Editing January 31 (section)

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
* [[314]] &ndash; [[Pope Sylvester I]] is consecrated, as successor to the late [[Pope Miltiades]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mode of Christian Baptism: A Sermon, Preached in the City of Louisville ... June 20th, 1858|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ytOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA49|year=1858|publisher=Printed at the office of the Daily Courier|pages=49}}</ref>
*[[1208]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Lena]] takes place between King [[Sverker II of Sweden]] and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the throne as King [[Eric X of Sweden]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Medium Aevum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNRRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA200|year=1932|publisher=Society for the Study of Mediæval Languages and Literature|pages=200}}</ref>
*[[1266]] &ndash; The [[Mudéjar]] of Murcia, who had rebelled against the [[Crown of Castile]] during the [[Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266]], surrender the city to [[James I of Aragon]] after a [[Conquest of Murcia (1265–1266)|siege lasting a month]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Callaghan |first1=Joseph F. |title=The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait |date=17 March 2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-0463-6 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOiAzwEJgaYC |access-date=30 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[1504]] &ndash; The Treaty of Lyon ends the [[Italian War of 1499–1504|Italian War]], confirming French domination of northern Italy, while Spain receives the [[Kingdom of Naples]].
*[[1578]] &ndash; [[Eighty Years' War]] and [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|Anglo-Spanish War]]: The [[Battle of Gembloux (1578)|Battle of Gembloux]] is a victory for Spanish forces led by [[Don John of Austria]] over a rebel army of [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Flemish people|Flemish]], [[English people|English]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]], [[German language|German]], [[French people|French]] and [[Walloons]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Susan|last=Doran|author-link=Susan Doran|title=Monarchy and Matrimony: The Courtships of Elizabeth I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqiIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT228|date=1 November 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-81189-2|pages=228}}</ref>

===1601–1900===
*[[1606]] &ndash; [[Gunpowder Plot]]: Four of the conspirators, including [[Guy Fawkes]], are executed for treason by [[Hanged, drawn and quartered|hanging, drawing and quartering]], for plotting against [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] and [[James VI and I|King James]].<ref>{{citation|last=Fraser|first=Antonia|author-link=Antonia Fraser|title=The Gunpowder Plot|publisher=Phoenix|year=2005|orig-year=1996|isbn=0-7538-1401-3|pages=279–283}}</ref>
*[[1609]] &ndash;  [[Bank of Amsterdam|Wisselbank of Amsterdam]] established<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onthisday.com/history/date/1609/january/31 |title=Today's Historical Events |website=onthisday.com |date=31 January 1609 |access-date=9 February 2023}}</ref>
*[[1703]] &ndash;   [[Forty-seven rōnin]], under the command of [[Ōishi Yoshio|Ōishi Kuranosuke]], avenged the death of their master, by killing [[Kira Yoshinaka]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Dudley Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHNZAAAAMAAJ |title=Kenji Mizoguchi, a guide to references and resources |author2=Paul Andrew |publisher=G.K. Hall |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-8161-8469-9 |page=106}}</ref>
*[[1747]] &ndash; The first [[venereal disease]]s clinic opens at [[London Lock Hospital]].
*[[1814]] &ndash; [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] becomes [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]] (present-day Argentina).
*[[1846]] &ndash; After the [[Milwaukee Bridge War]], the United States towns of Juneautown and Kilbourntown unify to create the City of [[Milwaukee]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Milwaukee (Wis.)|author-link=Milwaukee|title=Charter and Ordinances of the City of Milwaukee, and Amendatory Acts, Together with a List of Officers and Rules and Regulations of the Common Council|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oS5EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA42|year=1852|publisher=Daily Sentinel Book and Job Office Print|pages=42}}</ref>
*[[1848]] &ndash; [[John C. Frémont]] is [[court-martial]]ed for mutiny and disobeying orders.
