Editing Jajce (section)

==History==
===Ancient times===
{{Main|Jajce Mithraeum}}
Jajce Mithraeum is a temple dedicated to the God of the Sun, [[Mithra]]. The god was worshiped and the cult spread to other parts of the [[Roman Empire]] throughout the Mediterranean basin by slaves and merchants from the [[Orient]], and by Roman soldiers who came into contact with the followers of the cult in the East. The temple is dated to the 2nd century AD and was renovated sometime during the 4th century AD. This particular Mithraeum is renowned as one of the best preserved in Europe. It was discovered accidentally during the construction of a private house. The temple is protected by glass walls so that visitors can see inside even without entering the facility. However, for entry and a closer look, visitors need to give notice of their visit in advance by contacting the Ethnological Museum of Jajce.

The Jajce Mithraeum has been declared a [[List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina|National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<ref name="Mithraeum-old.kons.gov.ba">{{cite web|date=12 January 2003|title=The historic (antique religious) monument of the Mithraeum in Jajce|url=http://old.kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_struct=50&lang=4&action=view&id=1317|access-date=22 September 2018|website=old.kons.gov.ba|publisher=Commission to preserve national monuments|language=en, bs|archive-date=22 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922135710/http://old.kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_struct=50&lang=4&action=view&id=1317|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Bosnian Kingdom===
{{Main|Walled city of Jajce|Catacombs of Jajce}}
[[File:Grad_Jajce.JPG|thumb|left|Citadel above [[Walled city of Jajce|Walled town of Jajce]]]][[Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić]], at the height of his power, founded the town of Jajce,<ref>Amer Sulejmanagić, Vol. 54 No. 65, 2012.  Coins of Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić,   https://hrcak.srce.hr/190275 #page=57</ref> and built a fortress on the site of an earlier fort. It is assumed that one of the locations of his death could be Jajce, where he built his tomb, known as the [[Catacombs of Jajce]]. However, another location of his burial is possibly believed to be [[Zgošća]] near [[Kakanj]], where the [[Zgošća Stećak]], a burial [[megalith]], had been found.
Jajce was first built in the 14th century and served as the capital of the independent [[Kingdom of Bosnia]] during its time. The first references to the name of Jajce in written sources is from the year 1396, but the fortress already existed before this. The town has gates as fortifications, as well as a castle with walls which lead to the various gates around the town. About 10–20 kilometres from Jajce lies the [[Komotin Fort|Komotin Castle]] and town area which is older but smaller than Jajce. It is believed the town of Jajce was established after Komotin was struck by the [[Black Death]].{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

===Banate of Jajce===

Jajce was the final residence of the last Bosnian king [[Stjepan Tomašević]] where he received the royal crown from [[Pope Pius II]] as "''by grace of God, the King of Serbs, Bosnia, Littoral, Hum, Dalmatia, Croats, etc.''".<ref name="Djokić">{{cite book |author1=[[Dejan Djokić (historian)|Dejan Djokić]] |title=A Concise History of Serbia |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |ISBN=978-1-107-02838-8 |pages=138 |date=2023}}</ref> The king was slain in the town after the Ottoman conquests.<ref name="Djokić"/>

The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] besieged the town and executed Tomašević in 1463, but held it only for six months. What was left of the Kingdom of Bosnia was annexed by the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], who looked to seize the opportunity to hinder the Ottoman expansion in the [[Balkans]]. With the Bosnian King's death, an opportunity arose for the Hungarian King [[Matthias Corvinus]] to try and capture Bosnia before the Ottomans, which consequentially lead to the [[Siege of Jajce]] and suppression of the Ottoman forces' advancement. This derailed Ottoman plans for nearly half a century.<ref name=COE/>{{rp|36}}

Later in the year 1463, king [[Matthias Corvinus]] established the {{ill|Banate of Jajce|hr|Jajačka banovina}}.<ref name="LMK2013">{{cite encyclopedia |date=2013–2015 |author=Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža |article=Jajačka banovina |url=https://enciklopedija.hr/clanak/jajacka-banovina |encyclopedia=Hrvatska enciklopedija, mrežno izdanje}}</ref>

Before her death in 1478 [[Catherine of Bosnia|Queen Catherine]] restored the [[Saint Mary's Church, Jajce|Saint Mary's Church]] in Jajce, nowadays the oldest church in the town.

