Editing Italic script (section)

==History==
[[File:Humanist and Italic a.png|thumb|262px|One of the innovations of Niccoli's Italic script was the major change to the Humanist minuscule ''a''.]]

Italic script is based largely on [[Humanist minuscule]], which itself draws on [[Carolingian minuscule]]. The capital letters are the same as the Humanist capitals, modeled on [[Roman square capitals]]. The Italian scholar [[Niccolò de' Niccoli]] was dissatisfied with the lowercase forms of Humanist minuscule, finding it too slow to write. In response, he created the Italic script, which incorporates features and techniques characteristic of a quickly written hand: oblique forms, fewer strokes per character, and the joining of letters. Perhaps the most significant change to any single character was to the form of the ''a'', which he simplified from the two-story form to the one-story form ⟨ɑ⟩ now common to most handwriting styles.

Under the influence of Italic movable type used with [[printing press]]es, the style of handwritten Italic script moved toward disjoined, more mannered characters. By the 1550s the Italic script had become so laborious that it fell out of use with scribes.

The style became increasingly influenced by the development of [[Copperplate script|Copperplate]] writing styles in the eighteenth century. The style of Italic script used today is often heavily influenced by developments made as late as the early 20th century. In the past few decades, the italic script has been promoted in English-speaking countries as an easier-to-learn alternative to traditional styles of cursive handwriting.

In the UK this revival was due in part to the 19th-century artist [[William Morris]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} In 1905 [[Monica Bridges]]’ book, ''A New Handwriting for Teachers'' was published.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A New Handwriting for Teachers. by M. M. [Mary Monica] Bridges: Good Hardcover (1905) Signed by Author(s) {{!}} Book Alley |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/signed-first-edition/New-Handwriting-Teachers-Mary-Monica-Bridges/3064268349/bd |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=www.abebooks.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref>  She was a skilled calligrapher and this book is credited with making italic handwriting fashionable in British schools.<ref>{{Cite ODNB |last=Phillips|first=Catherine|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-32066 |title=Bridges, Robert Seymour (1844–1930), poet |date=2004-09-23 |volume=1 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/32066|isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 }}</ref>

[[Edward Johnston]]'s book ''Writing & Illumination & Lettering'' was published in 1906, [[Alfred Fairbank]]'s book ''A Handwriting Manual'' in 1932 and the ''Dryad Writing Cards'' in 1935. These Dryad cards were used for teaching young school children to write an italic hand.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Italics script is considered one of the best examples of Latin cursive writing, and had a great influence on the calligraphic styles that followed throughout Europe. It was developed at a time when the spread of printing technology had already decreed the fall into disuse of manuscript books, consequently shifting the calligraphic attention from the books to the production of single papers and documents, for which handwriting remained an irreplaceable tool. For these needs, it was necessary to write faster than how humanistic script originally allowed, yet just as elegantly, hence the birth of the Italic script with a thinner and slightly inclined style that made it adaptable to more rapid execution. This period also gave birth to the first treatises on calligraphy: among them stands out "La Operina" by [[Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi]] (c.1475-c.1527).

A modern version called [[Getty-Dubay Italic]] was introduced in 1976.