Editing Japanese grammar (section)

==Distinctive aspects of modern Japanese sentence structure==

===Word order: head-final and left-branching===
The modern theory of constituent order ("word order"), usually attributed to [[Joseph Harold Greenberg]], identifies several kinds of phrases. Each one has a '''head''' and possibly a modifier. The head of a phrase either precedes its modifier (head-initial) or follows it (head-final). Some of these phrase types, with the head marked in boldface, are:
*genitive phrase, i.e., noun modified by another noun ("the '''cover''' of the book", "the book's '''cover'''");
*noun governed by an [[Preposition and postposition|adposition]] ("'''on''' the table", "'''underneath''' the table");
*comparison ("[X is] '''bigger''' than Y", i.e., "compared to Y, X is '''big'''").
*noun modified by an adjective ("black '''cat'''").

Some languages are inconsistent in constituent order, having a mixture of head-initial phrase types and head-final phrase types. Looking at the preceding list, English for example is mostly head-initial, but nouns follow the adjectives which modify them. Moreover, genitive phrases can be either head-initial or head-final in English. By contrast, the Japanese language is consistently head-final:
*genitive phrase:
{{fs interlinear|lang=ja|indent=3
|猫 の '''色'''
|neko no '''iro'''
|cat GEN color
|"the cat's ({{transliteration|ja|neko no}}) '''color''' ({{transliteration|ja|iro}})"}}
*noun governed by an ''adposition'':
{{fs interlinear|lang=ja|indent=3
|日本 '''に'''
|nihon '''ni'''
|Japan in
|"'''in''' Japan"}}
*comparison:
{{fs interlinear|lang=ja|indent=3
|Y より '''大きい'''
|Y yori '''ookii'''
|{{no gloss|Y}} than big
|"'''big'''ger than Y"}}
*noun modified by an adjective:
{{fs interlinear|lang=ja|indent=3
|黒い '''猫'''
|kuroi '''neko'''
|black '''cat'''|}}

Head-finality in Japanese sentence structure carries over to the building of sentences using other sentences. In sentences that have other sentences as constituents, the subordinated sentences (relative clauses, for example), always precede what they refer to, since they are modifiers and what they modify has the syntactic status of phrasal head. Translating the phrase "the man who was walking down the street" into Japanese word order would be "street down walking was man".{{efn|Note that Japanese has no articles, and the different word order obviates any need for the relative pronoun ''who''.}}

Head-finality prevails also when sentences are coordinated instead of subordinated. In the world's languages, it is common to avoid repetition between coordinated clauses by optionally deleting a constituent common to the two parts, as in "Bob bought his mother some flowers and his father a tie", where the second ''bought'' is omitted. In Japanese, such "gapping" must proceed in the reverse order: "Bob mother for some flowers and father for tie bought". The reason for this is that in Japanese, sentences (other than occasional inverted sentences or sentences containing afterthoughts) always end in a verb (or other predicative words like adjectival verbs, adjectival nouns, auxiliary verbs)—the only exceptions being a few sentence-ending particles such as {{transliteration|ja|ka}}, {{transliteration|ja|ne}}, and {{transliteration|ja|yo}}. The particle {{transliteration|ja|ka}} turns a statement into a question, while the others express the speaker's attitude towards the statement.

===Word class system===
Japanese has five major '''lexical''' [[word class]]es:
* {{Nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
* verbal nouns (correspond to English gerunds like 'studying', 'jumping', which denote activities)
* {{Nihongo|[[Adjectival noun (Japanese)|adjectival nouns]]|形容動詞|keiyō dōshi}} (names vary, also called {{transliteration|ja|na}}-adjectives or "nominal adjectives")
* verbs
* {{Nihongo|[[Japanese adjectives|adjectives]]|形容詞|keiyōshi}} (so-called {{transliteration|ja|i}}-adjectives)
More broadly, there are two classes: uninflectable (nouns, including verbal nouns and adjectival nouns) and inflectable (verbs, with adjectives as [[defective verb]]s). To be precise, a verbal noun is simply a noun to which the [[light verb]] {{Nihongo3|"do"|する|suru}} can be appended, while an adjectival noun is like a noun but uses {{Nihongo3||〜な|-na}} instead of {{Nihongo3||〜の|-no}} when acting attributively. Adjectives ({{transliteration|ja|i}}-adjectives) inflect identically to the negative form of verbs, which end in {{Nihongo3||ない|na-i}}. Compare {{Nihongo3|don't eat|食べない|tabe-na-i}} → {{Nihongo3|didn't eat|食べなかった|tabe-na-katta}} and {{Nihongo3|is hot|熱い|atsu-i}} → {{Nihongo3|was hot|熱かった|atsu-katta}}.

Some scholars, such as [[Eleanor Harz Jorden]], refer to adjectives instead as '''adjectivals''', since they are grammatically distinct from adjectives: they can [[Predicate (grammar)|predicate]] a sentence. That is, {{Nihongo3||熱い|atsui}} is glossed as "hot" when modifying a noun phrase, as in {{Nihongo3|hot food|熱いご飯|atsui gohan}}, but as "''is'' hot" when predicating, as in {{Nihongo3|[the] food is hot|ご飯は熱い|gohan wa atsui}}.

====Open and closed classes====

The two [[inflection|inflected]] classes, verb and adjective, are historically considered [[closed class]]es, meaning they do not readily gain new members—but see the following paragraphs.<ref name="Uehara1998">{{cite book|last=Uehara |first=Satoshi|year= 1998|title= Syntactic categories in Japanese: a cognitive and typological introduction|publisher= Kurosio|series= Studies in Japanese linguistics|volume= 9|isbn=9784874241622}}</ref>{{rp|76}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dixon |first1=R. M. W. |title=Where Have all the Adjectives Gone? |journal=Studies in Language |date=1 January 1977 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=19–80 |doi=10.1075/sl.1.1.04dix}}</ref>{{rp|48}} Instead, new and borrowed verbs and adjectives are typically conjugated [[periphrasis|periphrastically]] as verbal noun + {{transliteration|ja|suru}} (e.g. {{Nihongo3|do studying; study|勉強する|benkyō suru}}) and adjectival noun + {{transliteration|ja|na}}. This differs from [[Indo-European languages]], where verbs and adjectives are [[Open class (linguistics)|open classes]], though analogous "do" constructions exist, including English "do a favor", "do the twist" or French "faire un footing" (do a "footing", go for a jog), and periphrastic constructions are common for other senses, like "try climbing" (verbal noun) or "try parkour" (noun). Other languages where verbs are a closed class include [[Basque language|Basque]]: very few [[Basque verbs]] (albeits very common ones) have synthetic conjugation, all the others are only formed periphrastically. Conversely, pronouns are closed classes in Western languages but open classes in Japanese and some other [[East Asian languages]].

