Editing Islam in the Netherlands (section)

==History==

===Ottoman traders and Dutch converts===
The first traces of Islam in the Netherlands date back to the 16th century. Ottoman and Persian traders settled in many Dutch and Flemish trading towns, and were allowed to practice their faith, although most of them belonged to the Jewish or Greek Orthodox community under the Sultan. The English traveler [[Andrew Marvell]] referred to the Netherlands as "the place for Turk, Christian, heathen, Jew; staple place for sects and schisms" due to the religious freedom and the large number of different religious groups there.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1dvcB_8Ot0C&pg=PA71|title=Islam in Education in European Countries. Pedagogical Concepts and Empirical Findings|last1=Veinguer|first1=Aurora Alvarez|last2=Dietz|first2=Gunther|last3=Jozsa|first3=Dan-Paul|last4=Knauth|first4=Thorsten|date=2009-01-01|publisher=Waxmann Verlag|isbn=978-3-8309-7282-2|page=71|access-date=2017-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416224613/https://books.google.com/books?id=a1dvcB_8Ot0C&pg=PA71|archive-date=2017-04-16|url-status=live}}</ref> References to the Ottoman state and Islamic symbolism were also frequently used within 16th century Dutch society itself, most notably in Protestant speeches called ''hagenpreken'', and in the crescent-shaped medals of the [[Geuzen]], bearing the inscription "[[Liever Turks dan Paaps|Rather Turkish than Papists]]". When Dutch forces broke through the Spanish [[siege of Leiden]] in 1574, they carried with them Turkish flags into the city.<ref>[http://www.joop.nl/opinies/bevrijders-leiden-droegen-turkse-vlaggen Bevrijders Leiden droegen Turkse vlaggen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031211953/http://www.joop.nl/opinies/bevrijders-leiden-droegen-turkse-vlaggen |date=2016-10-31 }} Historian Ewout Klei on Joop.nl, 14 April 2012</ref> During the [[Siege of Sluis (1604)|Siege of Sluis]] in Zeeland in 1604, 1400 Turkish slaves were freed by [[Maurice of Orange]] from captivity by the Spanish army.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Motley, John Lothrop|title=History of the United Netherlands from the death of William the silent to the Synod of Dort, with a full view of the English-Dutch struggle against Spain, and of the origin and destruction of the Spanish armada, Volume 4|date=1869|pages=198–200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dF3hmIhpsr8C|author1-link=John Lothrop Motley}}</ref> The Turks were declared free people and the Dutch state paid for their repatriation. To honor the resistance of the Turkish slaves to their Spanish masters, Prince Maurice named a local embankment "[[Turkeye]]". Around this time the Netherlands also housed a small group of Muslim refugees from the Iberian peninsula, called [[Moriscos]], who would eventually settle in [[Constantinople]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}

Diplomat [[Cornelius Haga]] gained trading privileges from Constantinople for the Dutch Republic in 1612, some 40 years before any other nation recognized Dutch independence.<ref name="NNBW">[http://www.historici.nl/retroboeken/nnbw/#source=10&page=164&accessor=accessor_index&view=imagePane Haga Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817025132/http://www.historici.nl/retroboeken/nnbw/#source=10&page=164&accessor=accessor_index&view=imagePane |date=2011-08-17 }} in the NNBW</ref> Two years later the Ottomans sent their emissary [[Ömer Aga]] to the Netherlands to intensify the relations between the two states with a common enemy.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GliNAAACAAJ|title=Muslims in the Dutch Golden Age Representations and realities of religious toleration|last=Kaplan|first=Benjamin J.|publisher=University of Amsterdam|date=23 May 2006|location=Amsterdam, Netherlands|page=17|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416231015/https://books.google.com/books/about/Muslims_in_the_Dutch_Golden_Age.html?id=0GliNAAACAAJ|archive-date=16 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 17th century dozens of Dutch, Zeelandic and Frisian sailors converted to Islam and joined the [[Barbary Pirates]] in the ports of North-Africa, where some of them even became admirals in the Ottoman Navy.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UbHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|title=Piracy and Privateering in the Golden Age Netherlands|last=Lunsford|first=V.|date=2005-06-03|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4039-7938-4|page=143|language=en|access-date=2017-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416230218/https://books.google.com/books?id=2UbHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|archive-date=2017-04-16|url-status=live}}</ref> Many sailors converted to escape slavery after being taken captive, while others "went Turk" of their own volition. Some of the converted Dutchmen returned home to the Netherlands. However, this was deemed problematic, not so much due to their conversion, but due to their disloyalty to the Dutch Republic and its navy.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}

