Editing Japanese numerals (section)

==Basic numbering in Japanese== 
There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]].

Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{tlit|ja|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{tlit|ja|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †.

{| class="wikitable nounderlines"
! Number
! Character
! {{tlit|ja|On}} reading
! {{tlit|ja|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref>
! Preferred reading
|-
| align="right" | [[0]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|零}} / {{wikt-lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}}
| {{Nihongo||れい|rei}}
| {{Nihongo||まる|maru}}
| {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{tlit|ja|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}})
|-
| align="right" | [[1]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|一}}
| {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}}
| {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}}
| {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}}
|-
| align="right" | [[2]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|二}}
| {{Nihongo||に|ni}}
| {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}}
| {{Nihongo||に|ni}}
|-
| align="right" | [[3]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|三}}
| {{Nihongo||さん|san}}
| {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}}
| {{Nihongo||さん|san}}
|-
| align="right" | [[4]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|四}}
| {{Nihongo||し|shi}}
| {{tlit|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}}
| {{Nihongo||よん|yon}}
|-
| align="right" | [[5]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|五}}
| {{Nihongo||ご|go}}
| {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}}
| {{Nihongo||ご|go}}
|-
| align="right" | [[6]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|六}}
| {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}}
| {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}}
| {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}}
|-
| align="right" | [[7]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|七}}
| {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}}
| {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}}
| {{Nihongo||なな|nana}}
|-
| align="right" | [[8]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|八}}
| {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}}
| {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}}
| {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}}
|-
| align="right" | [[9]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|九}}
| {{tlit|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} 
| {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}}
| {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}}
|-
| align="right" | [[10]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|十}}
| {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}}
| {{Nihongo||とお|tō}}
| {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}}
|-
| align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|二十}}
| {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}}
| {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}†
| {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}}
|-
| align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|三十}}
| {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}}
| {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}†
| {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}}
|-
| align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|四十}}
| {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}}
| {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}†
| {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}}
|-
| align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|五十}}
| {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}}
| {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}†
| {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}}
|-
| align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|六十}}
| {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}}
| {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}†
| {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}}
|-
| align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|七十}}
| {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}}
| {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}†
| {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}}
|-
| align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|八十}}
| {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}}
| {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}†
| {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}}
|-
| align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|九十}}
| {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}}
| {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}†
| {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}}
|-
| align="right" | [[100]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|百}}
| {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}}
| {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}†
| {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}}
|-
| align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|五百}}
| {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}}
| {{Nihongo||いお|io}}†
| {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}}
|-
| align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|八百}}
| {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}}
| {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}†
| {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}}
|-
| align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|千}}
| {{Nihongo||せん|sen}}
| {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}†
| {{Nihongo||せん|sen}}
|-
| align="right" | [[10,000]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|万}}
| {{Nihongo||まん|man}}
| {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}†
| {{Nihongo||まん|man}}
|-
| align="right" | [[100,000,000]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|億}}
| {{Nihongo||おく|oku}}
|—
| {{Nihongo||おく|oku}}
|-
| align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|兆}}
| {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}}
|—
| {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}}
|-
| align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]]
| {{wikt-lang|ja|京}}
| {{Nihongo||けい|kei}}
|—
| {{Nihongo||けい|kei}}
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{tlit|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{tlit|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{tlit|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{tlit|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{tlit|ja|gō}}).

As noted above, {{tlit|ja|yon}} (4) and {{tlit|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{tlit|ja|shi}} and {{tlit|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{tlit|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{tlit|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{tlit|ja|ichi}} (1), {{tlit|ja|shi}} or {{tlit|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{tlit|ja|shi}} and {{tlit|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{tlit|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{tlit|ja|shi}} and {{tlit|ja|shichi}} may be preferred.

The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{tlit|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref>

In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{tlit|ja|on}} readings.  Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{tlit|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{tlit|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{tlit|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{tlit|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{tlit|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}).

Larger numbers are made by combining these elements:

*Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{tlit|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo krt||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo krt||九十|kyū-jū}}.
*Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{tlit|ja|-hyaku}}".
*Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{tlit|ja|-sen}}".

Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo krt||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo krt||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{tlit|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo krt||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo krt||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo krt||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo krt||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo krt||一千五百|issengohyaku}}.

There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{tlit|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{tlit|ja|roku}} "six" and {{tlit|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{tlit|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred".

{| class="wikitable"
! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000
|-
| align="right" | 100
| style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|hyaku, ippyaku}}
| {{tlit|ja|nihyaku}}
| style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|sanbyaku}}
| {{tlit|ja|yonhyaku}}
| {{tlit|ja|gohyaku}}
| style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|roppyaku}}
| {{tlit|ja|nanahyaku}}
| style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|happyaku}}
| {{tlit|ja|kyūhyaku}}
|—
|—
|—
|-
| align="right" | 1,000
| style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|sen, issen}}
| {{tlit|ja|nisen}}
| style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|sanzen}}
| {{tlit|ja|yonsen}}
| {{tlit|ja|gosen}}
| {{tlit|ja|rokusen}}
| {{tlit|ja|nanasen}}
| style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|hassen}}
| {{tlit|ja|kyūsen}}
| —
| —
| —
|-
| align="right" | 10{{sup|12}}
| style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|itchō}}
| {{tlit|ja|nichō}}
| {{tlit|ja|sanchō}}
| {{tlit|ja|yonchō}}
| {{tlit|ja|gochō}}
| {{tlit|ja|rokuchō}}
| {{tlit|ja|nanachō}}
| style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|hatchō}}
| {{tlit|ja|kyūchō}}
| style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|jutchō}}*
| {{tlit|ja|hyakuchō}}
| {{tlit|ja|issenchō}}
|-
| align="right" | 10{{sup|16}}
| style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|ikkei}}
| {{tlit|ja|nikei}}
| {{tlit|ja|sankei}}
| {{tlit|ja|yonkei}}
| {{tlit|ja|gokei}}
| style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|rokkei}}
| {{tlit|ja|nanakei}}
| style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|hakkei}}
| {{tlit|ja|kyūkei}}
| style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|jukkei}}*
| style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|hyakkei}}**
| {{tlit|ja|issenkei}}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{tlit|ja|-jū}} to {{tlit|ja|-jutchō}} or {{tlit|ja|-jukkei}}.<br />
<nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{tlit|ja|-ku}} to {{tlit|ja|-kkei}}.

In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}.
{| class="wikitable"
! Number !! Character !! Reading
!Basic Meaning
|-
| align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{tlit|ja|jū ichi}}
|Ten and One
|-
| align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{tlit|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}}
|Ten and Seven
|-
| align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{tlit|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}}
|Hundred, Five Tens and One
|-
| align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{tlit|ja|san-byaku ni}}
|Three Hundreds and Two
|-
| align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{tlit|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}}
|Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine
|-
| align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{tlit|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}}
|Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five
|}

===Other types of numerals===
For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]].

[[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo||ずつ|-zutsu}}, as in {{Nihongo3|one person at a time, one person each|一人ずつ|hitori-zutsu}}.