Editing January 16 (section)

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
*[[1458 BC]] &ndash; [[Hatshepsut]] dies at the age of 50 and is buried in the [[Valley of the Kings]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jone Johnson Lewis |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/how-did-hatshepsut-die-3529280 |title=How Did Hatshepsut Die?|publisher=History|date=2006|access-date=2023-10-25}}</ref>
*[[27 BC]] &ndash; [[Augustus|Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus]] is granted the title [[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]] by the [[Roman Senate]], marking the beginning of the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gibbon|first=Edward|title=The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Abridged edition|editor-last=Mueller|editor-first=Hans-Friedrich|location=New York|publisher=Random House|date=2003|isbn=9780375758119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xriVJrENcMC|page=47}}</ref>
* [[378]] &ndash; General [[Siyaj K'ak']] conquers [[Tikal]], enlarging the domain of King [[Spearthrower Owl]] of [[Teotihuacán]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Braswell|first=Geoffrey E.|title=The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction|location=Austin, Tex.|publisher=University of Texas Press|date=2004|isbn=9780292705876|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcN7AAAAQBAJ|page=339}}</ref>
* [[550]] &ndash; [[Gothic War (535–554)|Gothic War]]: The [[Ostrogoths]], under King [[Totila]], conquer Rome after a long siege, by bribing the [[Isauria]]n garrison.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wolfram|first=Herwig|title=History of the Goths|location=Berkeley, Calif.|publisher=University of California Press|date=1988|isbn=9780520069831|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xsQxcJvaLjAC|page=358}}</ref>
* [[929]] &ndash; [[Emir]] [[Abd-ar-Rahman III]] establishes the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]].<ref>{{cite book|last=O'Callaghan|first=Joseph F.|title=A History of Nedieval Spain|location=Ithaca, N.Y.|publisher=Cornell University Press|date=1994|isbn=9780801492648|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cq2dDgAAQBAJ|page=118}}</ref>
*[[1120]] &ndash; [[Crusades]]: The [[Council of Nablus]] is held, establishing the earliest surviving written laws of the [[Crusades|Crusader]] [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Duggan|first=Lawrence G.|title=Armsbearing and the Clergy in the History and Canon Law of Western Christianity|location=Woodbrdige, Suffolk, U.K.|publisher=The Boydell Press|date=2013|isbn=9781843838654|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnTdAgAAQBAJ|page=103}}</ref>
* [[1275]] – [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] permits his mother [[Eleanor of Provence]] to expel the Jews from the towns [[Worcester, England|Worcester]], [[Marlborough, Wiltshire|Marlborough]], [[Cambridge]] and [[Gloucester]].<ref>*{{cite journal |last1=Hillaby |first1=Joe |title=The Worcester Jewry 1158-1290 |journal=Transactions of the Worcester Archaeological Society |date=1990 |volume=12 |pages=73–122; esp 112–3}}</ref>
*[[1362]] &ndash; [[Saint Marcellus's flood]] kills at least 25,000 people on the shores of the [[North Sea]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephen Moss |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2011/jan/20/weatherwatch-grote-mandrenke |title=Weatherwatch: The Grote Mandrenke|publisher=Guardian |date=2011-01-20 |access-date=2020-06-19}}</ref>
*[[1537]] &ndash; [[Bigod's rebellion|Bigod's Rebellion]], an armed insurrection attempting to resist the [[English Reformation]], begins.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Altazin|first=Keith|date=2011|title=The northern clergy and the Pilgrimage of Grace|url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1542&context=gradschool_dissertations|journal=LSU Doctoral Dissertations|volume=543|pages=|via=LSU Digital Commons|postscript=none}}; {{Cite ODNB|title=Participants in the Pilgrimage of Grace (act. 1536–1537)|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-95587|access-date=2021-01-15|year = 2004|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/95587}}</ref>
*[[1547]] &ndash; Grand Duke [[Ivan IV]] of [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Muscovy]] becomes the first [[Tsar of Russia]], replacing the 264-year-old [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] with the [[Tsardom of Russia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Payne|first1=Robert|last2=Romanoff|first2=Nikita|title=Ivan the Terrible|location=New York|publisher=Cooper Square Press|date=2002|isbn=9780815412298|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1abtsPCPm8C|page=67}}</ref>
*[[1556]] &ndash; [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] becomes King of Spain.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hume|first=Martin A.S.|title=Philip II of Spain|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan|date=1897|oclc=38863795|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TT1JAQAAMAAJ|page=49|isbn=9780598778536}}</ref>
*[[1572]] &ndash; [[Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk]] is tried and found guilty of treason for his part in the [[Ridolfi plot]] to restore [[Catholicism]] in England.<ref>{{cite book|last=Perry|first=Maria|title=The Word of a Prince: A Life of Queen Elizabeth I From Contemporary Documents|location=Woodbridge, Suffolk, U.K.|publisher=The Boydell Press|date=1990|isbn=9780851152615|page=211}}</ref>

===1601–1900===
*[[1605]] &ndash; The first edition of ''[[Don Quixote|El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha]]'' (Book One of ''Don Quixote'') by [[Miguel de Cervantes]] is published in [[Madrid|Madrid, Spain]].