*[[1862]] &ndash; [[Alvan Graham Clark]] discovers the [[white dwarf]] star Sirius B, a companion of [[Sirius]], through an {{convert|18.5|in|cm|adj=on}} telescope now located at [[Northwestern University]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Schilling|first=Govert|title=Atlas of Astronomical Discoveries|location=New York|publisher=Springer|date=2011|isbn=9781441978103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6OXczLD_tkC|page=71}}</ref>
*[[1865]] &ndash; [[American Civil War]]: The [[United States Congress]] passes the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], abolishing slavery, and submits it to the states for ratification.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Kagan|editor-first1=Neil|editor-last2=Hyslop|editor-first2=Stephen G.|title=Smithsonian Civil War: Inside the National Collection|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Smithsonian Books|date=2013|isbn=9781588343895|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EcNvDwAAQBAJ|page=292}}</ref>
*  1865   &ndash; American Civil War: [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] General [[Robert E. Lee]] becomes general-in-chief of all Confederate armies.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eicher|first=David J.|title=The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War|location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster|date=2001|isbn=9780684849454|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1p94XzYASDAC|page=786}}</ref>
*[[1891]] &ndash; [[History of Portugal (1834–1910)|History of Portugal]]: The first attempt at a Portuguese [[republicanism|republican]] revolution breaks out in the northern city of [[Porto]].
*[[1900]] &ndash; Datu Muhammad Salleh is killed in Kampung Teboh, Tambunan, ending the [[Mat Salleh Rebellion]].

===1901–present===
*[[1901]] &ndash; [[Anton Chekhov]]'s ''[[Three Sisters (play)|Three Sisters]]'' premieres at [[Moscow Art Theatre]] in Russia.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Legrand|title=Chronicle of the 20th Century|publisher=Ecam Publication|year=1987|page=23|isbn=0-942191-01-3}}</ref> 
*[[1915]] &ndash; [[World War I]]: [[German Empire|Germany]] is the first to make large-scale use of [[Chemical weapons in World War I|poison gas]] in warfare in the [[Battle of Bolimów]] against [[Russian Empire|Russia]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Cook|first=Tim|chapter=Chemical Weapons|title=World War I: The Essential Reference Guide|editor-last=Tucker|editor-first=Spencer C.|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2016|isbn=9781440841217|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axoADAAAQBAJ|page=42}}</ref>
*[[1917]] &ndash; World War I: Kaiser Wilhelm II orders the [[U-boat Campaign#1917: Resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare|resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare]].
*[[1918]] &ndash; A [[Battle of May Island|series of accidental collisions]] on a misty Scottish night leads to the loss of two [[Royal Navy]] [[submarine]]s with over a hundred lives, and damage to another five British warships.
*  1918   &ndash; [[Finnish Civil War]]: The [[List of massacres in the Finnish Civil War|Suinula massacre]], which changes the nature of the war in a more hostile direction, takes place in [[Kangasala]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/aikakausi/binding/1109620/image/13|title=Suinulan surujuhla: Sankarivainajien patsas noussut 15 v:n kuluttua verilöylystä|journal=Hakkapeliitta|date=January 31, 1933|number=5|page=13|language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uta.fi/suomi80/art2.htm|title=Suomi 1917-1918 - Suinulan verilöyly|first=Janne|last=Kurkinen|publisher=[[Tampere University]]|website=Tuni.fi|access-date=January 23, 2022|language=fi}}</ref>
*[[1919]] &ndash; The [[Battle of George Square]] takes place in [[Glasgow]], Scotland, during a campaign for shorter working hours.
*[[1928]] &ndash; [[Leon Trotsky]] is exiled to [[Alma-Ata]].
*[[1942]] &ndash; [[World War II]]: Allied forces are defeated by the Japanese at the [[Battle of Malaya]] and retreat to Singapore.
*[[1943]] &ndash; World War II: German field marshal [[Friedrich Paulus]] surrenders to the Soviets at [[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]], followed two days later by the remainder of his Sixth Army, ending one of the war's fiercest battles.
*[[1944]] &ndash; World War II: American forces land on [[Kwajalein Atoll]] and other islands in the Japanese-held [[Marshall Islands]].
*  1944   &ndash; World War II: During the [[Battle of Anzio|Anzio campaign]], the [[1st Ranger Battalion]] (Darby's Rangers) is destroyed behind enemy lines in a heavily outnumbered encounter at [[Battle of Cisterna]], Italy.
*[[1945]] &ndash; US Army private [[Eddie Slovik]] is [[Capital punishment|executed]] for [[desertion]], the first such execution of an American soldier since the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].
*  1945   &ndash; World War II: About 3,000 inmates from the [[Stutthof concentration camp]] are forcibly marched into the [[Baltic Sea]] at Palmnicken (now [[Yantarny, Kaliningrad Oblast|Yantarny]], Russia) and executed.
