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Japanese pitch accent
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==Standard Japanese== Normative pitch accent, essentially the pitch accent of the Tokyo [[Tokyo dialect#Overview|Yamanote dialect]], is considered essential in jobs such as broadcasting. The current standards for pitch accent are presented in special accent dictionaries for native speakers such as the ''Shin Meikai Nihongo Akusento Jiten'' ({{lang|ja|ๆฐๆ่งฃๆฅๆฌ่ชใขใฏใปใณใ่พๅ ธ}}) and the ''NHK Nihongo Hatsuon Akusento Jiten'' ({{lang|ja|NHKๆฅๆฌ่ช็บ้ณใขใฏใปใณใ่พๅ ธ}}). Newsreaders and other speech professionals are required to follow these standards. Foreign learners of Japanese are often not taught to pronounce the pitch accent, though it is included in some noted texts, such as ''[[Japanese: The Spoken Language]]''. Incorrect pitch accent is a characteristic of a "foreign accent" in Japanese. ===Scalar pitch=== In standard Japanese, pitch accent has the following effect on words spoken in isolation: #The following accent types are collectively known as {{lang|ja|่ตทไผๅผ}} ''kifukushiki'' (literally, "rise-and-fall"): ## If the accent is on the first [[Mora (linguistics)|mora]], then the [[pitch (music)|pitch]] starts high, drops suddenly on the second mora, then levels out. The pitch may fall across both morae, or mostly on one or the other (depending on the sequence of sounds)โthat is, the first mora may end with a high falling pitch, or the second may begin with a (low) falling pitch, but the first mora will be considered accented regardless. The Japanese describe this as {{lang|ja|้ ญ้ซๅ}} ''atamadakagata'' (literally, "head-high"). ## If the accent is on a mora other than the first or the last, then the pitch has an initial rise from a low starting point, reaches a near-maximum at the accented mora, then drops suddenly on any following morae. This accent is referred to as {{lang|ja|ไธญ้ซๅ}} ''nakadakagata'' ("middle-high"). ## If the word has an accent on the last mora, the pitch rises from a low start up to a high pitch on the last mora. Words with this accent are indistinguishable from accentless words unless followed by a particle such as {{lang|ja|ใ}} ''ga'' or {{lang|ja|ใซ}} ''ni'', on which the pitch drops. In Japanese this accent is called {{lang|ja|ๅฐพ้ซๅ}} ''odakagata'' ("tail-high"). # If the word does not have an accent, the pitch rises from a low starting point on the first mora or two, and then levels out in the middle of the speaker's range, without ever reaching the high tone of an accented mora. In Japanese this accent is named "flat" ({{lang|ja|ๅนณๆฟๅผ}} ''heibanshiki''). Note that accent rules apply to [[phonological word]]s, which include any following particles. So the sequence "''hashi''" spoken in isolation can be accented in two ways, either ''hรกshi'' (accent on the first syllable, meaning 'chopsticks') or ''hashรญ'' (flat or accent on the second syllable, meaning either 'edge' or 'bridge'), while "''hashi''" plus the subject-marker "''ga''" can be accented on the first syllable or the second, or be flat/accentless: ''hรกshiga'' 'chopsticks', ''hashรญga'' 'bridge', or ''hashiga'' 'edge'. In poetry, a word such as {{lang|ja|้ข็ฝใ}} ''omoshirรณi'', which has the accent on the fourth mora ''ro'', is pronounced in five beats (morae). When initial in the phrase (and therefore starting out with a low pitch), the pitch typically rises on the ''o'', levels out at mid range on the ''moshi'', peaks on the ''ro'', and