*[[1707]] &ndash; The [[Parliament of Scotland|Scottish Parliament]] ratifies the [[Acts of Union 1707|Act of Union]], paving the way for the creation of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Leadam|first=I.S.|title=The Political History of England. Volume 9: From the Accession of Anne to the Death of George II (1702-1760)|editor-last1=Hunt|editor-first1=William|editor-last2=Poole|editor-first2=Reginald Lane|location=New York|publisher=Longman, Greens, & Co.|date=1909|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QFm8PtHUrM4C|page=106}}</ref>
*[[1716]] &ndash; King [[Philip V of Spain]] promulgates the [[Nueva Planta decrees|Nueva Planta decree]] of the [[Principality of Catalonia]], abolishing the Catalan institutions and its [[Catalan constitutions|legal system]], being replaced by those of the [[Crown of Castile|Castile]], thus putting an end to [[Catalonia]] as separate state and becoming a province of the new French-style [[History of Spain (1700–1808)|Kingdom of Spain]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elliott |first1=John H. |title=España, Europa y el mundo de Ultramar (1500-1800) |date=2009 |publisher=Taurus |location=Madrid |isbn=978-84-306-0780-8 |pages=50–51}}</ref>
*[[1757]] &ndash; Forces of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] defeat a 5,000-strong army of the [[Durrani Empire]] in the [[Battle of Narela]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707-1813|author= Jaswant Lal Mehta|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|year=2005|isbn=1-932705-54-6 |page=225 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA225}}</ref>
*[[1780]] &ndash; [[American Revolutionary War]]: [[Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)|Battle of Cape St. Vincent]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bruce|first1=Anthony|last2=Cogar|first2=William|title=Encyclopedia of Naval History|location=Chicago|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn|date=1998|isbn=9781579581091|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yci2AgAAQBAJ|page=67}}</ref>
*[[1786]] &ndash; [[Virginia]] enacts the [[Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom|Statute for Religious Freedom]] authored by [[Thomas Jefferson]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Peterson|editor-first1=Merrill Daniel|editor-last2=Vaughan|editor-first2=Robert C.|title=The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom: Its Evolution and Consequences in American History|location=Cambridge, U.K.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2002|isbn=9780521892988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9v9aVcsfJ8C|page=viii}}</ref>
*[[1809]] &ndash; [[Peninsular War]]: The British defeat the French at the [[Battle of Corunna|Battle of La Coruña]].
*[[1847]] &ndash; [[Westward expansion of the United States]]: [[John C. Frémont]] is appointed [[Governor of California|Governor]] of the new [[California]] Territory.
*[[1862]] &ndash; [[Hartley Colliery disaster]]: Two hundred and four men and boys killed in a mining disaster, prompting a change in UK law which henceforth required all collieries to have at least two independent means of escape.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Coxe|first=Eckley B.|title=Mining Legislation|journal=Journal of Social Science|date=1874|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f8nNAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA19|page=19|access-date=January 16, 2020}}</ref>
*[[1878]] &ndash; [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)]]: [[Battle of Philippopolis (1878)|Battle of Philippopolis]]: Captain [[Aleksandr Burago]] with a [[Squadron (army)|squadron]] of [[Russian Empire|Russian Imperial]] army [[dragoon]]s [[Liberation of Bulgaria|liberates Plovdiv]] from [[Ottoman Bulgaria|Ottoman rule]].
*[[1883]] &ndash; The [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]], establishing the [[United States Civil Service Commission|United States Civil Service]], is enacted by Congress.<ref>{{cite book|last=Adkins|first=Randall E.|title=The Evolution of Political Parties, Campaigns, and Elections: Landmark Documents, 1787-2007|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=CQ Press|date=2008|isbn=9780872895782|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P6E5DQAAQBAJ|page=112}}</ref>
*[[1900]] &ndash; The [[United States Senate]] accepts the [[Anglo-German treaty of 1899]] in which the United Kingdom renounces its claims to the [[American Samoa|Samoan islands]].