[[Skender Pasha|Skenderbeg Mihajlović]] besieged Jajce again in 1501, which, although the siege was unsuccessful, marked the approaching demise of the town and the Hungarian rule in Bosnia. Mihajlović was repelled by [[John Corvinus|Ivaniš Korvin]], who was assisted by the [[Zrinski family|Zrinski]], [[Frankopan family|Frankopan]], Karlović and Cubor families.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}in 1520 [[Petar Keglević]] became the [[Ban (title)|Ban]] of Jajce.<ref>JOSIPA ADŽIĆ, History department, KEGLEVIĆI BUŽIMSKI U 16. STOLJEĆU, 2018 https://repozitorij.unipu.hr/islandora/object/unipu:2759/preview #page=9</ref>

====Jajce inscription====
{{see also|List of Glagolitic inscriptions (16th century)}}
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In 1866, a [[Glagolitic script|Glagolitic]] inscription was discovered on the road from Jajce to [[Brod, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Brod]] with the text "ⰂⰀ ⰂⰓⰋⰮⰅ ⰖⰈⰮⰑⰆⰐⰑⰃ ⰍⰐⰅⰈⰀ ⰗⰅⰓⰅⰐⰜⰀ ⰁⰅⰓⰋⰔⰀⰎⰋⰛⰀ", "In the time of knez Ferenac Berisalić", referring to {{ill|Franjo Berislavić|hr|Franjo Berislavić}} Doborski/Grabarski of the [[Berislavić family of Grabarje]], who was Ban of Jajce on multiple occasions around the turn of the 16th century.<ref>{{cite journal |date=1869 |first=Matija |last=Mesić |title=Pleme Berislavića |pages=30–104 |url=http://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:275:335696 |journal=Rad Jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti |issn=0375-1015 |volume=8}}</ref> Its discovery was first published in 1885 by {{ill|Mile Magdić|hr|Mile Magdić}}<ref name="Magdić 1885">{{cite journal |first=Mile |last=Magdić |title=Prilozi za poviest starih plemićkih porodica senjskih (Homolića, Miletića, Moletića i Kuhačevića, Vukasovića, Daničića, Novakovića |pages=51–74 |url=https://archive.org/details/starine_knjiga_16-17-18-jazu/page/n334/mode/1up |journal=Starine Jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti |volume=17 |date=1884}}</ref> or possibly earlier, but was little known except to historians of that family such as [[Josip Koprivčević]],<ref name="Koprivčević 1943">{{cite journal |first=Josip |last=Koprivčević |title=Berislavići Grabarski kao feudalni gospodari Broda i Posavine XII.-XIII. vieka |pages=12–21 |journal=Prilozi za poznavanje Broda |volume=1 |date=1943}}</ref> because Jajce was so far away from where most Glagolitic inscriptions were made.<ref name="Karbić 2006">{{cite journal |first=Marija |last=Karbić |title=Hrvatsko plemstvo u borbi protiv Osmanlija. Primjer obitelji Berislavića Grabarskih iz Slavonije |pages=71–85 |url=http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/04_M_KARABIC_PP_31.pdf |journal=Povijesni prilozi |volume=31 |date=2006}}</ref> It has appeared in several lists of Glagolitic inscriptions,<ref name="Žubrinić kronološki 1995">{{cite web |first=Darko |last=Žubrinić |title=Kronološki popis najvažnijih glagoljičkih spomenika |url=https://www.croatianhistory.net/glagoljica/glkro.html |date=1995}}</ref><ref name="Žubrinić 1995 outside">{{cite web |first=Darko |last=Žubrinić |title=Croatian Glagolitic Manuscripts kept outside of Croatia |url=http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/novi.html |date=1995}}</ref> but the inscription itself is thought to have be lost.<ref name="Žubrinić 2017">{{cite web |first=Darko |last=Žubrinić |title=Hrvatski glagoljički nadpisi odkriveni nakon 1982. (Drugi dio) |url=http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/glf2.html |date=2017}}</ref>

===Ottoman period===
In 1527, Jajce fell to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Pinson|first=Mark|title=The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Historic Development from Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yl3TAkJmztYC&pg=PA11|access-date=6 May 2012|edition=Second|orig-year=1993|year=1996|publisher=[[President and Fellows of Harvard College]]|location=United States of America|isbn=0-932885-12-8|page=11|quote=[...] in Bosnia Jajce under Hungarian garrison actually held until 1527}}</ref> Under the Ottomans, the town lost its strategic importance, as the border moved further north.

There are several churches and mosques built at different times during different reigns, making Jajce a rather diverse town in this aspect.

===Austria-Hungary period===
Jajce was ruled together with the rest of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the administration of [[Austria-Hungary]] from 1878 to 1918. The [[Franciscan friary, Jajce|Franciscan monastery of Saint Luke]] was completed in 1885.