In a few cases historically, and much more commonly recently, new verbs are created by appending the [[suffix]] {{Nihongo3||〜る|-ru}} to a noun or using it to replace the end of a word. This is most often, but not exclusively, done with borrowed words, and results in a word written in a mixture of katakana (stem) and hiragana (inflectional ending), which is otherwise very rare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://japaneselevelup.com/homage-to-るru-the-magical-verbifier/ |title=Homage to る(ru), The Magical Verbifier |date= 2011-07-18 |author=Adam|work=Japanese Level Up }}</ref> This is typically casual, with the most well-established example being {{Nihongo3|skip class; play hooky|[[:ja:サボる|サボる]]|sabo-ru}} (circa 1920), from {{Nihongo3|sabotage|サボタージュ|sabotāju}}, with other common examples including {{Nihongo3|write a memo|メモる|memo-ru}}, from {{Nihongo|memo|メモ}}, and {{Nihongo3|make a mistake|ミスる|misu-ru}} from {{Nihongo3|mistake|ミス|misu}}. In cases where the borrowed word already ends with or even contains a {{Nihongo3||ル|ru}} or {{Nihongo3||リ|ri}}, this may be [[Rebracketing|rebracketed]] as a verb ending and changed to a {{Nihongo3||る|ru}}, as in {{Nihongo3|to [[google (verb)|google]]|ググる|gugu-ru}}, from {{Nihongo3|Google|グーグル|gūguru}}; {{Nihongo3|to double|ダブる|dabu-ru}}, from {{Nihongo3|double|ダブル|daburu}}; and {{Nihongo3|to favorite (e.g. a [[Tweet (social media)|tweet]])|ファボる|fabo-ru>}}, from {{Nihongo3|favorite|ファボリート|faboriito}}.<ref>{{cite web |title =「ディスる」「タクる」は70%が聞いたことがないと回答 国語世論調査で判明|trans-title=70% of Japanese people have never heard of the words ''taku-ru'' and ''disu-ru''.  |url = http://nlab.itmedia.co.jp/nl/articles/1409/25/news148.html | access-date = 2016-01-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=morphology - Characteristics of 'loan word root + る' verbs - Japanese Language StackExchange|url=https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/66495/characteristics-of-loan-word-root-%E3%82%8B-verbs|access-date=2025-01-27}}</ref> New verbs coined in this fashion are uniformly group 1 verbs and, at least in the Tokyo accent, consistently are stressed immediately before the final る.

New adjectives are extremely rare; one example is {{Nihongo3|yellow|黄色い|kiiro-i}}, from adjectival noun {{Nihongo3||黄色|kiiro}}, and a more casual recent example is {{Nihongo3|gross|きもい|kimo-i}}, by contraction of {{Nihongo3|bad-feeling|気持ち悪い|kimochi waru-i}}.<ref>[http://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/9012/languages-with-different-open-and-closed-word-classes Languages with different open and closed word classes]</ref> By contrast, in Old Japanese {{Nihongo3||〜しき|-shiki}} adjectives (precursors of present {{transliteration|ja|i}}-adjectives ending in {{Nihongo3||〜しい|-shi-i}}, formerly a different word class) were open, as reflected in words like {{Nihongo3|pitiful|痛々しい|ita-ita-shi-i}}, from the adjective {{Nihongo3|painful, hurt|痛い|ita-i}}, and {{Nihongo3|heavenly, sublime|神々しい|kō-gō-shi-i}}, from the noun {{Nihongo3|god|神|kami}} (with [[Rendaku|sound change]]). Japanese adjectives are unusual in being closed class but quite numerous – about 700 adjectives – while most languages with closed class adjectives have very few.<ref>''The Typology of Adjectival Predication,'' Harrie Wetzer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ORUUwhdDPpUC&pg=PA311 p. 311]</ref><ref name="guide96">''The Art of Grammar: A Practical Guide,'' Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XFBVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 p. 96]</ref> Some believe this is due to a grammatical change of inflection from an aspect system to a tense system, with adjectives predating the change.

The [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] of {{transliteration|ja|i}}-adjectives has similarities to the conjugation of verbs, unlike Western languages where inflection of adjectives, where it exists, is more likely to have similarities to the [[declension]] of nouns. Verbs and adjectives being closely related is unusual from the perspective of English, but is a common case across languages generally, and one may consider Japanese adjectives as a kind of [[stative verb]].

Japanese vocabulary has a large layer of [[Sino-Japanese vocabulary|Chinese loanwords]], nearly all of which go back more than one thousand years, yet virtually none of them are verbs or "{{transliteration|ja|i}}-adjectives" – they are all nouns, of which some are verbal nouns ({{transliteration|ja|suru}}) and some are adjectival nouns ({{transliteration|ja|na}}). In addition to the basic verbal noun + {{transliteration|ja|suru}} form, verbal nouns with a single-character root often experienced sound changes, such as {{Nihongo3||〜する|-suru}} → {{Nihongo3||〜ずる|-zuru}} ([[rendaku]]) → {{Nihongo3||〜じる|-jiru}}, as in {{Nihongo3|forbid|禁じる|kin-jiru}}, and some cases where the stem underwent sound change, as in {{Nihongo3|reach|達する|tassuru}}, from {{Nihongo3||達|tatsu}}.

Verbal nouns are uncontroversially nouns, having only minor syntactic differences to distinguish them from pure nouns like 'mountain'. There are some minor distinctions within verbal nouns, most notably that some primarily conjugate as {{Nihongo3||〜をする|-o suru}} (with a particle), more like nouns, while others primarily conjugate as {{Nihongo3||〜する|-suru}}, and others are common either way. For example, {{Nihongo3|to experience|経験をする|keiken o suru}} is much more common than {{Nihongo3||経験する|keiken suru}}, while {{Nihongo3|to pardon|勘弁する|kanben suru}} is much more common than {{Nihongo3||勘弁をする|kanben o suru}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aveneca.com/cbb/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=3855 |title=Closed and open classes in Natlangs (Especially Japanese) |access-date=February 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222070657/http://aveneca.com/cbb/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=3855 |archive-date=February 22, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Adjectival nouns have more syntactic differences versus pure nouns, and traditionally were considered more separate, but they, too, are ultimately a subcategory of nouns.

There are a few minor word classes that are related to adjectival nouns, namely the [[taru adjective|{{transliteration|ja|taru}} adjectives]] and [[naru adjective|{{transliteration|ja|naru}} adjectives]]. Of these, {{transliteration|ja|naru}} adjectives are fossils of earlier forms of {{transliteration|ja|na}} adjectives (the {{transliteration|ja|nari}} adjectives of [[Old Japanese]]), and are typically classed separately, while {{transliteration|ja|taru}} adjectives are a parallel class (formerly {{transliteration|ja|tari}} adjectives in [[Late Old Japanese]]), but are typically classed with {{transliteration|ja|na}} adjectives.

