Editing James Turrell (section)

== Background ==
James Turrell was born in [[Los Angeles, California]].<ref>Birthplace sometimes given as Los Angeles (for instance, see Adcock, Craig, ''James Turrell: The Art of Light and Space'', Berkeley/Los Angeles/Oxford : University of California Press, 1990, p.&nbsp;2). Pasadena is given in a biographical note to the introductory leaflet for the 1993 exhibition at the [[Hayward Gallery]], South Bank, London, UK.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jamesturrell.com/about/biography/ |title=James Turrell |publisher=James Turrell |date=May 6, 1943 |access-date=April 7, 2017}}</ref> His father, Archibald Milton Turrell,<ref name="Adcock, Craig 1990, p. 2">Adcock, Craig, ''James Turrell: The Art of Light and Space'', Berkeley/Los Angeles/Oxford : University of California Press, 1990, p. 2.</ref> was an aeronautical engineer and educator. His mother, Margaret Hodges Turrell,<ref name="Adcock, Craig 1990, p. 2"/> trained as a medical doctor and later worked in the [[Peace Corps]]. His parents were [[Quakers]].

Turrell obtained a pilot's license when he was 16 years old. Later, registered as a [[conscientious objector]] during the [[Vietnam War]], he flew Buddhist monks out of Chinese-controlled Tibet.<ref name="Finkel">Finkel, Jori. "[https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-roden-crater-james-turrell-20130512-story.html James Turrell Shapes Perceptions]. The Los Angeles Times. May 11, 2013.</ref> Some writers have suggested it was a [[CIA]] mission; Turrell called it "a humanitarian mission" — and that he found "some beautiful places to fly". For years he restored antique airplanes to support his "art habit".<ref name="Finkel"/>

He received a BA degree from [[Pomona College]] in [[perceptual psychology]] in 1965 (including the study of the [[Ganzfeld effect]]) and also studied [[mathematics]], [[geology]], and [[astronomy]]. The following year, Turrell enrolled in the graduate Studio Art program at the [[University of California, Irvine]], where he began making work using light projections.<ref>Belcove, Julie L. [http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/james-turrell-interview-0513 "Incredible Lightness"], ''Harpers Bazaar'', April 19, 2013.</ref> His studies at Irvine were interrupted in 1966, when he was arrested for coaching young men to avoid the Vietnam [[Conscription in the United States|draft]]. He spent about a year in jail.<ref name="Hylton">{{cite web |last1=Hylton |first1=Wil S. |title=How James Turrell Knocked the Art World Off Its Feet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/16/magazine/how-james-turrell-knocked-the-art-world-off-its-feet.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=2022-01-17 |date=13 June 2013}}</ref> In 1973, he received a Master of Arts degree from [[Claremont Graduate University]].<ref name="Hayward">Biographical note to the introductory leaflet for the 1993 exhibition at the Hayward Gallery, South Bank, London, UK</ref>