===World War II===
[[File:Jajce AVNOJ museum.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia|AVNOJ]] Museum in Jajce]]
From 1929–1941, Jajce was part of the [[Vrbas Banovina]] of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. 
During the [[Second World War]], Jajce gained importance as centre of a large swath of free territory, and on 29 November 1943 it hosted the second convention of the [[Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia|Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia]] (AVNOJ). There, representatives from throughout Yugoslavia decided to establish a [[Democratic Federal Yugoslavia|federal Yugoslavia]], one that would have equality between its ethnic groups, and established that Bosnia and Herzegovina would be [[Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|one of its constitutive republics]]. The post-war economy of Jajce in socialist times was based on industry and tourism.<ref name=COE/>{{rp|36}}

===Bosnian War===
[[File:Pravoslavna_crkva_u_Jajcu.JPG|thumb|The ruins of the Orthodox church in Jajce|279x279px]]
{{main|Bosnian War|Operation Vrbas '92|Operation Mistral 2}}
At the beginning of the [[Bosnian War]], Jajce was inhabited by people from all ethnic groups, and was situated at a junction between areas of the [[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Serb]] majority to the north, [[Bosniaks|Bosniak]] majority areas to the southeast and [[Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Croat]] majority areas to the southwest.

At the end of April and the beginning of May 1992, almost all ethnic Serbs fled or were expelled to the territory under [[Republika Srpska (1992–1995)|Republika Srpska]] control. In the summer of 1992, the [[Army of Republika Srpska]] (VRS) started heavy bombardment of the town. Jajce was defended by Croat ([[Croatian Defence Council|HVO]]) and Bosniak ([[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|ARBiH]]) forces with two separate command lines, but fell to Serb forces on 29 October. Retreating forces were joined by a column of 30,000 to 40,000 civilian refugees, stretching {{convert|10|mi|abbr=off|order=flip}} towards [[Travnik]], under VRS sniping and shelling. Shrader defined it as "the largest and most wretched single exodus" of the Bosnian War.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_ceXJTw71MC|title=The Muslim-Croat Civil War in Central Bosnia: A Military History, 1992–1994|first=Charles R.|last=Shrader|publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]]|location=College Station, Texas|year=2003|isbn=978-1-58544-261-4}}, p. 3</ref>

Bosniak refugees resettled in Central Bosnia, while Croats moved either to Croatia or closer to the Croatian border due to rising tensions. By November 1992 the pre-war population of Jajce had shrunk from 45,000 to just several thousand.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Toal|first1=Gerard|last2=Dahlman|first2=Carl T.|title=Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|year=2011|isbn= 978-0-19-973036-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1TrvGxJeasC|page=126}}</ref>

In the following weeks, all mosques and Catholic churches in Jajce were demolished. It is presumed that the Orthodox church was demolished on 10–11 October by members of the so-called "Krajina Brigade" within the Army of BiH. The VRS converted the town's [[Franciscan Monastery of Saint Luke, Jajce|Franciscan monastery]] into a prison and its archives, museum collections and artworks were looted; the monastery church was completely destroyed. By 1992, all religious buildings in Jajce had been destroyed, except for two mosques whose perilous positioning on a hilltop had made them unsuitable for demolition.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Walasek|editor-first=Helen|last=Walesek|first=Helen|year=2013|title=Bosnia and the Destruction of Cultural Heritage|chapter=Destruction of the Cultural Heritage in Bosnia-Herzegovina: An Overview|publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]]|location=London, UK|isbn=978-1-40943-704-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fm4BwAAQBAJ}} pp=82, 292</ref>

Jajce was re-captured together with [[Bosanski Petrovac]] in mid-September 1995 during [[Operation Mistral 2]] by the [[Croatian Defence Council]] (HVO),<ref>[[Richard Holbrooke]], ''To end a war'', Random House 1998, p. 158</ref> after VRS forces had evacuated the Serb population. Jajce became part of the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] according to the [[Dayton Agreement]]. Returning Bosniaks were at first blocked by a mob of Croats in early August 1996, which according to US diplomat [[Robert Gelbard]] was personally led by convicted Bosnian Croat war criminal [[Dario Kordić]]. Bosniak refugees were able to return peacefully only a few weeks after, being accompanied by many more. Dario Kordić surrendered and was flown to [[the Hague]] following political pressure on Zagreb, particularly by the United States.<ref>[[Richard Holbrooke]], ''To end a war'', Random House 1998, p. 350</ref>

A significant number of Serb refugees settled in [[Brčko]] while the rest settled in [[Mrkonjić Grad]], [[Šipovo]], and [[Banja Luka]].<ref name=ICG>{{cite report|title=A Tale of Two Cities: Return of Displaced Persons to Jajce and Travnik|number=38|publisher=International Crisis Group|date=3 June 1998|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/balkans/bosnia-herzegovina/Bosnia%2016.pdf|pages=2–7|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110108/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/balkans/bosnia-herzegovina/Bosnia%2016.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>