====Different classifications====
The first structured description of the Japanese {{nihongo|parts of speech|品詞|hinshi}} was in {{nihongo||語學新書|Gogaku Shinsho}}, an 1831 grammar by [[w:ja:鶴峯戊申|Tsurumine Shigenobu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=日本語𭓘史|date=December 1908|last=長|first=連恒|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/862087/1/39|page=68|publisher=Hakubunkan|language=Japanese}}</ref> It was based on earlier Dutch grammars such as [[Shizuki Tadao]]'s {{nihongo||和蘭詞品考|Oranda Shihin Kō|{{lit|Study of the Dutch Parts of Speech}}, 1798}} and {{nihongo||蘭語九品集|Rango Kyūhin Shū|{{lit|Compilation of the Nine Dutch Parts of Speech}}, date unknown}}. The words ''hinshi'' and ''shihin'' also came about from these early late-[[Edo period|Edo]] and early-[[Meiji era|Meiji]] grammars. Since then, there have been multiple conflicting classifications of the parts of speech of Japanese.
{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!Grammarian
!Year
!Count
!colspan=19|{{nihongo|Parts of speech|詞品／品詞|shihin / hinshi}}
|-
|[[w:ja:鶴峯戊申|Tsurumine Shigenobu]]
|1831<ref>{{cite book|language=Japanese|page=1|title=語學新書|last=Tsurumine|first=Shigenobu|year=1831|publisher=文岳堂}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|nine parts of speech|九品|kyūhin}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|實體言／ヰコトバ|jittaigen / ikotoba}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名言／カヘコトバ|daimeigen / kaekotoba}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|虚體言／ツキコトバ|kyotaigen / tsukikotoba}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|verbs|活用言／ハタラキコトバ|katsuyōgen / hatarakikotoba}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|postpositions|指示言／サシコトバ|shijigen / sashikotoba}}
|{{nihongo|adverbs|形容言／サマコトバ|keiyōgen / samakotoba}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續言／ツヾケコトバ|setsuzokugen / tsuzukekotoba}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動言／ナゲキコトバ|kandōgen / nagekikotoba}}
|{{nihongo|attributives|連體言／ツヾキコトバ|rentaigen / tsuzukikotoba}}
|-
|[[Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture]]
|1872<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/904334/1/9|date=July 1872|title=小𭓘敎則|publisher=Izumoji Manjirō|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|eight parts of speech
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|{{ruby-ja|名|ナ}}{{ruby-ja|詞|コトバ}}|nakotoba}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代詞|kawarikotoba}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|樣詞|samakotoba}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|verbs|働詞|hatarakikotoba}}
|{{nihongo|particles|後詞|atokotoba}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|soekotoba}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接詞|tsugikotoba}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|歎詞|nagekikotoba}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[w:ja:田中義廉|Tanaka Yoshikado]]
|1874<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1857597/1/19|language=Japanese|page=2|title=小學日本文典|last=Tanaka|first=Yoshikado|date=January 1874|publisher=雁金屋清吉}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|seven parts of speech|七品詞|shichihinshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞／ナコトバ|meishi / nakotoba}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞／カハリコトバ|daimeishi / kawarikotoba}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞／サマコトバ|keiyōshi / samakotoba}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞／ハタラキコトバ|dōshi / hatarakikotoba}}
|colspan=4 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞／ソヘコトバ|fukushi / soekotoba}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞／ツギコトバ|setsuzokushi / tsugikotoba}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感詞／ナゲキコトバ|kanshi / nagekikotoba}}
|-
|1877<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/992217/1/11|language=Japanese|page=7|title=日本小文典|last=Tanaka|first=Yoshikado|date=2 November 1877}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|eight parts of speech|八品詞|happinshi{{efn|name=hin-counter}}}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞／ナコトバ|meishi / nakotoba}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞／カハリコトバ|daimeishi / kawarikotoba}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞／サマコトバ|keiyōshi / samakotoba}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞／ハタラキコトバ|dōshi / hatarakikotoba}}
|{{nihongo|particles|後詞／アトコトバ|kōshi / atokotoba}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞／ソヘコトバ|fukushi / soekotoba}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞／ツギコトバ|setsuzokushi / tsugikotoba}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感詞／ナゲキコトバ|kanshi / nagekikotoba}}
|-
|[[Nakane Kiyoshi]]
|1876<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/992208/1/37|language=Japanese|page=27|title=日本文典|volume=1|last=Nakane|first=Kiyoshi|publisher=Moriya Jihee|date=March 1876}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|eight parts of speech|八品詞|happinshi{{efn|name=hin-counter}}}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|後詞|kōshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感歎詞|kantanshi}}
|-
|Yasuda Keisai
|1877<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/864040/1/12|language=Japanese|page=7|title=日本小學文典|last=Yasuda|first=Keisai|editor-last=Tanaka|editor-first=Yoshikado|date=January 1877|volume=1}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|eight parts of speech|八品／八品詞|happin / happinshi{{efn|name=hin-counter}}}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞／ナコトバ|meishi / nakotoba}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞／カハリコトバ|daimeishi / kawarikotoba}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞／サマコトバ|keiyōshi / samakotoba}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞／ハタラキコトバ|dōshi / hatarakikotoba}}
|{{nihongo|particles|後詞／アトコトバ|kōshi / atokotoba}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞／ソヘコトバ|fukushi / soekotoba}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞／ツギコトバ|setsuzokushi / tsugikotoba}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|歎息詞／ナゲキコトバ|tansokushi / nagekikotoba}}
|-
|[[w:ja:堀秀成|Hori Hidenari]]
|1877<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/992210/1/11|language=Japanese|page=7|title=日本語學階梯|last=Hori|first=Hidenari|publisher=Nagai Naokoto|date=September 1877|volume=1}}</ref>
|three parts of speech
|colspan=3|{{nihongo|nouns|{{ruby-ja|言|コト}}|koto}}{{efn|Equivalent to {{nihongo||体言|taigen}} in other analyses.}}
|colspan=3|{{nihongo|verbs|{{ruby-ja|詞|コトバ}}|kotoba}}{{efn|Equivalent to {{nihongo||用言|yōgen}} in other analyses.}}
|colspan=8|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|{{ruby-ja|辭|テニヲハ}}|tenioha}}
|-
|Nakajima Misao
|1879<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/863891/1/21|language=Japanese|page=15|title=小學文法書|editor-last=Nakajima|editor-first=Misao|publisher=Banshōdō|date=January 1879}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|eight parts of speech|八品詞|happinshi{{efn|name=hin-counter}}}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|postpositions|後置詞|kōchishi}}
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感詞|kanshi}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[w:ja:大矢透|Ōya Tōru]]
|1880<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/991992/1/10|page=1|title=語格指南|volume=1|last=Ōya|first=Tōru|publisher=Hara Ryōzaburō|date=17 January 1880|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|seven parts of speech|七種|shichishu}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|體言／名詞|taigen / meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名言|daimeigen}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形狀言／形容詞|keijōgen / keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|用言／働詞|yōgen / dōshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助辭／弖爾波|joji / teniha}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adverbs|接續言|setsuzokugen}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動言|kandōgen}}
|-
|1899<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/992862/1/11|title=國語溯原|last=Ōya|first=Tōru|date=28 March 1899|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|seven parts of speech
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助辭|joji}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|[[Basil Hall Chamberlain]]
|1887<ref>{{cite book|language=Japanese|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/992704/1/5|page=3|last=Chamberlain|first=Basil Hall|publisher=[[Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture]]|date=8 April 1887|title=日本小文典}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|nine parts of speech|九品の詞|kyūhin no kotoba}}
|{{nihongo|nouns|實名詞|jitsumeishi}}
|{{nihongo|numerals|數詞|sūshi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|verbs|働詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|關係詞／後置詞|kankeishi / kōchishi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|間投詞|kantōshi}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Ōtsuki Fumihiko]]
|1889<ref>{{cite book|language=Japanese|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/992954/1/13|page=6|title=日本辭書言海|last=Ōtsuki|first=Fumihiko|date=5 May 1889}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|eight parts of speech|八品詞|happinshi{{efn|name=hin-counter}}}}
|colspan=3|{{nihongo|nouns|{{ruby-ja|名|メイ}}{{ruby-ja|詞|シ}}|meishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|{{ruby-ja|形|ケイ}}{{ruby-ja|容|ヨウ}}{{ruby-ja|詞|シ}}|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|{{ruby-ja|動|ドウ}}{{ruby-ja|詞|シ}}|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|{{ruby-ja|助|ジヨ}}{{ruby-ja|動|ドウ}}{{ruby-ja|詞|シ}}|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|{{ruby-ja|天|テ}}{{ruby-ja|爾|ニ}}{{ruby-ja|遠|ヲ}}{{ruby-ja|波|ハ}}|tenioha}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|{{ruby-ja|副|フク}}{{ruby-ja|詞|シ}}|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|{{ruby-ja|接|セツ}}{{ruby-ja|續|ゾク}}{{ruby-ja|詞|シ}}|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|{{ruby-ja|感|カン}}{{ruby-ja|動|ドウ}}{{ruby-ja|詞|シ}}|kandōshi}}
|-
|1897<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/992497/1/34|language=Japanese|page=49|title=廣日本文典|last=Ōtsuki|first=Fumihiko|date=9 January 1897}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|eight parts of speech|八品詞|happinshi{{efn|name=hin-counter|Without explicit [[furigana]] in this particular source, this pronunciation was inferred from pronunciations in other sources that treated ''hinshi'' as part of a sequence of [[Japanese numerals|numeral]]+[[Japanese counter word|counter]]+noun, in which case {{nihongo||品|hin}} was a counter for the noun {{nihongo||詞|shi}}. Examples included [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/869858/1/16 {{nihongo||{{ruby-ja|十|じつ}}{{ruby-ja|品|ぴん}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|jippinshi}} and {{nihongo||{{ruby-ja|八|はつ}}{{ruby-ja|品|ぴん}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|happinshi}}], [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/861763/1/33 {{nihongo||{{ruby-ja|八|ハツ}}{{ruby-ja|品|ピン}}{{ruby-ja|詞|シ}}|happinshi}}], [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/866441/1/178 {{nihongo||{{ruby-ja|八|はつ}}{{ruby-ja|品|ぴん}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|happinshi}}], [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1909169/1/928 ハツピンシ（八品詞）], [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1869821/1/30 ハッピンシ（八品詞）]. Current dictionaries treat ''hinshi'' as a full-fledged noun, hence [https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%85%AB%E5%93%81%E8%A9%9E-602062 {{nihongo||{{ruby-ja|八|はち}}{{ruby-ja|品|ひん}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|hachihinshi}}].}}}}
|colspan=3|{{nihongo|nouns|{{ruby-ja|名|メイ}}{{ruby-ja|詞|シ}}|meishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|{{ruby-ja|形|ケイ}}{{ruby-ja|容|ヨウ}}{{ruby-ja|詞|シ}}|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|{{ruby-ja|動|ドウ}}{{ruby-ja|詞|シ}}|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|{{ruby-ja|助|ジヨ}}{{ruby-ja|動|ドウ}}{{ruby-ja|詞|シ}}|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|{{ruby-ja|弖|テ}}{{ruby-ja|爾|ニ}}{{ruby-ja|乎|ヲ}}{{ruby-ja|波|ハ}}|tenioha}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|{{ruby-ja|副|フク}}{{ruby-ja|詞|シ}}|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|{{ruby-ja|接|セツ}}{{ruby-ja|續|ゾク}}{{ruby-ja|詞|シ}}|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|{{ruby-ja|感|カン}}{{ruby-ja|動|ドウ}}{{ruby-ja|詞|シ}}|kandōshi}}
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Ochiai Naobumi]]
|1890<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1844566/1/17|date=5 December 1890|last1=Ochiai|first1=Naobumi|last2=Konakamura|first2=Yoshitaka|language=Japanese|title=中等教育日本文典|publisher=Nihondō}}</ref>
|nine parts of speech
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形狀言|keijōgen}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|作用言|sayōgen}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|動助辭|dōjoji}}
|{{nihongo|particles|靜助辭|seijoji}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|歎詞|tanshi}}
|-
|1893<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/864164/1/7|title=普通日本文典|last=Ochiai|first=Naobumi|language=Japanese|publisher=Matsumura Kyūbee|date=16 May 1893}}</ref>
|nine parts of speech
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|作用詞|sayōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|動辭／動助辭|dōji / dōjoji}}
|{{nihongo|particles|體辭|taiji}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|歎詞|tanshi}}
|-
