Editing James's flamingo (section)

== Description ==
[[File:JamesFlamingoKeulemans.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Illustration by J. G. Keulemans (1886)]]
The James's flamingo is smaller than the Andean flamingo, and is about the same size as the Old World species, the [[lesser flamingo]]. A specimen of the bird was first collected by Charles Rahmer, who was on a collecting expedition sponsored by [[Harry Berkeley James]], (1846–1892, a manager of a Chilean [[saltpetre]] mine born in [[Walsall]], England) after whom the bird was named.<ref name="Walsall">{{cite web|url=http://www.rspb-walsall.org.uk/james/|title=James' Flamingo and Walsall|last=Mabbett|first=Andy|date=2006-08-04|publisher=[[RSPB]] Walsall Local Group|access-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917124118/http://www.rspb-walsall.org.uk/james/|archive-date=2016-09-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=James |first1=Harry Berkeley |title=A new list of Chilian birds |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100443615 |publisher=[[Hathi Trust]] |date=1892}}</ref> It typically measures about {{Convert|90|-|92|cm|ft|abbr=on}} long and weighs about {{Convert|2|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arkive.org/puna-flamingo/phoenicoparrus-jamesi/|title=Puna flamingo videos, photos and facts – Phoenicoparrus jamesi – ARKive|work=arkive.org|access-date=2010-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015121750/http://www.arkive.org/puna-flamingo/phoenicoparrus-jamesi/|archive-date=2010-10-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> James's flamingos have a very long neck made up of 19 long [[cervical vertebrae]], allowing for a large range of movement and rotation of the head.<ref name="seaworld1">{{cite web|url=http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/flamingo/index.htm|title=Flamingos|author=SeaWorld Parks|author2=Entertainment|name-list-style=amp|work=seaworld.org|access-date=2010-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111105847/http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/flamingo/index.htm|archive-date=2013-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> They are also distinctive for their long, thin legs. The knee is not externally visible: it is located at the top of the leg. The joint at the middle of the leg, which may be mistaken for the knee joint, is actually the ankle joint. Its [[plumage]] is very pale pink, with bright [[carmine]] streaks around the neck and on the back. When it is perched, a small amount of black can be seen in its wings; these are the "flight feathers". They have bright red skin around their eyes, which in adults are yellow. Their legs are brick red and their [[beak|bills]] are bright yellow with a black tip.<ref name="seaworld1" /> 

The James's flamingo is similar to most of the [[flamingo]] species in South America, but the Chilean flamingo is pinker, with a longer bill (which is not yellow), and the Andean flamingo is larger, with more black in the wings and bill, and with yellow legs. The easiest way to distinguish James's flamingos is by their lighter-colored feathers and the bright yellow on their bills. A good method to distinguish the two  ''Phoenicoparrus'' flamingo species from other flamingo species is to look at their feet. The two ''Phoenicoparrus'' species have three toes but no [[hallux]]. The feet of the other three species of flamingos have three forward-facing [[toe]]s and a [[hallux]].<ref name="seaworld1" />

=== Feathers ===
[[File:JamesFlamingo.jpg|thumb|right|Comparison of bills of Andean flamingo (top) and James's flamingo (bottom)]]

Newly hatched flamingos are gray or white. Their feathers acquire a pink color by the time they are around 2 or 3 years old, due to their carotene-rich [[diet (nutrition)|diet]]. The chemicals that color their [[feathers]] are the terpenoids: [[carotene|alpha- and beta-carotene]]s (similar to carotene in carrots).<ref>Jenkin, P.M. "The Filter-Feeding and Food of Flamingoes (Phoenicopter)". ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London''. 240(674), 401-493.</ref> An adult has 12 major feathers designed for flight on each [[wing]]. The body is covered in [[Pennaceous feather|contour feathers]], which protect the bird and also help with waterproofing (due to a secretion of oil at the base of the feathers). When the birds are roosting, they face into the wind so that the rain will not blow upwards and soak the underside of their feathers.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} 

Their plumage is pale pink, with bright carmine streaks around their necks and on their backs. When they are perching, a small amount of black can be seen in the wings; these are the [[flight feather]]s mentioned above. There are typically 12 to 16 tail feathers. James's flamingos [[moulting|molt]] their wing- and body feathers according to their [[breeding in the wild|breeding]] schedule and the color of the new feathers depends on the nature  of their diet. There is no [[sexual dimorphism|difference in color]] between males and females.

=== Flight ===
All flamingo species are capable of flying. The flight feathers are easily distinguished in James's flamingos as they are the only black feathers on the bird.<ref name="seaworld1" /> To begin flying, they run a few steps and then begin to flap their wings. When they want to land, they repeat this process in reverse, and as they touch down to a surface, they continue to run as they decelerate and stop flapping their wings. When [[Bird migration|migrating]] in a flock, flamingos have been observed to fly at speeds of up to {{Convert|60|km/h|disp=flip|abbr=on}}. But they may not reach this speed when traveling shorter distances.<ref>Johnson, A.W., Behn, F., and Millie, W.R. "The South American Flamingos".''The Condor''.60(5), 289-99</ref>