerning between intuitive types and sensing types was later used in the MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator), used as polar opposites on the mind.<ref name="ptypes" />

===Modern psychology===
In modern psychology, intuition can encompass the ability to know valid solutions to problems and the [[decision making|making of decisions]]. For example, the [[recognition-primed decision]] (RPD) model explains how people can make relatively fast decisions without having to compare options. [[Gary A. Klein|Gary Klein]] found that under time pressure, high stakes, and changing parameters, experts used their base of experience to identify similar situations and intuitively choose feasible solutions. The RPD model is a blend of intuition and analysis. The intuition is the pattern-matching process that quickly suggests feasible courses of action. The [[analysis]] is the mental simulation, a conscious and deliberate review of the courses of action.<ref>{{cite book|last=Klein|first=Gary|title=Intuition At Work|publisher=Random House|location=New York, N.Y.|date=January 2003}}{{page needed|date=August 2023}}</ref>

[[Instinct]] is often misinterpreted as intuition. Its reliability is dependent on past knowledge and occurrences in a specific area.{{dubious|reason=isn't "instinct" typically used for actions that do not rely on past experience but are innate e.g. genetic?|date=August 2023}} For example, someone who has had more experience with children will tend to have better instincts about what they should do in certain situations with them. This is not to say that one with a great amount of experience is always going to have an accurate intuition.<ref>{{cite book|first=Eugene|last=Sadler-Smith|title=Inside Intuition|year=2008}}{{page needed|date=August 2023}}</ref>

Intuitive abilities were quantitatively tested at Yale University in the 1970s. While studying [[nonverbal communication]], researchers noted that some subjects were able to read nonverbal facial cues before reinforcement occurred.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=A.J.|last1=Giannini|first2=J.|last2=Daood|first3=M.C.|last3=Giannini|first4=R.|last4=Boniface|first5=P.G.|last5=Rhodes|title=Intellect versus intuition--dichotomy in the reception of nonverbal communication|journal=Journal of General Psychology|volume=99|pages=19–24|year=1978|doi=10.1080/00221309.1978.9920890 }}</ref> In {{clarify|text=employing a similar design,|reason=were the subjects employing a design (what sort of design? employing how? similar to what?), or were the experimenters employing a similar experimental design to that of the previous study|date=August 2023}} they noted that highly intuitive subjects made decisions quickly but could not identify their rationale. Their level of accuracy, however, did not differ from that of non-intuitive subjects.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=A.J.|last1=Giannini|first2=M.E.|last2=Barringer|first3=M.C.|last3=Giannini|first4=R.H.|last4=Loiselle|title=Lack of relationship between handedness and intuitive and intellectual (rationalistic) modes of information processing|journal=Journal of General Psychology|volume=111|pages=31–37|year=1984|doi=10.1080/00221309.1984.9921094 }}</ref>

According to the works of [[Daniel Kahneman]], intuition is the ability to automatically generate solutions without long logical arguments or evidence.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://univertv.ru/video/psihologiya/socialnaya_psihologiya/_issledovaniya_psihiki_intuiciya/?mark=science1 |title = Studies of the psyche: intuition |first = Daniel|last = Kahneman|language= en }}{{page needed|date=August 2023}}</ref> He mentions two different systems that we use when making decisions and judgements: the first is in charge of automatic or unconscious thoughts, the second in charge of more intentional thoughts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kahneman |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHvzzuCnuv8C |title=Thinking, Fast and Slow |date=2011-10-25 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-374-27563-1 |language=en}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2023}} The first system is an example of intuition, and Kahneman believes people overestimate this system, using it as a source of confidence for knowledge they may not truly possess. These systems are connected with two versions of ourselves he calls the remembering self and experiencing self, relating to the creation of memories in "System 1".{{jargon inline|date=August 2023}} Its{{ambiguous|reason=what does "it" refer to, "system 1"? "these systems"? "the first system"?|date=August 2023}} automatic nature occasionally leads people to experience cognitive illusions, assumptions that our intuition gives us and are usually trusted without a second thought.<ref name=":0" />{{page needed|date=August 2023}}

[[Gerd Gigerenzer]] described intuition as processes and thoughts that are devoid of typical logic. He described two primary characteristics to intuition: basic rules of thumb (that are heuristic in nature) and "evolved capacities of the brain".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gigerenzer |first=Gerd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZKISEBHvYYC |title=Gut Feelings: The Intelligence of the Unconscious |year=2007 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-670-03863-3 |language=en}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2023}} The two work in tandem to give people thoughts and abilities that they do not actively think about as they are performed, and of which they cannot explain their formation or effectiveness. He does not believe that intuitions {{clarify|text=actively correlate to|reason=why "actively"? what does it mean for intuitions to "correlate to" knowledge?|date=August 2023}} knowledge; he believes that having too much information makes individuals overthink, and that some intuitions will actively defy known information.<ref name=":1" />{{page needed|date=August 2023}}

Intuition is also seen as a figurative launch pad for logical thinking. Intuition's automatic nature tends to precede more thoughtful logic.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Haidt |first=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItuzJhbcpMIC |title=The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion |date=2012-03-13 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-90703-5 |language=en}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2023}} Even when based on moral or subjective standpoints, intuition provides a base—one that people will usually start to back up with logical thinking as a defense or justification rather than starting with a less biased viewpoint. The confidence in {{clarify|text=whether it is an intuition or not comes from how quickly they happen, because they|reason=what are "it" and "they" here?|date=August 2023}} are instantaneous feelings or judgments that we have surprising confidence in.<ref name=":2" />{{page needed|date=August 2023}}