*  1945   &ndash; World War II: The end of fighting in the [[Battle of Hill 170]] during the [[Burma Campaign]], in which the British [[3 Commando Brigade]] repulsed a Japanese counterattack on their positions and precipitated a general retirement from the [[Rakhine State|Arakan]] Peninsula.
*[[1946]] &ndash; [[Cold War]]: [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]'s new [[1946 Yugoslav Constitution|constitution]], modeling that of the [[Soviet Union]], establishes six constituent republics ([[Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|Croatia]], [[Socialist Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro|Montenegro]], [[Socialist Republic of Serbia|Serbia]] and [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia|Slovenia]]).
* 1946 &ndash; The [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] introduces the [[North Vietnamese đồng|đồng]] to replace the [[French Indochinese piastre]] at par.
*[[1949]] &ndash; ''[[These Are My Children]]'', the first television daytime [[soap opera]], is broadcast by the NBC station in Chicago, United States.
*[[1951]] &ndash; [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 90]] relating to the [[Korean War]] is adopted.
*[[1953]] &ndash; A [[North Sea flood of 1953|North Sea flood]] causes over 1,800 deaths in the Netherlands and over 300 in the United Kingdom.
*[[1957]] &ndash; Eight people (five total crew from two aircraft and three on the ground) in [[Pacoima, Los Angeles|Pacoima, California]] are killed following the [[Pacoima aircraft accident|mid-air collision]] between a [[Douglas DC-7]] airliner and a [[Northrop F-89 Scorpion]] fighter jet.
*[[1958]] &ndash; Cold War: [[Space Race]]: The [[Explorer 1]], the first successful American satellite, detects the [[Van Allen radiation belt]].
*[[1961]] &ndash; [[Project Mercury]]: [[Mercury-Redstone 2]]: The chimpanzee [[Ham (chimpanzee)|Ham]] travels into [[space science|outer space]].
*[[1966]] &ndash; The [[Soviet Union]] launches the unmanned [[Luna 9]] spacecraft as part of the [[Luna programme|Luna program]].
*[[1968]] &ndash; [[Vietnam War]]: [[Viet Cong]] guerrillas attack the United States embassy in [[Saigon]], and other attacks, in the early morning hours, later grouped together as the [[Tet Offensive]].
*[[1971]] &ndash; [[Apollo program]]: [[Apollo 14]]: Astronauts [[Alan Shepard]], [[Stuart Roosa]], and [[Edgar Mitchell]], aboard a [[Saturn V]], lift off for a mission to the [[Fra Mauro formation|Fra Mauro Highlands]] on the [[Moon]].
*  1971   &ndash; The [[Winter Soldier Investigation]], organized by the [[Vietnam Veterans Against the War]] to publicize alleged [[war crime]]s and atrocities by Americans and allies in [[Vietnam]], begins in [[Detroit]].
*[[1978]] &ndash; The [[Holy Crown of Hungary|Crown of St. Stephen]] (also known as the Holy Crown of Hungary) goes on public display after being returned to Hungary from the United States, where it was held after [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Steven Béla|last1=Várdy|author-link1=Steven Béla Várdy|first2=Dennis P.|last2=Hupchick|author-link2=Dennis P. Hupchick|first3=Richard William|last3=Weisberger|title=Hungary's Historical Legacies: Studies in Honor of Steven Béla Várdy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeNnAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=East European monographs|isbn=978-0-88033-452-5|page=liii}}</ref>
*[[1988]] &ndash; [[Doug Williams (quarterback)|Doug Williams]] becomes the first African American quarterback to play in a [[Super Bowl]] and leads the [[Washington Redskins]] to victory in [[Super Bowl XXII]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Doug Williams leads Redskins to Super Bowl victory|work=History|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/doug-williams-leads-redskins-to-super-bowl-victory|access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref>
*[[1996]] &ndash; An explosives-filled truck rams into the gates of the [[Central Bank of Sri Lanka]] in [[Colombo]], killing at least 86 people and injuring 1,400.
*[[2000]] &ndash; [[Alaska Airlines Flight 261]] crash: An [[MD-83]], experiencing horizontal stabilizer problems, crashes in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of [[Point Mugu, California]], killing all 88 aboard.