|1895<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/864051/1/3|pages=1–2|title=日本大文典|volume=2|date=26 March 1895|publisher=Hakubunkan|last=Ochiai|first=Naobumi|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|eleven parts of speech|十一品詞|jūippinshi}}
|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|numerals|數詞|sūshi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞／形狀言|keiyōshi / keijōgen}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞／作用言|dōshi / sayōgen}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞／動助辭|jodōshi / dōjoji}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助辭／靜助辭／弖爾乎波|joji / seijoji / tenioha}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|affixes|助語|jogyo}}
|style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞／間投詞／嘆詞／感嘆詞|kandōshi / kantōshi / tanshi / kantanshi}}
|-
|1897<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/864053/1/2|pages=1|title=日本大文典|volume=4|date=28 February 1897|publisher=Hakubunkan|last=Ochiai|first=Naobumi|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|eleven parts of speech|十一品詞|jūippinshi}}
|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|numerals|數詞|sūshi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助辭|joji}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|affixes|助語|jogyo}}
|style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感歎詞|kantanshi}}
|-
|1915<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/936426/1/103|title=普通文典|date=5 July 1915|publisher=Shūgakudō|last=Ochiai|first=Naobumi|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|twelve parts of speech
|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|numerals|數詞|sūshi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助辭|joji}}
|{{nihongo|prefixes|接頭語|settōgo}}
|{{nihongo|suffixes|接尾語|setsubigo}}
|style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感歎詞|kantanshi}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Tejima Haruji
|1890<ref>{{cite book|date=15 May 1891|orig-date=26 December 1890|edition=2nd|title=日本文法敎科書|last=Tejima|first=Haruji|editor-last=Miyake|editor-first=Yonekichi|publisher=Kinkōdō|language=Japanese|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/991472/1/3|page=2}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|seven parts of speech|七種|shichishu}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名言|meigen}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名言|daimeigen}}
|colspan=4|{{nihongo|verbs|用言|yōgen}}
|{{nihongo|particles|後置言|kōchigen}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副言|fukugen}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續言|setsuzokugen}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感歎言|kantangen}}
|-
|1899<ref>{{cite book|date=26 September 1899|title=新撰日本文典|last=Tejima|first=Haruji|editor-last=Miyake|editor-first=Yonekichi|publisher=Kinkōdō|language=Japanese|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/863945/1/26|page=36}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|eight parts of speech|八種|hasshu}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=4|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|後置詞|kōchishi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感歎詞|kantanshi}}
|{{nihongo|attributives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|-
|Takada Utarō
|1899<ref>{{cite book|date=21 March 1899|title=中等國文典|last=Takada|first=Utarō|editor-last=Inoue|editor-first=Yorikuni|editor-last2=Henmi|editor-first2=Chūzaburō|publisher=Yoshikawa Hanshichi|language=Japanese|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/863997/1/26|pages=26–27}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|nine parts of speech|九種の詞|kyūshu no kotoba}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|verbs|形狀言／形容動詞|keijōgen / keiyō dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|作用言／作用動詞|sayōgen / sayō dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助用辭|joyōji}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助體辭／助躰辭|jotaiji}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感歎詞|kantanshi}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[w:ja:大和田建樹|Ōwada Takeki]]
|1891<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/864214/1/3|page=2|date=16 April 1891|last=Ōwada|first=Takeki|language=Japanese|title=和文典|volume=2|publisher=Chūōdō}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|seven parts of speech|七品詞|shichihinshi}}
|colspan=3|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|後詞|kōshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感詞|kanshi}}
|-
|1901<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/855676/1/10|page=2|date=3 November 1901|last1=Ōwada|first1=Takeki|last2=Koyama|first2=Sakunosuke|language=Japanese|title=日本文典唱歌|publisher=Keihatsusha}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|eight parts of speech|{{ruby-ja|八|はつ}}{{ruby-ja|品|ぴん}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|happinshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|{{ruby-ja|名|めい}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|{{ruby-ja|代|だい}}{{ruby-ja|名|めい}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|{{ruby-ja|形|けい}}{{ruby-ja|容|よう}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}／{{ruby-ja|形|けい}}{{ruby-ja|狀|じやう}}{{ruby-ja|言|げん}}|keiyōshi / keijōgen}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|verbs|{{ruby-ja|動|どう}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|{{ruby-ja|後|こう}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}／{{ruby-ja|後|こう}}{{ruby-ja|置|ち}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|kōshi / kōchishi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|{{ruby-ja|副|ふく}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|{{ruby-ja|接|せつ}}{{ruby-ja|續|ぞく}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|{{ruby-ja|感|かん}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}／{{ruby-ja|感|かん}}{{ruby-ja|嘆|たん}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|kanshi / kantanshi}}
|-
|Takatsu Kuwasaburō
|1891<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/864055/1/7|language=Japanese|last=Takatsu|first=Kuwasaburō|title=日本中文典|publisher=Kinkōdō|date=22 June 1891}}</ref>
|ten parts of speech
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|補助詞|hojoshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|關係詞|kankeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|affixes|附加詞|fukashi}}
|style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|[[w:ja:岡倉由三郎|Okakura Yoshisaburō]]
|1891<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/864044/1/23|page=28|language=Japanese|last=Okakura|first=Yoshisaburō|title=日本新文典|publisher=Fuzanbō|date=24 June 1891}}</ref>
|nine parts of speech
|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|numerals|數詞|sūshi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|指詞|shishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形狀詞|keijōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動作詞|dōsashi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助辭|joji}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接詞|sesshi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感詞／喚詞|kanshi}}
|-
|Hayama Hisanori
|1891<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/867906/1/36|page=26|date=October 1891|last=Hayama|first=Hisanori|language=Japanese|title=普通教育和文初學|volume=1|publisher=Matsumura Kyūbee}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|eight parts of speech|八{{ruby-ja|品|ぴん}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|happinshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|{{ruby-ja|名|めい}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|{{ruby-ja|代|だい}}{{ruby-ja|名|めい}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|{{ruby-ja|形|けい}}{{ruby-ja|容|よう}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|keiyōshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|verbs|{{ruby-ja|動|どう}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|{{ruby-ja|後|こう}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|kōshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|{{ruby-ja|副|ふく}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|{{ruby-ja|接|せつ}}{{ruby-ja|續|ぞく}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|{{ruby-ja|感|かん}}{{ruby-ja|歎|たん}}{{ruby-ja|詞|し}}|kantanshi}}
|-
|[[Hirata Moritane]]
|1893<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/863767/1/5|language=Japanese|page=9|title=國語學教授書|volume=1|last=Hirata|first=Moritane|editor-last=小野村|editor-first=胤信|publisher=小坂書店|year=1893}}</ref>
|eight parts of speech
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|實名詞|jitsumeishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助成詞|joseishi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感歎詞|kantanshi}}
|-
|[[w:ja:新保磐次|Shinbo Iwaji]]
|1896<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/863963/1/18|pages=10–11|last=Shinbo|first=Iwaji|publisher=Kinkōdō|title=中學國文典|edition=revised|date=25 July 1897|orig-date=29 March 1896|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|eight parts of speech|八品詞|happinshi{{efn|name=hin-counter}}}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|後詞|kōshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|teishi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感歎詞|kantanshi}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Shiratori Kikuji
|1893<ref>{{cite book|language=Japanese|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/863875/1/6|date=23 December 1893|title=雅文俗文作文語格|last=Shiratori|first=Kikuji|publisher=Eisai Shinshi Sha}}</ref>
|nine parts of speech
|colspan=3|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容動詞|keiyō dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|作用動詞|sayō dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|動辭|dōji}}
|{{nihongo|particles|靜辭|seiji}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感歎詞|kantanshi}}
|style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbial forms|添詞／發語|tenshi / hatsugo}}
|-
|1898<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/863949/1/9|pages=1–2|title=中等敎育新撰日本文典|last1=Shiratori|first1=Kikuji|date=15 April 1898|publisher=Eisai Shinshi Sha|last2=Ochiai|first2=Naobumi|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|ten parts of speech|十種|jisshu}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞／体言|meishi / taigen}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞／作用言|dōshi / sayōgen}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|弖爾乎波／弖爾波|tenioha / teniha}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|affixes|冠詞|kanshi}}
|style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|rowspan=4|[[w:ja:松下大三郎|Matsushita Daizaburō]]
|1898<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/864077/1/16|language=Japanese|page=5|title=日本文典|last1=Matsushita|first1=Daizaburō|publisher=中等学科教授法研究会|date=19 April 1898|last2=Miyamoto|first2=Shizuka}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|eight parts of speech|八品詞|happinshi{{efn|name=hin-counter}}}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形狀詞|keijōshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|postpositions|後置詞|kōchishi}}
|{{nihongo|adverbs|程詞|teishi}}{{efn|Translated by the author as [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/864077/1/3 ''intensive''].}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|1901<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/864046/1/17|page=7|title=日本俗語文典|last=Matsushita|first=Daizaburō|publisher=Seishidō|date=15 August 1901|edition=revised|orig-date=27 April 1901|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|eight parts of speech|八品詞|happinshi{{efn|name=hin-counter}}}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形狀詞|keijōshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|postpositions|後置詞|kōchishi}}
|{{nihongo|adverbs|接用詞|setsuyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|間投詞|kantōshi}}
|-
|1924<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/982965/1/100|language=Japanese|page=179|title=標準日本文法|last=Matsushita|first=Daizaburō|publisher=Kigensha|date=31 December 1924}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|five parts of speech|五品詞|gohinshi}}
|colspan=3|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|colspan=4|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|colspan=4 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|{{nihongo|attributives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}{{efn|The same term is confusingly used for both "attributives" here as a distinct part of speech, and for "adjectives" which are subsumed by the part of speech of {{nihongo||動詞|dōshi}}. The distinction is marked with {{nihongo|"western"|西洋|seiyō}} "attributives" and {{nihongo|"Japanese"|日本|Nihon}} "adjectives." The author suggested {{nihongo|"stative verbs"|狀態動詞|jōtai dōshi}} as a replacement for "Japanese adjectives." Even though these are "attributives," the author's translation remains ''adjective''.}}
|-
|1928<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1225783/1/113|language=Japanese|pages=189–190|title=改撰標準日本文法|last=Matsushita|first=Daizaburō|publisher=Kigensha|date=25 April 1928}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|five parts of speech|五品詞|gohinshi}}
|colspan=3|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|colspan=4|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|colspan=4 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|{{nihongo|attributives|副體詞|fukutaishi}}{{efn|Translated by the author as [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1225783/1/121 ''adjective'']. As this is a revised edition of the 1924 grammar, ''fukutaishi'' was intended as a replacement for the confusing unorthodox use of {{nihongo||形容詞|keiyōshi}} as meaning "attributives." As for {{nihongo||形容詞|keiyōshi}} as meaning "adjectives," {{nihongo|"adjectival verbs"|形容動詞|keiyō dōshi}} is used instead.}}