=== Envoys from Aceh ===
[[File:Maurits ontvangt de afgezanten van de sultan van Atjeh, 1602 Maurits ontvangt de afgezanten van den sultan van Achem op Sumatra (titel op object), RP-P-OB-73.729 (cropped).jpg|thumb|300px|left|Prince Maurits received the envoys of the Sultan of Aceh]]

In 1602, [[Aceh Sultanate]] sent several envoys to the Netherlands. This was the first diplomatic mission of a Southeast Asian polity to Europe. The Acehnese delegation to the United Republic constituted an ambassador, an admiral and a cousin of the sultan, accompanied by their servants. In his letter to [[stadtholder]] [[Prince Maurice]] dated 24 August 1601 Alau'd-din enumerated the gifts he sent for the prince. These were 'a small jewel and a ring with four big stones and some smaller stones, a dagger with a gold and copper sheath wrapped in a silver cloth, a golden cup and saucer and a gold-plated silver pot and two Malay speaking parrots with silver chains.

The envoys were treated with due respect and given a grand tour of the provinces where they visited important towns and met with local authorities; they were received by the States General and by Prince Maurice. The States General invited European monarchs to send their representatives to meet the Acehnese visitors. It was a successful strategy to give publicity to their warm relations with an important Asian ruler and trading partner at a time when Spain was still a menace in Europe.

The eldest of the envoys, Abdul Hamid, died three months after arrival and was buried in a church in the town of [[Middelburg, Zeeland|Middelburg]] in the province of [[Zeeland]], in the presence of important dignitaries. The other envoys, Sri Muhammad and Mir Hassan, returned to Aceh in 1604 with the fleet of Admiral Steven Verhaegen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cosijn-Mitrasing |first=I.S. |title=The age of Aceh and the evolution of kingship 1599-1641 |year=2011 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/1887/16640|page=87|hdl=1887/16640 }}</ref>

===Treaty with Morocco===
In the early 17th century a delegation from the [[Dutch Republic]] visited [[Morocco]] to discuss a common alliance against [[Spain]] and the [[Barbary pirates]]. Sultan [[Zidan Abu Maali]] appointed [[Samuel Pallache]] as his envoy, and in 1608 Pallache met with [[stadholder]] [[Maurice of Nassau]] and the [[States General of the Netherlands|States General]] in [[The Hague]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUJkIYXBKGMC&pg=PA127|title=Poetry, Politics and Polemics: Cultural Transfer Between the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa|last1=Moor|first1=Ed de|last2=Zwartjes|first2=Otto|last3=Gelder|first3=G. J. H. van|publisher=Rodopi|year=1996|isbn=90-420-0105-4|page=127|access-date=2017-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416224641/https://books.google.com/books?id=pUJkIYXBKGMC&pg=PA127|archive-date=2017-04-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Dutch East Indies===
{{further|Dutch East Indies}}
In the 19th century the Netherlands [[Dutch empire|administered]] the [[Dutch East Indies|archipelago]] that would become [[Indonesia]], a majority-Muslim country with the largest Muslim population in the world. The 19th century is also the century in which the first Muslim burial site appeared in the Netherlands, namely the [[tomb of Lepejou]], in which a former slave from the Dutch East Indies was buried near [[Zwolle]] in 1828.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dam|first=René ten|title=Haerst - Het graf van de 'negerslaaf'|url=https://www.dodenakkers.nl/overijssel/haerst.html|access-date=2021-09-06|website=www.dodenakkers.nl|language=nl-nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Neefjes|first=Jan|url=https://issuu.com/provicieoverijssel/docs/atlas_van_de_vecht_lr/106|title=Cultuurhistorische Atlas van de Vecht: Biografie van Nederlands Grootste Kleine Rivier|publisher=Uitgeverij WBOOKS|year=2011|isbn=978-90-400-7830-9|location=Zwolle|page=105|chapter=Graf van Lepejou, Het Oudste Moslimgraf van Nederland|oclc=757519664}}</ref> In the first half of the 20th century hundreds of Indonesian students, sailors, [[Nanny|baboes]] and domestic workers lived in the Netherlands, thus constituting the first sizable Muslim community. In 1932, Indonesian workers established the Perkoempoelan Islam (Islamic Association), which was a self-help organization that lobbied for the establishment of a Muslim cemetery and a mosque in the Netherlands. Both were realized in 1933.<ref>Klaas Stutje, 'Indonesian Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Organizations in the Netherlands and beyond.' in Muslims in Interwar Europe: A Transcultural Historical Perspective, edited by Bekim Agai, Umar Ryad, Mehdi Sajid, 125–150. Leiden: Brill, 2015.</ref> After the [[Indonesian National Revolution|bloody war of Independence]] from 1945 to 1949 this community grew.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://home.deds.nl/~quip/archief/culture/Islam%20in%20Nederland.html|title=Islam in the Netherlands (factsheet)|work=Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs|date=2002-11-01|access-date=2009-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129173148/http://home.deds.nl/~quip/archief/culture/Islam%20in%20Nederland.html|archive-date=2009-01-29|url-status=live}}</ref>