*[[2001]] &ndash; In the Netherlands, a Scottish court convicts [[Libya]]n [[Abdelbaset al-Megrahi]] and acquits another Libyan citizen for their part in the bombing of [[Pan Am Flight 103]] over [[Lockerbie]], Scotland in 1988.
*  2001   &ndash; Two [[Japan Airlines]] planes [[2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident|nearly collide]] over [[Suruga Bay]] in Japan.<ref name="Yomiuri">"[http://www.fsv2000.at/woche/2001_05/daily_yoijuri.htm JAL planes almost collide] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105110047/http://www.fsv2000.at/woche/2001_05/daily_yoijuri.htm|date=January 5, 2008}}," ''[[Yomiuri Shimbun]]''. Retrieved on December 11, 2009.</ref>
*[[2003]] &ndash; The [[Waterfall rail accident]] occurs near [[Waterfall, New South Wales]], Australia.<ref name=Mcintosh>{{cite conference| conference=2nd European Rail Human Factors Rail Conference| last1=Mcintosh |first1=Andrew |last2=Edkins | first2=Graham| title=The Waterfall train accident - the critical role of human factors| publisher=School of Safety Science, The University of New South Wales| date=21 November 2005| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238663630}}</ref>
*[[2007]] &ndash; Emergency officials in Boston mistakenly identified battery-powered LED placards depicting characters from ''[[Aqua Teen Hunger Force]]'' as [[Improvised explosive device]]s (IEDs), causing [[2007 Boston Mooninite panic|a panic]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Slane |first1=Kevin |title=Looking back at the Boston Mooninite panic, 10 years later |url=https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2017/01/31/looking-back-at-the-boston-mooninite-panic-10-years-later/ |website=boston.com |access-date=January 30, 2024}}</ref>
*[[2009]] &ndash; At least 113 people are killed in [[Kenya]] and over 200 injured following an [[Molo fire|oil spillage ignition]] in [[Molo, Kenya|Molo]], days after [[2009 Nakumatt supermarket fire|a massive fire]] at a [[Nakumatt]] supermarket in [[Nairobi]] killed at least 25 people.
*[[2019]] &ndash; [[Abdullah of Pahang]] is sworn in as the 16th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sultan of Pahang ascends throne as new Malaysian king|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/sultan-of-pahang-ascends-the-throne-as-new-malaysian-king-11188432|access-date=31 January 2020|work=CNA|date=31 January 2019|language=en|archive-date=31 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131053821/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/sultan-of-pahang-ascends-the-throne-as-new-malaysian-king-11188432|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[2020]] &ndash; The [[United Kingdom]]'s membership within the [[European Union]] ceases in accordance with [[Withdrawal from the European Union#Procedure|Article 50]], after 47 years of being a member state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-50205603|title=Brexit: Johnson agrees to Brexit extension - but urges election|date=28 October 2019|work=BBC}}</ref>
*[[2022]] &ndash; [[Sue Gray (civil servant)|Sue Gray]], a senior [[Civil Service (United Kingdom)|civil servant]] in the [[United Kingdom]], publishes an initial version of her report on the [[Downing Street]] [[Partygate|Partygate controversy]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sue Gray finds 'failures of leadership' in No 10|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-60147988|access-date=2022-01-31|website=BBC News|date=31 January 2022 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
*[[2023]] &ndash; The last [[Boeing 747]], the first [[wide-body airliner]], is delivered to [[Atlas Air]] and operated for ApexLogistics. The aircraft was registered as N863GT and named "Empower"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/boeing-delivering-the-last-747-018b4b60e8d8a40aa5bf039c47d81a9a |title=Boeing bids farewell to an icon, delivers last 747 jumbo jet |last=Johnson |first=Gene |date=1 February 2023 |website=AP |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>
*[[2025]] &ndash; [[Med Jets Flight 056]] crashes near [[Roosevelt Mall]] in [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, killing 7 people and injuring 19.<ref>{{cite web |title=Officials: Seven dead, 19 injured in air ambulance crash in Philadelphia |url=https://apnews.com/article/philadelphia-plane-crash-medical-transport-8617dab53471190832dd73db149489fa |access-date=February 1, 2025 |website=AP News |date=February 1, 2025 |language=en}}</ref>