|-
|Morishita Matsue
|1900<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/863964/1/43|language=Japanese|page=38|title=中學國文典|volume=1|last=Morishita|first=Matsue|publisher=普及舎|date=15 March 1900}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|eight parts of speech|八品詞|happinshi{{efn|name=hin-counter}}}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助詞|joshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Matsudaira Shizuka
|1900<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/863958/1/17|language=Japanese|page=22|title=新編日本文典|last1=Matsudaira|first1=Shizuka|publisher=Seishidō|date=15 December 1900|last2=Matsushita|first2=Daizaburō}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|nine parts of speech|九品／九品詞|kyūhin / kyūhinshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助詞|joshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|1908<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/864178/1/9|language=Japanese|pages=2–3|title=文法及作文|last=Matsudaira|first=Shizuka|publisher=Ikubundō|date=1 January 1908}}</ref>
|ten parts of speech
|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|numerals|數詞|sūshi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助詞|joshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|[[w:ja:三土忠造|Mitsuchi Chūzō]]
|1901<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/904333/1/33|language=Japanese|pages=46–47|title=中等國文典|volume=1|last=Mitsuchi|first=Chūzō|publisher=Fuzanbō|date=26 February 1901}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|nine parts of speech|九品詞|kyūhinshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助詞|joshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|Kanai Yasuzō
|1901<ref>{{cite book|date=22 July 1901|title=日本俗語文典|last=Kanai|first=Yasuzō|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/864045/1/29|pages=45–46|publisher=Hōeikan|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|ten parts of speech
|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|numerals|數詞|sūshi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|てにをは|tenioha}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感詞|kanshi}}
|-
|[[w:ja:石川倉次|Ishikawa Kuraji]]
|1901<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/864160/1/84|language=Japanese|pages=139|title=はなし ことば の きそく|last=Ishikawa|first=Kuraji|publisher=Kinkōdō|date=10 August 1901}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|nine parts of speech|九ひんし}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|なことば|nakotoba}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|かえことば|kaekotoba}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|さまことば|samakotoba}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|わざことば|wazakotoba}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|すけことば|sukekotoba}}
|{{nihongo|particles|あとことば|atokotoba}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|そえことば|soekotoba}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|つなぎことば|tsunagikotoba}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|なげきことば|nagekikotoba}}
|-
|rowspan=3|Suzuki Nobuyuki
|1902<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/864126/1/17|pages=20–21|last=Suzuki|first=Nobuyuki|title=日本文法|date=10 September 1902|publisher=Kōfūkan|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|ten parts of speech|十種|jisshu}}
|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|numerals|數詞|sūshi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|テニヲハ|tenioha}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|1904<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/864030/1/29|page=40|last=Suzuki|first=Nobuyuki|title=日本口語典|date=1 January 1904|publisher=大日本普通學講習會出版部|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|ten parts of speech|十種|jisshu}}
|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|numerals|數詞|sūshi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|affixes|接辭|setsuji}}
|style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感歎詞／歎詞|kantanshi / tanshi}}
|-
|1906<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/864029/1/33|page=47|last=Suzuki|first=Nobuyuki|title=日本口語文典|date=2 April 1906|publisher=Hakubunkan|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|ten parts of speech|十種|jisshu}}
|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|numerals|數詞|sūshi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|colspan=3|{{nihongo|affixes|辭|ji}}
|style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感歎詞／感嘆詞|kantanshi}}
|-
|[[w:ja:芳賀矢一|Haga Yaichi]]
|1905<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/992202/1/32|page=49|publisher=Fuzanbō|language=Japanese|title=中等教科明治文典|date=24 February 1905|last=Haga|first=Yaichi|volume=1}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|ten parts of speech|十品詞|jippinshi{{efn|name=hin-counter}}}}
|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|numerals|數詞|sūshi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助詞|joshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[w:ja:吉岡郷甫|Yoshioka Kyōsuke]]
|1906<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/864031/1/8|pages=1–6|date=21 January 1906|last=Yoshioka|first=Kyōsuke|publisher=Dainippon Tosho|title=日本口語法|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|ten parts of speech
|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|numerals|數詞|sūshi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|天爾乎波|tenioha}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感歎詞|kantanshi}}
|-
|1933<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1145412/1/9|pages=1–3|date=26 April 1933|edition=Shōwa|last=Yoshioka|first=Kyōsuke|publisher=Tōyō Tosho|title=日本口語法|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|ten parts of speech
|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|numerals|數詞|sūshi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助詞|joshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感歎詞|kantanshi}}
|-
|[[w:ja:三矢重松|Mitsuya Shigematsu]]
|1908<ref>{{cite book|language=Japanese|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1707359/1/33|pages=32–34|date=15 December 1908|publisher=Meiji Shoin|last=Mitsuya|first=Shigematsu|title=高等日本文法}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|nine parts of speech|七詞二辭|shichishi niji}}{{efn|Some grammarians made a distinction between {{nihongo||詞|shi}} and {{nihongo||辭|ji}}, which are equivalent to the modern terms {{nihongo||自立語|jiritsugo|"[[Bound and free morphemes|free forms]]"}} and {{nihongo||付属語|fuzokugo|"bound forms"}} respectively. {{nihongo||辭|Ji}} or {{nihongo||付属語|fuzokugo}} consist of auxiliaries and particles, while {{nihongo||詞|shi}} or {{nihongo||自立語|jiritsugo}} consist of everything else. The names {{nihongo||助動'''詞'''|jodō'''shi'''}} and {{nihongo||助'''詞'''|jo'''shi'''}} were customary despite the label {{nihongo||辭|ji}}.}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞／動助辭／助用言|jodōshi / dōjoji / joyōgen}}
|{{nihongo|particles|てにをは／靜助辭／助體言|tenioha / seijoji / jotaigen}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[w:ja:保科孝一|Hoshina Kōichi]]
|1909<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/988071/1/3|language=Japanese|title=日本口語法|last=Hoshina|first=Kōichi|publisher=Waseda University|date=1909}}</ref>
|ten parts of speech
|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|numerals|數詞|sūshi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助詞|joshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|1917<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/927029/1/61|language=Japanese|page=114|title=大正日本文法|last=Hoshina|first=Kōichi|publisher=Ikuei Shoin|date=6 October 1917}}</ref>
|nine parts of speech
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助詞|joshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|Tsuge Zenzō
|1916<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/985635/1/22|page=33|title=日本新文典|publisher=小坂書店|date=1 February 1916|last=Tsuge|first=Zenzō|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|six parts of speech|六品詞|roppinshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助辭|joji}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|colspan=3|{{nihongo|adverbs|語辭|gyoji}}
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Yamada Yoshio]]
|1917<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1080718/1/9|language=Japanese|page=9|title=中等國文法教科書|volume=1|last1=Yamada|first1=Yoshio|publisher=Hōbunkan|date=7 February 1918|edition=revised|orig-date=30 October 1917|last2=Utsumi|first2=Kōzō}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|nine parts of speech|九品詞|kyūhinshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助詞|joshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|1922<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/968840/1/19|language=Japanese|page=11|title=日本文法講義|edition=revised|last=Yamada|first=Yoshio|publisher=Hōbunkan|date=23 September 1922|orig-date=25 February 1922}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1870073/1/18|language=Japanese|page=10|title=日本口語法講義|last=Yamada|first=Yoshio|publisher=Hōbunkan|date=28 November 1922}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|ten parts of speech|十品詞|jippinshi{{efn|name=hin-counter}}}}
|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|numerals|數詞|sūshi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助詞|joshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|1938<ref>{{cite book|language=Japanese|title=日本文法教科書 中學校初級用|last=Yamada|first=Yoshio|publisher=Hōbunkan|year=1938}}</ref>
|nine parts of speech
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助詞|joshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|[[w:ja:藤村作|Fujimura Tsukuru]] and [[w:ja:島津久基|Shimazu Hisamoto]]
|1921<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/922832/1/14|language=Japanese|page=13|title=大正日本文法|last1=Fujimura|first1=Tsukuru|last2=Shimazu|first2=Hisamoto|publisher=Shibundō|edition=3rd|date=20 August 1926|orig-date=15 September 1921}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|nine parts of speech|九品詞|kyūhinshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助詞|joshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|[[w:ja:吉澤義則|Yoshizawa Yoshinori]]
|1923<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/911234/1/16|language=Japanese|page=21|title=中等新國文典別記|last=Yoshizawa|first=Yoshinori|publisher=Shūbunkan|date=25 June 1923}}</ref>
|ten parts of speech
|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|numerals|數詞|sūshi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助詞|joshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|[[Hashimoto Shinkichi]]
|1935<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1129527/1/22|language=Japanese|page=7|title=新文典別記 上級用|last=Hashimoto|first=Shinkichi|publisher=Fuzanbō|date=13 March 1935}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|nine parts of speech|九品詞|kyūhinshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助詞|joshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|Tōjō Misao
|1937<ref>{{cite book|title=中學國文典 初年級用|last=Tōjō|first=Misao|year=1937|publisher=Hoshino Shoten|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|eleven parts of speech
|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|numerals|數詞|sūshi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|adjectival verbs|形容動詞|keiyō dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助詞|joshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|[[w:ja:広島高等師範学校|Hiroshima Higher Normal School]]
|1937<ref>{{cite book|title=中學新國文典 初年級用|publisher=Hiroshima Higher Normal School|year=1937|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|ten parts of speech
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|adjectival verbs|形容動詞|keiyō dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助詞|joshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|Iwai Yoshio
|1937<ref>{{cite book|title=中學口語法 第一學年用|publisher=Meguro Shoten|year=1937|last=Iwai|first=Yoshio|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|ten parts of speech
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|adjectival verbs|形容動詞|keiyō dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助詞|joshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|-
|[[Kindaichi Kyōsuke]]
|1939<ref>{{cite book|title=新制中學國語法 初級用|publisher=Teikoku Shoin|last=Kindaichi|first=Kyōsuke|year=1939|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|{{nihongo|nine parts of speech|九品詞|kyūhinshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|pronouns|代名詞|daimeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助詞|joshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|間投詞|kantōshi}}
|-
|[[w:ja:岩淵悦太郎|Iwabuchi Etsutarō]]
|1943<ref>{{cite book|title=中等文法|last=Iwabuchi|first=Etsutarō|year=1943|volume=1|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|ten parts of speech
|colspan=3|{{nihongo|nouns|名詞|meishi}}
|{{nihongo|adjectives|形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{nihongo|adjectival verbs|形容動詞|keiyō dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|verbs|動詞|dōshi}}
|{{nihongo|auxiliaries|助動詞|jodōshi}}
|{{nihongo|particles|助詞|joshi}}
|colspan=3 style=border-top:none;border-bottom:none|
|{{nihongo|adverbs|副詞|fukushi}}
|{{nihongo|conjunctions|接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|{{nihongo|interjections|感動詞|kandōshi}}
|{{nihongo|attributives|連體詞|rentaishi}}
|}