===The [[Second World War]]===
{{further|German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war|Uzbeks}}

After [[Nazi Germany]] [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the Soviet Union]] in the 1940s, a number of [[Soviet Central Asia]]ns, who were mostly from [[Samarqand]] in what is now the Muslim-majority [[Republic of Uzbekistan]],<ref name="PF2009">[http://pewforum.org/uploadedfiles/Topics/Demographics/Muslimpopulation.pdf Mapping the Global Muslim Population. A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810075151/http://pewforum.org/uploadedfiles/Topics/Demographics/Muslimpopulation.pdf |date=2011-08-10 }}. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life (October 2009)</ref> left their homes for the area of [[Smolensk]], to [[Battle of Smolensk (1941)|fight the invaders]]. There, the Nazis managed to take captives, including [[Hatam Kadirov]] and [[Zair Muratov]], and transported them to areas like that of [[Amersfoort concentration camp]], where they reportedly persecuted or executed them. The victims' cemetery is [[Rusthof cemetery|that of Rusthof]], near [[Amersfoort]]. Amongst those who studied their case is [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] resident [[Bahodir Uzakov]].<ref name=Soldat>{{Cite web|url=http://www.soldat.ru/search/f_glory/soldiers.html|title=Советское Поле Славы|website=www.soldat.ru|access-date=2017-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508112359/http://www.soldat.ru/search/f_glory/soldiers.html|archive-date=2017-05-08|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC2017CentralAsians">{{cite news |author=Rustam Qobil |publisher=BBC |title=Why were 101 Uzbeks killed in the Netherlands in 1942? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-39849088 |date=2017-05-09 |access-date=2017-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508235146/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-39849088 |archive-date=2017-05-08 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Immigration in the post WW2 period===
[[File:Moskee Oostduinlaan.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Mobarak Mosque, The Hague|Mubarak Mosque]], the oldest mosque in the Netherlands, built in 1955]]

In the early 1970s, Muslims represented less than one percent of the population which grew to about six percent in the late 2010s. During the same period, large parts of the Dutch population lost their faith and the Netherlands transformed from [[Pillarisation|a religious society that was segregated along the lines of Protestant, Catholic and socialist lines]] into a [[Secularism|secular society]] which was characterised by progressive values.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Damhuis|first=Koen|date=2019|title="The biggest problem in the Netherlands": Understanding the Party for Freedom's politicization of Islam|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-biggest-problem-in-the-netherlands-understanding-the-party-for-freedoms-politicization-of-islam/|access-date=2021-02-28|website=Brookings|language=en-US}}</ref>

During the 1960s and early 1970s the Netherlands needed a larger low-skilled work force for the labour intense economic sectors. These sectors were short of workers because of swift industrial growth, combined with higher educational levels of the native Dutch who increasingly turned to the service-oriented economy. The Netherlands concluded recruitment agreements with countries like [[Turkey]] (1965) and [[Morocco]] (1969), allowing people from these countries to stay in the Netherlands (much smaller numbers of Muslim immigrants in this time came from [[Tunisia]] and [[Algeria]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4NBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT86|title=Citizenship in European Cities: Immigrants, Local Politics and Integration Policies|last1=Kraal|first1=Karen|last2=Vertovec|first2=Steven|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-1-351-95140-1|page=84|language=en|access-date=2017-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416230526/https://books.google.com/books?id=u4NBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT86|archive-date=2017-04-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

State recruitment of immigrant labour ended in 1973, but the number of Moroccans and Turks increased due to [[family reunification]] arrangements.<ref name=":0" /> A number of Surinamese Muslims came to the Netherlands before and after the independence of [[Suriname]] in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.humanityinaction.org/knowledgebase/372-race-in-the-netherlands-the-place-of-the-surinamese-in-contemporary-dutch-society|title=Race in the Netherlands: The Place of the Surinamese in Contemporary Dutch Society by Benedicta Deogratias, Kyera Singleton, Casey Wojtalewicz {{!}} Humanity in Action|website=Humanity In Action|language=en|access-date=2017-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416222417/http://www.humanityinaction.org/knowledgebase/372-race-in-the-netherlands-the-place-of-the-surinamese-in-contemporary-dutch-society|archive-date=2017-04-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Mevlana-moskee.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[Mevlana Mosque, Rotterdam|Mevlana Mosque]] in [[Rotterdam]] built in 2001]]