then drops suddenly on the ''i'', producing a falling tone on the ''roi''. In all cases but final accent, there is a general declination (gradual decline) of pitch across the phrase. This, and the initial rise, are part of the [[prosody (linguistics)|prosody]] of the phrase, not lexical accent, and are larger in scope than the phonological word. That is, within the overall pitch-contour of the phrase there may be more than one phonological word, and thus potentially more than one accent. ===Accent nuclei, defective morae and compound-induced accent shifts=== An {{nihongo|"accent nucleus" or "kernel"{{sfnp|Labrune|2012|pp=174, 179}}|ใขใฏใปใณใๆ ธ|akusento kaku}} is another name for an accented mora, a mora that carries a high tone and is followed by a mora with a low tone. In other words, the precipitous drop in pitch occurs right at the boundary between the accent nucleus and the mora immediately after it. Unaccented words (of the ''heiban'' type) do not have an accent nucleus. Unlike regular morae or ่ช็ซๆ (''jiritsu haku'' "autonomous beats"), defective morae{{sfnp|Labrune|2012|p=201}} or ็นๆฎๆ (''tokushu haku'' "special beats") cannot generally be accent nuclei. They historically arose through various processes that limited their occurrences and prominence in terms of accent-carrying capability. There are four types of them: *The {{nihongo|moraic nasal|ๆฅ้ณ/ๆฅใญใ้ณ|hatsuon/haneru on|/N/, spelt ใ or ใณ}}: derived from [[Middle Chinese]] coda consonants (/n/ and /m/) (e.g.: /kaN/; /wemu/ > /eN/), but also arose naturally through ''[[onbin]]'' (e.g.: /yomite/ > /yoNde/) *The {{nihongo|moraic obstruent|ไฟ้ณ/่ฉฐใพใ้ณ|[[sokuon]]/tsumaru on|/Q/, spelt ใฃ or ใ}}: mainly arose through ''onbin'' (e.g.: /katite/ > /kaQte/) or through consonant assimilation (e.g.: /setpuku/ > /seQpuku/) *The {{nihongo|lengthening mora|ๅผ๏ผใ๏ผ้ณ/้ท้ณ|hikion, in'on/chลon|/R/, spelt ใ/ใข, ใ/ใค, ใ/ใฆ, ใ/ใจ, ใ/ใช or ใผ}}: arose through consonant losses (e.g.: /kakasaN/ > /kaRsaN/), vowel shifts or vowel assimilation during [[Late Middle Japanese]] (e.g.: /eu/ > /joR/; /joลฉ/ > /joR/) *The morphologically bound /i/ (/J/, written in kana as ใ/ใค): derived from a Middle Chinese [[offglide]] (e.g.: /taJ/; /tuJ/) or arose through ''onbin'' (e.g.: /kakisiro/ > /kaJsiro/) While the accent patterns of single words are often unpredictable, those of compounds are often rule-based. Take the suffix ๅธ (''-shi''), for example. When compounding with a place name to form a city name, the accent nucleus of the resulting compound is usually immediately before ๅธ itself: *ๅ่ (''[[Chiba (city)|Chiba]]''): H๊L > ๅ่ๅธ (''Chiba-shi'' "Chiba City"): L-H๊L /tiba๊si/ But if the mora before ๅธ is defective, the accent must shift one mora backward: *็ฝๅฑฑ (''[[Hakusan, Ishikawa|Hakusan]]''): H๊L-L-L > ็ฝๅฑฑๅธ (''Hakusan-shi'' "Hakusan City"): L-H-H๊L-L /hakusa๊Nsi/ *่ฅฟๆก (''[[Saijล, Ehime|Saijล]]''): H๊L-L-L > ่ฅฟๆกๅธ (''Saijล-shi'' "Saijล City"): L-H-H๊L-L /saJzjo๊Rsi/ *ไปๅฐ (''[[Sendai]]''): H๊L-L-L > ไปๅฐๅธ (''Sendai-shi'' "Sendai City"): L-H-H๊L-L /seNda๊Jsi/ A defective mora can be an accent nucleus only if the mora following it is also defective:<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Japanese Phonetics and Phonology|date=2015|publisher=Walter de Gruyter}}</ref> *ใญใณใใณใฃๅญ (''Rondon-kko'' "Londoner"): L-H-H-H๊L-L /roNdoN๊Qko/ *ๆฑไบฌใฃๅญ (''Tลkyล-kko'' "Tokyoite"): L-H-H-H๊L-L /toRkjoR๊Qko/ *็พไปฃใฃๅญ (''gendai-kko'' "modern person"): L-H-H-H๊L-L /ษกeNdaJ๊Qko/ ====Compoundified compound nouns