The term {{nihongo||形容動詞|keiyō dōshi|{{lit|adjectival verb}}}} assumed different meanings, such as a verb form ({{nihongo||連用形|ren'yōkei}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/992603/1/16|page=18|year=1887|title=副假字法規|last=Hamada|first=Kenjirō|publisher=Tetsugaku Shoin|language=Japanese}}</ref> or {{nihongo||連体形|rentaikei}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/864215/1/38|page=37|date=April 1891|title=和文典|volume=2|last=Ōwada|first=Takeki|publisher=Chūōdō|language=Japanese}}</ref>) that precedes a noun, or as a proposed alternative to {{nihongo||形容詞|keiyōshi}}, because Japanese "adjectives" are verb-like in nature, unlike European adjectives.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/992498/1/61|page=80|last=Ōtsuki|first=Fumihiko|year=1897|title=廣日本文典 別記|language=Japanese}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/810429/1/55|page=97|date=February 1893|last=萩井|first=重次|publisher=盛文館|title=尋常高等教授細目及教授法|language=Japanese}}</ref> As shown in the table, Matsushita Daizaburō (1924) used ''keiyōshi'' explicitly for the Eurocentric idea of adjectives as words that precede nouns, while reserving ''keiyō dōshi'' for Japanese "adjectives" as verb-like words (although later in 1928, he swapped out ''keiyōshi'' for {{nihongo||副體詞|fukutaishi}} to avoid confusion, on the model of {{nihongo||副詞|fukushi}} as words that precede verbs). Ochiai Naobumi (1895) defined ''keiyō dōshi'' not as a grammatical category, but as a semantic one with meanings similar to those of [[stative verb]]s ({{nihongo||落花雪に'''似たり'''|rakka yuki-ni '''nitari'''|{{lit|as for falling flowers, they '''are like''' snow}}}}, {{nihongo||山は遠方に'''在り'''|yama-wa enpō-ni '''ari'''|{{lit|as for the mountain, it '''is''' far away}}}}).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/864051/1/16|pages=27–28|title=日本大文典|volume=2|date=26 March 1895|publisher=Hakubunkan|last=Ochiai|first=Naobumi|language=Japanese}}</ref> It was not until [[w:ja:芳賀矢一|Haga Yaichi]]'s usage in 1905 that ''keiyō dōshi'' came to be refer to adjectival words whose {{nihongo||終止形|shūshikei}} ended with {{nihongo||なり|nari}} or {{nihongo||たり|tari}}<ref>{{cite book|title=日本語文法大辞典|language=Japanese|editor-last=Yamaguchi|editor-first=Akiho|editor-last2=Akimoto|editor-first2=Morihide|publisher=Meiji Shoin|date=1 March 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|language=Japanese|date=24 February 1905|last=Haga|first=Yaichi|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/992202/1/25|page=35|publisher=Fuzanbō|title=中等教科明治文典|volume=1}}</ref> (in modern Japanese, they end with {{nihongo||だ|da}}).