===1901–present===
*[[1909]] &ndash; [[Ernest Shackleton]]'s expedition finds the magnetic [[South Pole]].<ref>{{cite book|author=R. K. Headland|title=Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sg49AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA240|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-30903-5|pages=240}}</ref>
*[[1913]] &ndash; Indian mathematician [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] writes his first letter to [[G. H. Hardy]] at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], stating without proof various formulae involving [[integral]]s, [[infinite series]], and [[continued fraction]]s, beginning a long correspondence between the two as well as widespread recognition of Ramanujan's results.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/brucec.berndtandroberta.rankinramanujanzlib.org/mode/2up |title=Bruce C. Berndt And Robert A. Rankin Ramanujan |language=English}}</ref>
*[[1919]] &ndash; [[Nebraska]] becomes the 36th state to approve the [[Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]]. With the necessary three-quarters of the states approving the amendment, [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] is constitutionally mandated in the United States one year later.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nation Voted Dry|work=The New York Times|date=January 17, 1919|pages=1, 4}}</ref>
*[[1920]] &ndash; The [[League of Nations]] holds its first council meeting in [[Paris|Paris, France]].
*[[1921]] &ndash; The [[Marxist Left in Slovakia and the Transcarpathian Ukraine]] holds its founding congress in [[Ľubochňa]].
*[[1942]] &ndash; [[The Holocaust]]: Nazi Germany begins deporting Jews from the [[Łódź Ghetto]] to [[Chełmno extermination camp]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Holocaust and World War II: Key Dates|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-holocaust-and-world-war-ii-key-dates|access-date=2022-01-17|website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org|language=en}}</ref> 
*  1942 &ndash; Crash of [[TWA Flight 3]], killing all 22 aboard, including film star [[Carole Lombard]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The Final Curtain|magazine=Billboard|date=January 24, 1942|page=29|access-date=January 16, 2020|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAwEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Carole+Lombard%22+%22January+16%22&pg=PT28}}</ref>
*[[1945]] &ndash; [[World War II]]: [[Adolf Hitler]] moves into his underground bunker, the so-called [[Führerbunker]].
*[[1959]] &ndash; [[Austral Líneas Aéreas Flight 205]] crashes into the Atlantic Ocean near [[Astor Piazzolla International Airport]] in [[Mar del Plata]], Argentina, killing 51.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident Curtiss C-46A-50-CU Commando LV-GED Mar del Plata, BA|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19590116-0|access-date=2022-01-15|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]]}}</ref>
*[[1969]] &ndash; [[Czechs|Czech]] student [[Jan Palach]] commits suicide by [[self-immolation]] in [[Prague|Prague, Czechoslovakia]], in protest against the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]s' crushing of the [[Prague Spring]] the year before.<ref>{{cite book|last=McRae|first=Robert Grant|title=Resistance and Revolution: Vaclav Havel's Czechoslovakia|location=Ottawa|publisher=Carleton University Press|date=1997|isbn=9780886293161|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-Nj0s5wRhkC|page=21}}</ref>
*  1969 &ndash; [[Space Race]]: Soviet spacecraft ''[[Soyuz 4]]'' and ''[[Soyuz 5]]'' perform the first-ever docking of crewed spacecraft in [[low Earth orbit|orbit]], the first-ever transfer of crew from one space vehicle to another, and the only time such a transfer was accomplished with a [[extravehicular activity|space walk]].
*[[1979]] &ndash; [[Iranian Revolution]]: The [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|last Iranian Shah]] flees [[Iran]] with his family for good and relocates to [[Egypt]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Edward H. Lawson|author2=Mary Lou Bertucci|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-SrdFtSuDUC&pg=PA880|year=1996|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-56032-362-4|pages=880}}</ref>
*[[1983]] &ndash; [[Turkish Airlines Flight 158]] crashes at [[Ankara Esenboğa Airport]] in [[Ankara]], Turkey, killing 47 and injuring 20.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-2F2 TC-JBR Ankara-Esenboga Airport (ESB)|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19830116-1|access-date=2022-01-15|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref>
*[[1991]] &ndash; Coalition Forces go to war with [[Iraq]], beginning the [[Gulf War]].
*[[1992]] &ndash; [[El Salvador]] officials and rebel leaders sign the [[Chapultepec Peace Accords]] in [[Mexico City|Mexico City, Mexico]] ending the 12-year [[Salvadoran Civil War]] that claimed at least 75,000 lives.