vs noncompoundified compound nouns==== In general, Japanese utterances can be syntactically split into discrete phrases (known in the [[Hashimoto Shinkichi|Hashimoto]] school of grammar as {{nihongo||ๆ็ฏ|bunsetsu}}<ref name=DJR>''[[Daijirin]]''</ref>). For example, the utterance ๆฏใๆ็ใใใฆ็ถใ็ฟใๆดใใพใ (''Haha-ga ryลri-o shite chichi-ga sara-o arai-masu'' "My mother cooks and my father washes the dishes") can be subdivided into the following phrases: *ๆฏใ (''haha-ga'') *ๆ็ใ (''ryลri-o'') *ใใฆ (''shite'') *็ถใ (''chichi-ga'') *็ฟใ (''sara-o'') *ๆดใใพใ (''arai-masu'') The general structure of these phrases is that a syntactically [[free morpheme]] is followed by one or more syntactically [[bound morpheme]]s. Free morphemes are nouns, adjectives and verbs, while bound morphemes are particles and auxiliaries. In the above utterance, the free morphemes are ๆฏ, ๆ็, ใใฆ, ็ถ, ็ฟ, and ๆดใ while the bound ones are ใ, ใ and ใพใ. The accent pattern of the entire utterance could be something like this: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |ha-ha-ga |ryo-o-ri-o |shi-te |chi-chi-ga |sa-ra-o |a-ra-i-ma-su |- |H๊L-L |H๊L-L-L |L-H |H๊L-L |L-H-H |L-H-H-H๊L |} Ideally, each phrase can carry at most one accent nucleus (in the above example, '''''ha'''-ha-ga'', '''''ryo'''-o-ri-o'', '''''chi'''-chi-ga'' and ''a-ra-i-'''ma'''-su''), and such accent nucleus is based solely on the lexical accent nucleus of the free morpheme of that phrase (bound morphemes do not have lexical accent patterns, and whatever accent patterns they do have is dependent on those of the free morphemes they follow). However, the situation becomes complicated when it comes to compound nouns. When multiple independent nouns are placed successively, they syntactically form a compound noun. For example: *็ฌฌ (''dai'') + ไธๆฌก (''ichiji'') + ไธ็ (sekai) + ๅคงๆฆ (''taisen'') > ็ฌฌไธๆฌกไธ็ๅคงๆฆ (''Dai-ichiji-Sekai-Taisen'' "World War I") At the phrasal level, compound nouns are well contained within a phrase, no matter how long they are. Thus, the utterance ใจใผใญใใใฏ็ฌฌไธๆฌกไธ็ๅคงๆฆใงใฏไธปๆฆๅ ดใจใชใฃใ (''Yลroppa-wa Dai-ichiji-Sekai-Taisen-de-wa shusenjล-to natta'' "Europe was the main theater of war in World War I") is subdivided into phrases as follows: *ใจใผใญใใใฏ (''Yลroppa-wa'') *็ฌฌไธๆฌกไธ็ๅคงๆฆใงใฏ (''Dai-ichiji-Sekai-Taisen-de-wa'') *ไธปๆฆๅ ดใจ (''shusenjล-to'') *ใชใฃใ (''natta'') As ''Dai-ichiji-Sekai-Taisen-de-wa'' is an entire phrase in itself, it should ideally carry at most one accent nucleus, the lexical accent nucleus of the free compound noun ''Dai-ichiji-Sekai-Taisen''. In actuality, ''Dai-ichiji-Sekai-Taisen'', as a compound noun, is capable of carrying more than one accent nucleus. While still being a syntactic compound, its components might not be solidly "fused" together and still retain their own lexical accent nuclei. Whether ''Dai-ichiji-Sekai-Taisen'' should have one nucleus of its own, or several nuclei of its constituents, is a matter of whether it is a "compoundified compound noun" (่คๅ่ชๅ่คๅๅ่ฉ ''fukugลgoka fukugล meishi'') or "noncompoundified compound noun" (้่คๅ่ชๅ่คๅๅ่ฉ ''hifukugลgoka fukugล meishi'').<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kubozono|first1=Haruo|title=ๆฅๆฌ่ช่คๅ่ชใฎๆๅณๆง้ ใจ้ปๅพๆง้ |date=1987|publisher=[[Nanzan University]]}}</ref> The "compoundification" status of a compound noun is lexical, meaning that whether such compound noun is long or short, or simple or complex, is not relevant to whether it is "compoundified" or not. A [[yojijukugo]] such as ไธไปฃไบคไปฃ (''sedai-kลtai'' "change of generation") may be treated as "compoundified," with a single accent nucleus:<ref name=nhkguide>{{cite book|last1=Tanaka|first1=Ishiki|title=่คๅๅ่ฉใฎ็บ้ณใจใขใฏใปใณใ|date=2017|publisher=NHK}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !ไธไปฃไบคไปฃ |- |se-da-i-ko-o-ta-i |- |L-H-H-H๊L-L-L |} Meanwhile, a different four-kanji compound noun, ๆฐๆงไบคไปฃ (''shinkyลซ-kลtai'' "transition between the old and the new"),<ref name=nhkguide /> is treated as "noncompoundified", and retains the lexical accent nuclei of its constituents (in this case ๆฐๆง and ไบคไปฃ): {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !ๆฐๆง + ไบคไปฃ |- |shi-n-kyu-u + ko-o-ta-i |- |H๊L-L-L + H-H-H-H |} Some compound nouns, such as ๆ ธๅปๆฃ็ฉ (''kaku-haikibutsu'' "nuclear waste"), can be, on a preferential basis, either "compoundified" or "noncompoundified": {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !ๆ ธๅปๆฃ็ฉ !ๆ ธ + ๅปๆฃ็ฉ |- |ka-ku-ha-i-ki-bu-tsu |ka-ku + ha-i-ki-bu-tsu |- |L-H-H-H-H๊L-L |H๊L + L-H-H๊L-L |} For "noncompoundified" compound nouns, which constituents should be allowed for may also vary. For example, the above ็ฌฌไธๆฌกไธ็ๅคงๆฆ: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !็ฌฌไธๆฌก + ไธ็ๅคงๆฆ !็ฌฌ + ไธๆฌก + ไธ็ๅคงๆฆ |- |da-i-i-chi-ji + se-ka-i-ta-i-se-n |da-i + i-chi-ji + se-ka-i-ta-i-se-n |- |H๊L-L-L-L + L-H-H-H๊L-L-L |H๊L + L-H๊L + L-H-H-H๊L-L-L |} ===Binary pitch=== The foregoing describes the actual pitch. In most guides, however, accent is presented with a two-pitch-level model. In this representation, each mora is either high (H) or low (L) in pitch, with the shift from high to low of an accented mora transcribed H๊L. # If the accent is on the first mora, then the first syllable is high-pitched and the others are low: H๊L, H๊L-L, H๊L-L-L, H๊L-L-L-L, ''etc.'' # If the accent is on a mora other than the first, then the first mora is low, the following morae up to and including the accented one are high, and the rest are low: L-H๊, L-H๊L, L-H-H๊L, L-H-H-H๊L, ''etc.'' # If the word is ''heiban'' (accentless), the first mora is low and the others are high: L-H, L-H-H, L-H-H-H, L-H-H-H-H, ''etc.'' This high pitch spreads to unaccented [[Japanese particles|grammatical particles]] that attach to the end of the word, whereas these would have a low pitch when attached to an accented word (including one accented on the final mora). Phonetically, although only the terms "high" and "low" are used, the "high" of an unaccented mora is not as high as an accented mora. Different analyses may treat final-accented (''odaka'') words and unaccented (''heiban'') words as identical and only distinguishable by a following particle, or phonetically contrastive and potentially phonemic based on how high a "high" tone actually is (see the Tertiary pitch subsection below). And the phonetic tones are never truly stable, but degrade toward the end of an utterance. This is especially noticeable in longer words, where the so-called "high" pitch tapers off toward the end. This tapering is especially exemplified by what is variously known as ''downstep''{{efn|The overall lowering of pitch after an accent drop. Not to be confused with the accent drop itself, which is indicated by the downward arrow and which is called "downstep" elsewhere in this article.