The {{nihongo||学校文法|gakkō bunpō|{{lit|school grammar}}}} of today has followed [[w:ja:岩淵悦太郎|Iwabuchi Etsutarō]]'s model outlined in his 1943 grammar, {{nihongo||中等文法|Chūtō Bunpō}}, compiled for the {{nihongo|[[Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture]]|文部省|Monbushō}}.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Morita|first=Shingo|date=26 July 2021|language=Japanese|title=「学校文法」成立過程における指導内容の生成と収斂|degree=Doctor of Philosophy in Education|url=https://tsukuba.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/2000707/files/DB02992.pdf|publisher=University of Tsukuba|id=10.15068/0002000707}}</ref> It recognizes 10 parts of speech as shown in the table.

Among historical classifications, the grammarian [[w:ja:松下大三郎|Matsushita Daizaburō]] notably compared his own terminology to the terminologies translated from and modeled after European ones at the time.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/982965/1/156|page=290|title=標準日本文法|last=Matsushita|first=Daizaburō|date=31 December 1924|publisher=Kigensha}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1225783/1/180|page=323|title=改撰標準日本文法|last=Matsushita|first=Daizaburō|date=25 April 1928|publisher=Kigensha}}</ref><ref name=matsushita1930>{{cite book|url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1178361/1/45|page=59|title=標準日本口語法|last=Matsushita|first=Daizaburō|date=27 February 1930|publisher=Chūbunkan Shoten}}</ref> In particular, he rejected the equation of what were dubbed {{nihongo||形容詞|keiyōshi}} in Japanese to the concept of "adjectives" in European grammars, although he revised his systems over the years, which ended up conforming to the popular usage of the term ''keiyōshi''. According to Matsushita (1930):<ref name=matsushita1930/>
{|class=wikitable
!colspan=3|Matsushita Daizaburō's own terminology
!European-based terminology for Japanese grammar{{efn|Mainly cited from [[Ōtsuki Fumihiko]].}}
!European-based terminology for European grammars{{efn|Mainly translated from Dutch, Latin and English terminologies.}}
!English terminology
|-
|rowspan=4|{{nihongo||名詞|meishi}}
|rowspan=3|{{nihongo||實質名詞|jisshitsu meishi}}{{efn|Lexical nouns.}}
|{{nihongo||本名詞|honmeishi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo||名詞|meishi}}
|noun
|-
|{{nihongo||代名詞|daimeishi}}
|rowspan=2|{{nihongo||代名詞|daimeishi}}
|rowspan=3|{{nihongo||代名詞|daimeishi}}
|rowspan=3|pronoun
|-
|{{nihongo||未定名詞|mitei meishi}}{{efn|Interrogative "pronouns" such as {{nihongo||誰|dare}}, {{nihongo||どこ|doko}}, etc.}}
|-
|colspan=2|{{nihongo||形式名詞|keishiki meishi}}{{efn|Literally, "formal nouns," as in "nouns in form only."<ref>{{cite book|page=85|title=Modern Japanese Grammar|chapter=Formal nouns|first1=Naomi H.|last1=McGloin|first2=Mutsuko|last2=Endo Hudson|first3=Fumiko|last3=Nazikian|first4=Tomomi|last4=Kakegawa|year=2014|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> They are [[grammaticalized]] nouns used to [[nominalize]] other parts of speech, nowadays spelt in hiragana, such as {{nihongo||こと|koto}}, {{nihongo||もの|mono}}, etc.}}
|{{efn|Currently, this missing slot would be filled with {{nihongo||形式名詞|keishiki meishi}}.}}
|-
|colspan=3|{{nihongo||副體詞|fukutaishi}}{{efn|This term was coined by analogy with {{nihongo||副詞|fukushi|"adverb"}}, and would be equivalent to ''adnoun'' in English. Formerly {{nihongo||形容詞|keiyōshi}}. Attributive words such as {{nihongo||この|ko-no}}, {{nihongo||或る|aru}}, etc.}}
|{{efn|Currently, this missing slot would be filled with {{nihongo||連体詞|rentaishi}}.}}
|{{nihongo||形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|adjective
|-
|rowspan=2|{{nihongo||動詞|dōshi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo||形容詞|keiyōshi}}{{efn|Formerly {{nihongo||狀態動詞|jōtai dōshi}}, then {{nihongo||形容動詞|keiyō dōshi}}.}}
|{{nihongo||形容詞|keiyōshi}}
|{{efn|Currently, this missing slot would be filled with {{nihongo||形容詞|keiyōshi}}, which Matsushita objected to. [[Ōtsuki Fumihiko]], despite cautioning against the equation of this class of Japanese words to the class of "adjectives" in European grammars, still used ''keiyōshi'' for both, while tentatively proposing {{nihongo||形容動詞|keiyō dōshi}} as an alternative.}}
|-
|colspan=2|{{nihongo||動作詞|dōsashi}}{{efn|Formerly {{nihongo||動作動詞|dōsa dōshi}}.}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo||動詞|dōshi}}
|verb
|-
|rowspan=3|{{nihongo||副詞|fukushi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo||實質副詞|jisshitsu fukushi}}
|colspan=2|{{nihongo||副詞|fukushi}}
|adverb
|-
|rowspan=2|{{nihongo||形式副詞|keishiki fukushi}}
|colspan=3|{{nihongo||接續詞|setsuzokushi}}
|conjunction
|-
|{{nihongo||歸著副詞|kichaku fukushi}}
|
|{{nihongo||前置詞|zenchishi}}
|preposition
|-
|colspan=4|{{nihongo||感動詞|kandōshi}}
|{{nihongo||間投詞|kantōshi}}{{efn|Literal translation of the Latin ''interiectiō'' {{lit|between-throwing}}. Formerly {{nihongo||感動詞|kandōshi}}.}}
|interjection
|}

===Japanese as a topic-prominent language===
In [[discourse]] [[pragmatics]], the term ''topic'' refers to what a section of discourse is about. At the beginning of a section of discourse, the topic is usually unknown, in which case it is usually necessary to explicitly mention it. As the discourse carries on, the topic need not be the grammatical subject of each new sentence.

Starting with [[Early Middle Japanese|Middle Japanese]], the grammar evolved so as to explicitly distinguish topics from nontopics. This is done by two distinct [[Japanese particles|particles]] (short words which do not change form). Consider the following pair of sentences:

{{fs interlinear|indent=3|lang=ja|transl=Hepburn|glossing=no abbr
|犬 '''が''' サンド を 食べている。
|inu '''ga''' sando o tabeteiru
|dog NONTOPIC sandwich OBJ eat|}}

{{fs interlinear|indent=3|lang=ja|transl=Hepburn|glossing=no abbr
|犬 '''は''' サンド を 食べている。
|inu '''wa''' sando o tabeteiru
|dog TOPIC sandwich OBJ eat|}}

In the first sentence {{nihongo|the dog|犬|inu}} is not a discourse topic—not yet; in the second sentence it is a discourse topic. In linguistics (specifically, in discourse pragmatics) a sentence such as the second one (with {{transliteration|ja|wa}}) is termed a '''presentational''' sentence because its function in the discourse is to present ''dog'' as a topic, to "broach it for discussion". Once a [[referent]] has been established as the topic of the current monolog or dialog, then in (formal) modern Japanese its marking will change from {{transliteration|ja|ga}} to {{transliteration|ja|wa}}.

To better explain the difference, the first sentence can be translated to "There's a dog eating a sandwich", while the second sentence can be translated to "You know the dog? It's eating a sandwich"; these renderings reflect a discourse fragment in which "the dog" is being established as the topic of an extended discussion. The first sentence answers the question "What is going on?," whereas the second sentence answers the question "What is the dog doing?"

===Liberal omission of the subject of a sentence===
The grammatical [[Subject (grammar)|subject]] is [[null-subject language|commonly omitted]] in Japanese, as in

{{fs interlinear|indent=3|lang=ja|transl=Hepburn
|日本 に 行きました
|nihon ni ikimashita
|Japan LOC go-POL-PFV
|went to Japan}}

Subjects are mentioned when a topic is introduced, or in situations where an ambiguity might result from their omission. The preceding example sentence would most likely be uttered in the middle of a discourse, where who it is that "went to Japan" will be clear from what has already been said (or written).