Editing Islam in Brazil (section)

==History==
===African immigration===
[[Image:Rugendasroda.jpg|thumb|200px|left|''[[Capoeira]] or the Dance of War'' by  [[Johann Moritz Rugendas]], 1835]]

The history of Muslims in Brazil begins with the importation of African slave labor to the country. Brazil obtained 37% of all African slaves traded. Over 3 million slaves were sent to Brazil. Starting around 1550, the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] began to trade African slaves to work the sugar plantations once the native [[Tupi people]] deteriorated. Scholars claim that Brazil received more enslaved Muslims than anywhere else in the Americas.<ref>Lovejoy, Paul E., ''Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil'', Markus Wiener Pub., 2007. {{ISBN|1-55876-378-3}}.</ref>

During the days of the Barbary Wars, some native Brazilians came into interaction with Muslim lands. It was noted by Dr. Antonio Sosa, a Portuguese cleric held captive in North Africa in the 1570s, that the port of [[Algiers]] maintained one of the most ethnically diverse cities in the world including Amerindians from Iberian colonies in the New World.<ref>Garcés, María Antonia. "Cervantes in Algiers: A Captive's Tale." Nashville: Vanderbilt UP, 2002, p. 35</ref> [[Barbary pirates]] were known to attack the shipping of slaves and merchandise while taking prisoners coming from the Americas. In 1673, 140 prisoners were taken from a Rio de Janeiro fleet, while a 1674 capture of a Brazilian ship contributed in the decision to increase naval protection.<ref>Hanson, Carl A. "Economy and Society in Baroque Portugal: 1668-1703." London: Macmillan, 1981, p. 250</ref>

===Malê Revolt===
{{Main|Malê Revolt}}
The Muslim uprising of 1835 in [[Bahia]] illustrates the condition and legacy of resistance among the community of ''Malês'', as African Muslims were known in 19th-century Bahia. The majority of the participants were Nago, the local designation for ethnic [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]]. [[Pacifico Licutan]] was one of the leaders of the revolt. Many of the "Malês" had been soldiers and captives in the wars between [[Oyo Empire|Oyo]], [[Ilorin]] and other Yoruba [[city-states]] in the early part of the 19th century. Other participants included [[Hausa people|Hausa]] and [[Nupe people|Nupe]] clerics, along with Jeje or [[Dahomean]] soldiers who had converted to [[Islam]] or fought in alliance with [[Muslims]].<ref>Slave rebellion in Brazil: the Muslim uprising of 1835 in Bahia, p. 139</ref>"

Beginning on the night of January 24, 1835, and continuing the following morning, a group of African born slaves occupied the streets of [[Salvador da Bahia|Salvador]] and for more than three hours they confronted soldiers and armed civilians.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kent |first1=R. K. |title=African Revolt in Bahia: 24-25 January 1835 |journal=Journal of Social History |date=1970 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=334–356 |doi=10.1353/jsh/3.4.334 |jstor=3786298 }}</ref><ref name=reis1988>{{cite journal |last1=Reis |first1=João José |title=Slave Resistance in Brazil: Bahia, 1807-1835 |journal=Luso-Brazilian Review |date=1988 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=111–144 |jstor=3513114 }}</ref>

Even though it was short lived, the revolt was the largest slave revolt in Brazil and the largest urban slave revolt in the Americas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/2365.html|title=Slave Rebellion in Brazil|date=1 September 1995|website=jhu.edu|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-date=7 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207165718/http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title_pages/2365.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> About 300 Africans took part and the estimated death toll ranges from fifty to a hundred, although exact numbers are unknown.  This number increases even more if the wounded who died in prisons or hospitals are included.<ref name=reis1988/>  Many participants were sentenced to death, prison, whippings, or deportation. The rebellion had nationwide repercussions. Fearing the example might be followed, the Brazilian authorities began to watch the ''malês'' very carefully and in subsequent years intensive efforts were made to force conversions to [[Catholicism]] and erase the popular memory of and affection towards [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reis |first1=João José |title=Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia |date=1993 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-4462-1 }}{{pn|date=November 2020}}</ref> However, the African Muslim community was not erased overnight, and as late as 1910 it is estimated there were still some 100,000 African Muslims living in Brazil.<ref>Steven Barboza, ''American Jihad'', 1993</ref>

===Muslim immigrants in Brazil===
Following the revolt of the [[Afro-Brazilian]] Muslim community, the next period of Islam in the country was primarily the result of Muslim immigration from the [[Middle East]] and [[South East Asia]]. Some 11 million [[Demographics of Syria|Syrian]] and [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] (mostly [[Maronite]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]]) immigrants live throughout Brazil.<ref name=oliveira2006>{{cite journal |last1=de Oliveira |first1=Vitória Peres |title=Islam in Brazil or the Islam of Brazil? |journal=Religião & Sociedade |date=2006 |volume=2 |url=http://socialsciences.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-85872006000200002 }}</ref> The biggest concentration of Muslims is found in the greater [[São Paulo]] region.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} There is also a growing [[Bangladeshi immigration to Brazil|Bangladeshi Brazilian]] community, numbering in the thousands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahmud |first=Ezaz |date=2021-05-19 |title=Livelihoods of Bangladeshis at stake in Covid-19 hit Brazil |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/livelihoods-bangladeshis-stake-covid-19-hit-brazil-2094973 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

Architecture and cuisine also bear the trademarks of the culture brought to the hemisphere by the Arabs. As an example, the second largest fast food chain in Brazil is [[Habib's]], which serves Arab food. The diversity of influence also stretches to businesses such as the textile industry, which is mostly run by merchants of Syrian-Lebanese origin (mainly of Christian faith). The São Paulo city council has a Muslim Councillor by the name of Mohammad Murad, a lawyer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iviews.com/articles/Articles.asp?ref=IV9906-510|title=Islam Under Wraps - IslamiCity|website=iviews.com|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref> A number of mosques dot the greater São Paulo area, the oldest and most popular of these being found on [[:pt:Avenida do Estado|Avenida do Estado]]. Since its establishment, the mosque has added a Quranic school, library, kitchen and meeting hall for various functions.