|name=truedownstep}}, ''downdrift'' or ''catathesis'', where the "high" pitch of words becomes successively lower after each accented mora:<ref name=haraguchi>{{cite book|last1=Haraguchi|first1=Shosuke|title=The Tone Pattern of Japanese: An Autosegmental Theory of Tonology|date=1979|publisher=Linguistic Society of America}}</ref><ref name=poser>{{cite book|last1=Poser|first1=William|title=The Phonetics and Phonology of Tone and Intonation in Japanese|date=1985|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|location=Massachusetts}}</ref><ref name=vance/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" ! Phrase ! Phonemic accent pattern |- |ๆตทใงๆณณใ (''umi-de oyogi'' "swimming in the sea") |H๊L-L L-H๊L |- |่ขซใฃใฆใฟใใ (''kabutte mitara'' "try putting on the head") |L-H๊L-L H๊L-L |} In slow and deliberate enunciation (for example, with a pause between elements), the "high" tone of the second element in these phrases could still be sufficiently "high," but in natural, often pauseless, speech, it could become as low as the "low" tone of the first element, since there is an accented mora in that first element. ====Tertiary pitch==== Earlier phonologists made use of a three-tone system, with an additional "mid" tone (M).<ref name=poser /> For example, ็ซฏ (''hashi'' "edge", ''heiban''/unaccented) is considered to have a L-M pattern, while ๆฉ (''hashi'' "bridge", ''odaka''/final-accented) is to have a L-H pattern. This contrast is supported by phonetic analyses, which show that the contrast in frequency between the "low" and "high" tones in, for example, ่ฑ (''hana'' "flower", ''odaka''/final-accented), is much starker than the contrast between the "low" and "mid" tones in ้ผป (''hana'' "nose", ''heiban''/unaccented).{{sfnp|Labrune|2012|p=182}} Moreover, the "high" tone in final-accented words is phonetically higher than the "mid" tone in unaccented words. With respect to potential minimal pairs such as "edge" ''hashi'' vs "bridge" ''hashi'' and "nose" ''hana'' vs "flower" ''hana'', the "mid" tone, in theory, should be considered phonemic, but it is now largely merged with the "high" tone<ref name=poser /> as phonologists claim there are no perceptible differences in pitch pattern between a final-accented word (''odaka'') without a following particle and an unaccented word (''heiban''): {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" ! Word ! Old analysis<ref name=sakuma>{{cite book|last1=Sakuma|first1=Kanae|title=ๅฝ่ชใฎ็บ้ณใจใขใฏใปใณใ|date=1919|publisher=ๅๆ้คจ|location=Tokyo}}</ref> ! New analysis<ref name=poser /> |- |็ซฏ (''hashi'' "edge") |L-M |L-H |- |ๆฉ (''hashi'' "bridge") | colspan=2 |L-H๊ |} The "mid" tone also corresponds to what is now considered the "low" tone in initial-accented (''atamadaka'') and medial-accented (''nakadaka'') words: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" ! Word ! Old analysis<ref name=sakuma /> ! New analysis<ref name=poser /> |- |็ซ้ข (''[[hibachi]]'') |H๊M-M |H๊L-L |- |ใ็ (''otama'' "ball") |L-H๊M |L-H๊L |} ===Initial lowering=== The tone of the first mora in non-initial-accented (non-''atamadaka'') is subject to what is known as "initial dissimilation" or "initial lowering"{{sfnp|Labrune|2012|p=154}}<ref name=handbook>{{cite book|title=The Handbook of Japanese Linguistics|date=2002|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell}}</ref> which is sometimes overridden depending the type of the second mora:{{sfnp|Labrune|2012|p=154}} *(1) If the second mora is /N/ or the lengthening half of a long vowel, the tone of the first mora is "high", and there may or may not be initial lowering. *(2) If the second mora is /Q/, the tone of the first mora is "low", and there is initial lowering, but the tone of the second mora is also "low." *(3) If the second mora is any other type of mora, the tone of the first mora is "low", and there is initial lowering. In the (1) circumstances, initial lowering does not naturally happen in connected speech, but it can still be artificially induced with the slow, deliberate enunciation of whatever word is of concern.