In the 1980s and especially since the 1990s, Muslims came to the Netherlands as refugees and asylum seekers, mainly from [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Somalia]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Iraq]].<ref>{{harvnb|Demant|Maussen|Rath|2007|p=11}}</ref>

Apart from asylum seekers, currently most Muslim immigration takes place through marriage migration and family reunification.  Most Moroccan and Turkish 1st and 2nd generation immigrants married people from their home countries.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}  In 2004, the Netherlands passed immigration laws which force future immigrants and their prospective Dutch partners to abide by very strict requirements.  Immigrants must pass tests in their home countries, showing a sufficient knowledge of the Dutch language and culture. The Dutch partner must be at least 21 years old and prove an income of at least 120% of the minimum wage. These strict laws have caused some Dutch interested in marrying people from other countries to move to Belgium for a temporary period, in what has been called "The [[Belgian Route]]".<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/buitenland/article152295.ece/Belgie_vindt_Nederlands_vreemdelingenbeleid_te_streng|title=België vindt Nederlands vreemdelingenbeleid te streng|date=2006-01-17|access-date=2009-03-15|work=[[Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau]]|publisher=[[de Volkskrant]]|language=nl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210172045/http://www.volkskrant.nl/buitenland/article152295.ece/Belgie_vindt_Nederlands_vreemdelingenbeleid_te_streng|archive-date=2008-12-10|url-status=live}}</ref>

Because of increasingly restrictive legislation on family formation and reunification, and the economic development of their home countries, the number of immigrants from Turkey and Morocco has decreased sharply since 2003.<ref>{{Citation|date=2007-04-16|access-date=2009-03-15|last=Nicolaas|first=Han|url=http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/themas/dossiers/allochtonen/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2007/2007-2177-wm.htm|work=StatLine|title=Immigratie in 2006 toegenomen tot ruim 100 duizend|language=nl|publisher=[[Statistics Netherlands]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206200732/http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/themas/dossiers/allochtonen/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2007/2007-2177-wm.htm|archive-date=2008-12-06|url-status=live}}</ref> Immigrants from Turkey decreased from 6,703 in 2003 to 3,175 in 2006, and immigrants from Morocco decreased from 4,894 to 2,085.<ref>{{Citation|date=2007-04-16|access-date=2009-03-15|title=Immi- en emigratie naar geboorteland, geslacht en leeftijd|url=http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=03742&D1=0&D2=0-2,8,14,19,24,43,56,90,92-93,98,100,133,148-149,170,190-192,212,214,229,239&D6=a,!0-4&HD=090315-1815&HDR=T,G5&STB=G1|publisher=[[Statistics Netherlands]]|language=nl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723083942/http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLNL&PA=03742&D1=0&D2=0-2,8,14,19,24,43,56,90,92-93,98,100,133,148-149,170,190-192,212,214,229,239&D6=a,!0-4&HD=090315-1815&HDR=T,G5&STB=G1|archive-date=2011-07-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Net immigration has slumped to a few hundred a year, and has even been negative in some years.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}

According to the [[Netherlands Institute for Social Research]] ("Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau" / SCP) 2005 ''Annual Report on [societal] Integration'', both half of the Dutch population, as well as half of the Moroccan and Turkish minorities stated that the Western lifestyle cannot be reconciled with that of Muslims.<ref name=":12">{{Cite report |title=Jaarrapport Integratie 2005 |trans-title=Annual Integration Report 2005 |url=https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/imported/documents/2005/35/2005jaarrapportintegratiepub.pdf |language=nl |publisher=Netherlands Institute for Social Research |pages=1–2 |access-date=2018-09-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221001102107/https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/publicatie/2005/38/jaarrapport-integratie-2005 |archive-date=2022-10-01 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On August 1, 2019, a ban on face coverings was implemented, making a full veil illegal on public transport and in schools, hospitals and government buildings. This followed similar bans in France, Germany, Belgium, Austria and Denmark. It does not apply to public streets.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-01|title=Partial Dutch ban on face-covering clothing takes effect|url=https://apnews.com/article/f99c38063a9942fb95e0ffcef20f3ed7|access-date=2021-02-28|website=AP NEWS}}</ref>