*[[1995]] &ndash; An [[1995 Súðavík avalanche|avalanche]] hits the Icelandic village [[Súðavík]], destroying 25 homes and burying 26 people, 14 of whom died.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timarit.is/page/1821870|title=Tímarit.is|first=Landsbókasafn Íslands-|last=Háskólabókasafn|website=timarit.is}}</ref>
*[[2001]] &ndash; [[Second Congo War]]: [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese]] President [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] is [[Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila|assassinated by one of his own bodyguards]] in Kinshasa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Revealed: How Africa's dictator died at the hands of his boy soldiers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/11/theobserver |access-date=16 May 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=11 February 2001 |language=en}}</ref>
*  2001 &ndash; US President [[Bill Clinton]] awards former President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] a posthumous [[Medal of Honor]] for his service in the [[Spanish–American War]].
*[[2002]] &ndash; [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]]: The [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] unanimously establishes an arms embargo and the freezing of assets of [[Osama bin Laden]], [[al-Qaeda]], and the remaining members of the [[Taliban]].
*[[2003]] &ndash; The [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']] takes off for mission [[STS-107]] which would be its final one. ''Columbia'' [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|disintegrated 16 days later on re-entry]].
*[[2006]] &ndash; [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] is sworn in as [[Liberia]]'s new [[President of Liberia|president]]. She becomes Africa's first female elected head of state.<ref>{{cite web|title=First female African leader sworn in|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2006/01/16/first-female-african-leader-sworn-in/|work=[[The Denver Post]]|agency=Associated Press|date=May 8, 2016|orig-date=January 16, 2006|access-date=January 16, 2024|location=Monrovia, Liberia}}</ref>
*[[2011]] &ndash; [[Syrian civil war]]: The [[Movement for a Democratic Society]] (TEV-DEM) is established with the stated goal of re-organizing [[Syria]] along the lines of [[democratic confederalism]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shilton |first1=Dor |title=In the Heart of Syria's Darkness, a Democratic, Egalitarian and Feminist Society Emerges |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-amid-syria-s-darkness-a-democratic-egalitarian-and-feminist-society-emerges-1.7339983 |access-date=16 October 2019 |work=Haaretz |date=9 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=TOLHILDAN |first1=AXİN |title=Muslim: Our goal is for TEV-DEM to organize the 3rd territory |url=https://anfenglish.com/features/muslim-our-goal-is-for-tev-dem-to-organize-the-3rd-territory-29245 |access-date=5 October 2019 |work=ANF News |agency=Firat News Agency |date=27 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[2012]] &ndash; The [[Mali War]] begins when [[National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad|Tuareg militias]] start fighting the Malian government for independence.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 26, 2020|title=Mali profile - Timeline|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881978|access-date=January 26, 2022}}</ref>
*[[2016]] &ndash; Thirty-three out of 126 freed hostages are injured and 23 killed in terrorist [[2016 Ouagadougou attack|attacks in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso]] on a hotel and a nearby restaurant.
*[[2017]] &ndash; [[Turkish Airlines Flight 6491]] crashes into a residential area near [[Manas International Airport]] in Kyrgyzstan, killing 39 people.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=Kyrgyzstan plane crash: Dozens die as Turkish cargo jet hits homes |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38633526 |accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref>
*[[2018]] &ndash; [[Myanmar]] [[Myanmar Police Force|police]] [[Mrauk U riot|open fire]] on a group of ethnic [[Rakhine people|Rakhine]] protesters, killing seven and wounding twelve.<ref name="BBC17118">{{cite news|title=Myanmar police kill Rakhine protesters|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42714024|access-date=6 April 2018|work=BBC News|date=17 January 2018}}</ref>
*[[2020]] &ndash; The [[first impeachment of Donald Trump]] formally moves into its trial phase in the [[United States Senate]].<ref>{{cite web|website=The Guardian|location=London|title=Trump impeachment trial begins as Schiff reads out charges against president – live|date=January 16, 2020|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2020/jan/16/trump-impeachment-trial-live-news-ukraine-pelosi-giuliani-latest-updates-senate-democrats|author=Amanda Holpuch}}</ref>
*  2020 &ndash; The United States Senate ratifies the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement]] as a replacement for [[North American Free Trade Agreement|NAFTA]].<ref>"[https://millercenter.org/president/trump/key-events Donald Trump - Key Events | Miller Center]". ''millercenter.org''. 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2022-01-11.</ref>