<ref name=handbook /> Despite this, most educational material only considers the option with initial lowering and ignores the option without.<ref name=vance>{{cite book|title=The Sounds of Japanese|last=Vance|first=Timothy J.|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-5216-1754-3}}</ref> The following are illustrative examples of the indefinite pitch of the first mora. For monomoraic non-initial-accented words, the second mora is whatever particle that follows it. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" ! Word ! Kana spelling ! Phonemic transcription !Type of the second mora ! (1) ! (2) ! (3) ! Initial-accented |- |ๆผซ็ป (''[[manga]]'') |ใพใใ |/maNษกa/ |/N/ |L-H-H or H-H-H |colspan=3| |- |ไบค็ช (''[[kลban]]'') |ใใใฐใ |/koRban/ |rowspan=2|/R/ |L-H-H-H or H-H-H-H |colspan=3| |- |ใใฉใผใฏใชใใ (''fลkurifuto'' "forklift") |ใใฉใผใฏใชใใ |/ษธoRkuriษธuto/ |L-H-H-H๊L-L or H-H-H-H๊L-L |colspan=3| |- |ๅ่ น (''[[seppuku]]'') |ใใฃใทใ |/seQpuku/ |/Q/ | |L-L-H-H |colspan=2| |- |ๆไบบ (''aijin'' "lover") |ใใใใ |/aJzin/ |/J/ |colspan=2| |L-H-H-H | |- |ใขใกใชใซ (''Amerika'' "America") |ใขใกใชใซ |/amerika/ |rowspan=3|free mora |colspan=2| |L-H-H-H | |- |้ปใฏ (''ki-wa'' "yellow") |ใใฏ |/kiwa/ |colspan=2| |L-H |H๊L |- |ๆฐใ (''ke-ga'' "sign; indication") |ใใ |/keษกa/ |colspan=2| |L-H |H๊L |} ===Accent patterns=== Most of the following patterns are listed in the {{Nihongo krt||NHKๆฅๆฌ่ช็บ้ณใขใฏใปใณใ่พๅ ธ|NHK Nihongo Hatsuon Akusento Jiten|{{lit|NHK Japanese Pronunciation & Accent Dictionary}}}} and the {{nihongo krt||ๆฐๆ่งฃๆฅๆฌ่ชใขใฏใปใณใ่พๅ ธ|Shin Meikai Nihongo Akusento Jiten|{{lit|New Clear Japanese Accent Dictionary}}}}. ====้ฃ็จๅฝข==== According to the appendix ใขใฏใปใณใ to the ''[[Daijirin]]'', here are the patterns for the ้ฃ็จๅฝข of unigrade verbs without a trailing particle or auxiliary: *ใใในใ โ ใใใน๊ or ใใใน๏ผๆฏใน๏ผ *ใใใน๊ใ โ ใใ๊ใน๏ผ่ชฟใน๏ผ The derived noun from ใใในใ is ใใใน (accentless). Also compare the ้ฃ็จๅฝข ใใ๊ใน (''nakadaka'') to its derived noun, ใใใน๊ (''odaka''). According to Timothy J. Vance (2008)<ref name=vance/> and Shiro Kori (2020),<ref name=Kori2020>{{cite journal|lang=ja|last=Kori|first=Shiro|script-title=ja:ๆฅๆฌ่ชใฎๅฉ่ฉใปๅฉๅ่ฉ้กใฎใขใฏใปใณใ|script-journal=ja:่จ่ชๆๅๅ ฑๅ็ ็ฉถใใญใธใงใฏใ|url=https://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/repo/ouka/all/77063/gbkp_2019_o14_013.pdf|date=31 July 2020|publisher=Osaka University|doi=10.18910/77063}}</ref> here are the patterns for the ้ฃ็จๅฝข of quinquegrade verbs without a trailing particle or auxiliary: *ใฎใ โ ใฎใ๏ผไนใ๏ผ *ใฏใช๊ใ โ ใฏใช๊ใ๏ผ่ฉฑใ๏ผ *ใฎ๊ใ โ ใฎ๊ใฟ๏ผ้ฃฒใฟ๏ผ Compare the ้ฃ็จๅฝข ใฏใช๊ใ and ใฎ๊ใฟ (''nakadaka'') to their respective derived nouns, ใฏใชใ๊ and ใฎใฟ๊ (''odaka''). ====Nouns derived from other parts of speech==== =====Nouns derived from single verbs===== The accent of nouns derived from verbs is generally based on the accent of the dictionary forms of those verbs. If the dictionary form is accentless, the derived noun is also accentless: *ใใ๏ผๆตฎใ๏ผ โ ใใ๏ผๆตฎใ๏ผ *ใใ๏ผ่ฒธใ๏ผ โ ใใ๏ผ่ฒธใ๏ผ *ใใใ๏ผ่ใใ๏ผ โ ใใ๏ผ่ใ๏ผ *ใใใ๏ผๆใใ๏ผ โ ใใ๏ผๆใ๏ผ *ใใใ๏ผ็ตใใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๏ผ็ตใใ๏ผ *ใใใ๏ผ็ณใ๏ผ โ ใใใฟ๏ผ็ณใฟ๏ผ *ใใใใ๏ผ่ใใใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๏ผ่ใใ๏ผ *ใฟใจใใ๏ผ่ชใใ๏ผ โ ใฟใจใ๏ผ่ชใ๏ผ *ใใใใ๏ผๆฆใ๏ผ โ ใใใใ๏ผๆฆใ๏ผ *ใใใ๏ผๅใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๏ผๅใ๏ผ If the dictionary form is accented, the derived noun has ''odaka'' accent, though certain derived nouns may alternatively have different accent types: *ใ๊ใ๏ผ็ตใ๏ผ โ ใใฟ๊๏ผ็ตใฟ๏ผ *ใต๊ใ๏ผ้ใ๏ผ โ ใตใ๊๏ผ้ใ๏ผ *ใใก๊ใ๏ผ่ฝใกใ๏ผ โ ใใก๊๏ผ่ฝใก๏ผ *ใฏใ๊ใ๏ผๆฅใใ๏ผ โ ใฏใ๊๏ผๆฅใ๏ผ *ใฏใช๊ใ๏ผ่ฉฑใ๏ผ โ ใฏใชใ๊๏ผ่ฉฑใ๏ผ *ใฒใ๊ใ๏ผๅ ใ๏ผ โ ใฒใใ๊๏ผๅ ใ๏ผ *ใ๊ใใ๏ผๅธฐใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๊๏ผๅธฐใ๏ผ *ใจ๊ใใ๏ผ้ใ๏ผ โ ใจใใ๊๏ผ้ใ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ๏ผๅฉใใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๊๏ผๅฉใ๏ผ *ใคใจใ๊ใ๏ผๅคใใ๏ผ โ ใคใจใ๊๏ผๅคใ๏ผ *ใใคใพ๊ใ๏ผ้ใพใ๏ผ โ ใใคใพใ๊ or ใใคใพ๊ใ๏ผ้ใพใ๏ผ *ใใฉใ๊ใ๏ผ้ฉใ๏ผ โ ใใฉใใ๊ or ใใฉใ๊ใ๏ผ้ฉใ๏ผ *ใใจใ๊ใ๏ผๆญใ๏ผ โ ใใจใใ๊ or ใใจใ๊ใ or ใใจใใ๏ผๆญใ๏ผ =====Nouns derived from compound verbs===== Nouns derived from compound verbs tend to be accentless: *ใซใ๊ใ๏ผไผผๅใ๏ผ โ ใซใใ๏ผไผผๅใ๏ผ *ใใ๊ใ๏ผไป็ตใ๏ผ โ ใใใฟ๏ผไป็ตใฟ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ๏ผ่จใๅใ๏ผ โ ใใใใ๏ผ่จใๅใ๏ผ *ใใใจใ or ใใใจ๊ใ๏ผๅใๅใ๏ผ โ ใใใจใ๏ผๅใๅใ๏ผ *ใฎใใใ๊ใ or ใฎใใ๊ใใ๏ผไนใๆใใ๏ผ โ ใฎใใใ๏ผไนใๆใ๏ผ *ใใใใใ๊ใ or ใใใใใใ๏ผๆใๅใใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใ๏ผๆใๅใใ๏ผ *ใใฎใณใช๊ใ๏ผๅฟใณๆณฃใ๏ผ โ ใใฎใณใชใ๏ผๅฟใณๆณฃใ๏ผ *ใใใ ใใ๊ใ๏ผ็ผใๅบใใใ๏ผ โ ใใใ ใใ๏ผ็ผใๅบใใ๏ผ *ใใใใใ๊ใ๏ผ่ญฒใๆธกใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใใ๏ผ่ญฒใๆธกใ๏ผ =====''-sa'' nouns derived from adjectives===== ''-sa'' forms derived from accentless dictionary forms of adjectives tend to also be accentless: *ใใพใ๏ผ็ใ๏ผ โ ใใพใ๏ผ็ใ๏ผ *ใใใ๏ผ้ใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๏ผ้ใ๏ผ *ใใใ๏ผๅ ใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๏ผๅ ใ๏ผ *ใคใใใ๏ผๅทใใ๏ผ โ ใคใใใ๏ผๅทใใ๏ผ *ใใใใ๏ผๆญฃ็ขบ๏ผ โ ใใใใใ๏ผๆญฃ็ขบใ๏ผ For accented dictionary forms with more than 2 morae, the accented location of the ''-sa'' forms is shifted back by 1 mora; OR, for non-''-shii'' dictionary forms with more than 3 morae, the accented location may, alternative, not be shifted: *ใ๊ใ๏ผ่ฏใ๏ผ โ ใ๊ใ๏ผ่ฏใ๏ผ *ใ๊ใ๏ผๆฟใ๏ผ โ ใ๊ใ๏ผๆฟใ๏ผ *ใใ๊ใ๏ผ่ฅใ๏ผ โ ใ๊ใใ๏ผ่ฅใ๏ผ *ใใ๊ใ๏ผ้ซใ๏ผ โ ใ๊ใใ๏ผ้ซใ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ๏ผๅฌใใ๏ผ โ ใใ๊ใใ๏ผๅฌใใ๏ผ *ใใใใ๊ใ๏ผๆฐใใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๊ใใ๏ผๆฐใใ๏ผ *ใใใฉ๊ใ๏ผ้ญใ๏ผ โ ใใ๊ใฉใ or ใใใฉ๊ใ๏ผ้ญใ๏ผ *ใใใใ๊ใ๏ผๆใ้ฃใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๊ใใ or ใใใใ๊ใ๏ผๆใ้ฃใ๏ผ For ''-na'' adjectives, their roots' last mora is accented: *ใ๊ใใ๏ผๆใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๊ใ๏ผๆใใ๏ผ *ใ๊ใใ๏ผๅ ๆฐ๏ผ โ ใใใ๊ใ๏ผๅ ๆฐใ๏ผ =====''-mi'' nouns derived from adjectives===== ''-mi'' forms derived from accentless dictionary forms of adjectives tend to also be accentless: *ใใพใ๏ผ็ใ๏ผ โ ใใพใฟ๏ผ็ใฟ๏ผ *ใใใ๏ผ้ใ๏ผ โ ใใใฟ๏ผ้ใฟ๏ผ *ใใใใ๏ผๆใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใฟ๏ผๆใใฟ๏ผ *ใใใใ๏ผ็ๅฃ๏ผ โ ใใใใใฟ or ใใใ๊ใใฟ๏ผ็ๅฃใฟ๏ผ For accented dictionary forms, unlike ''-sa'', ''-mi'' often results in ''odaka'' accent, although for derived nouns with 4 or more morae, other accent types may also be found: *ใซใ๊ใ๏ผ่ฆใ๏ผ โ ใซใใฟ๊๏ผ่ฆใฟ๏ผ *ใใถ๊ใ๏ผๆธใ๏ผ โ ใใถใฟ๊๏ผๆธใฟ๏ผ *ใใใใ๊ใ๏ผ้ข็ฝใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใฟ๊ or ใใใใ๊ใฟ or ใใใใใฟ๏ผ้ข็ฝใฟ๏ผ *ใ๊ใใใค๏ผ่ฆชๅ๏ผ โ ใใใใคใฟ๊ or ใใใใค๊ใฟ or ใใใใคใฟ๏ผ่ฆชๅใฟ๏ผ =====''-ke/ge'' nouns===== ''-ke/ge'' forms derived from accentless dictionary forms of adjectives, nouns and verbs tend to also be accentless: *ใญใใ๏ผ็ ใ๏ผ โ ใญใใ๏ผ็ ๆฐ๏ผ *ใใถใชใ๏ผๅฑใชใ๏ผ โ ใใถใชใ or ใใถใช๊ใ๏ผๅฑใชๆฐ๏ผ *ใใถใ๏ผๆฒน๏ผ โ ใใถใใ๏ผๆฒนๆฐ๏ผ *ใใจใช๏ผๅคงไบบ๏ผ โ ใใจใชใ๏ผๅคงไบบๆฐ๏ผ For ''-ke/ge'' forms derived from accented dictionary forms, the results are often ''odaka'', but if they contain more than 3 morae, they may be ''nakadaka'' instead: *ใใ๊ใ๏ผๅฏใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๊๏ผๅฏๆฐ๏ผ *ใฏ๊ใ๏ผๅใ๏ผ โ ใฏใใ๊๏ผๅใๆฐ๏ผ *ใ๊ใ๏ผ้ฃใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๊๏ผ้ฃใๆฐ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ๏ผ่ฆใใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๊ใ๏ผ่ฆใๆฐ๏ผ ====Nominal affixes==== Certain highly productive affixes, often of [[Sino-Japanese vocabulary|Sino-Japanese]] origin, often result in compound nouns with predictable accent patterns. =====Prefixes===== Productive Sino-Japanese prefixes such as ไปฅ๏ผใ๏ผใๅ๏ผใใ๏ผใ่ฒด๏ผใ๏ผใ็พ๏ผใใ๏ผใๆ ๏ผใ๏ผใไป๏ผใใ๏ผใ่ซธ๏ผใใ๏ผใๅ ๏ผใใ๏ผใๅ๏ผใใ๏ผใๅฐ๏ผใใ๏ผใๅฝ๏ผใจใ๏ผใๅ๏ผใฉใ๏ผใๆ๏ผใผใ๏ผใๆฌ๏ผใปใ๏ผใไธก๏ผใใใ๏ผ often result in ''atamadaka'' compounds: ใใ๊ใใ๏ผ่ซธๅ ๏ผใใ๊ใใใ๏ผๅไบบ๏ผใใจ๊ใใใ๏ผๅฝ็คพ๏ผใใฉ๊ใใใ๏ผๅๆ ก๏ผใใผ๊ใใใ๏ผๆๅฅณ๏ผใใผ๊ใใใค๏ผๆๆฅ๏ผ. =====Short suffixes===== For many [[Wago|native]] and Sino-Japanese suffixes, the accent falls on the last ่ช็ซๆ of the nouns before them. This means that if the last mora is a ็นๆฎๆ, the accent must shift backward until it reaches a ่ช็ซๆ (see [[#Accent nuclei, defective morae and compound-induced accent shifts]] above). *ๅญ๏ผใใปใ๏ผ โ ใกใฎใฟ๊ใ๏ผไนณ้ฃฒใฟๅญ๏ผ *ๆญ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๊ใใ๏ผ็ฐๆคใๆญ๏ผ *ๅท๏ผใใใปใใ๏ผ โ ใใฟใ ๊ใใ๏ผ้ ็ฐๅท๏ผ *้ฎจ๏ผใใใปใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใ๊ใใ๏ผๅคง้ช้ฎจ๏ผ *ๅฒณ๏ผใใใปใ ใ๏ผ โ ใใซใใ๊ใ ใ๏ผ่ฐทๅทๅฒณ๏ผ *้ถ๏ผใจใใปใฉใ๏ผ โ ใใชใ๊ใฉใ๏ผๅฐพ้ท้ถ๏ผ *่ฑ๏ผใพใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๊ใพใ๏ผ้ถ่ฑ๏ผ *่ซ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใฆใใจใ๊ใใ๏ผ็นๅใ่ซ๏ผ *ๅจ๏ผใ๏ผ โ ใใใใ๊ใ๏ผๆถ็ซๅจ๏ผ *ๅบ๏ผใ๏ผ โ ใกใใ ๊ใ๏ผๅไปฃ็ฐๅบ๏ผ *ๅธ๏ผใ๏ผ โ ใกใฐ๊ใ๏ผๅ่ๅธ๏ผ *ๅฃซ๏ผใ๏ผ โ ในใใ๊ใ๏ผๅผ่ญทๅฃซ๏ผ *็คพ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใฃใ๊ใใ๏ผ้่ช็คพ๏ผ *ๆ๏ผใใ ๏ผ โ ใชใใ๊ใใ ๏ผๅ ้ๆ๏ผ *่ฒป๏ผใฒ๏ผ โ ใจใใ๊ใฒ๏ผๅณๆธ่ฒป๏ผ *ๅฉฆ๏ผใต๏ผ โ ใใใ๊ใต๏ผ็่ญทๅฉฆ๏ผ *้จ๏ผใถ๏ผ โ ใใใ๊ใถ๏ผ็ต็้จ๏ผ *ๅก๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใ๊ใใ๏ผไผ็คพๅก๏ผ *ๅ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใใก๊ใใ๏ผๅนผ็จๅ๏ผ *ไผ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๊ใใ๏ผ่ฉฆๅไผ๏ผ *ๅญฆ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๊ใใ๏ผๅฟ็ๅญฆ๏ผ *้คจ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๊ใใ๏ผๆ ็ป้คจ๏ผ *ๅฑ๏ผใใใ๏ผ โ ใใฌใ๊ใใใ๏ผใใฌใๅฑ๏ผ *้ก๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใซใใใพ๊ใใ๏ผ่ฅฟๅคๆฉ้ก๏ผ *็๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใชใใ๊ใใ๏ผ็ฅๅฅๅท็๏ผ *ๅผ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใซใ ใใใ๊ใใ๏ผๅ ฅๅญฆๅผ๏ผ *ๅฎ๏ผใใ ใ๏ผ โ ใใใใฉ๊ใใ ใ๏ผๆตๅๅฎ๏ผ *็๏ผใใใ๏ผ โ ใใใถ๊ใใใ๏ผๆ้จ็๏ผ *ๅ๏ผใใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใ๊ใใใ๏ผๅคง้ชๅ๏ผ *้๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใ ๊ใใ๏ผๆก็ฐ้๏ผ *ๆ๏ผใใใ๏ผ โ ใงใใ๊ใใใ๏ผ้ป่ฉฑๆ๏ผ *ๅ๏ผใใใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๊ใใใ๏ผๆ่จๅ๏ผ Some suffixes often result in accentless compounds: *่ฒ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใ๏ผๆก่ฒ๏ผ *ๅ๏ผใใใปใใ๏ผ โ ใฒใพใใใ๏ผ่ฅๆบๅ๏ผ *้ซช๏ผใใฟใปใใฟ๏ผ โ ใซใปใใใฟ๏ผๆฅๆฌ้ซช๏ผ *ๅด๏ผใใใปใใ๏ผ โ ใฒใ ใใใ๏ผๅทฆๅด๏ผ *้๏ผใใใปใใ๏ผ โ ใฉใฒใใใใ๏ผๅไฟต้๏ผ *็ต๏ผใใฟใปใใฟ๏ผ โ ใใซใใใฟ๏ผไบไบบ็ต๏ผ *็ธ๏ผใใพใปใใพ๏ผ โ ใใใใใพ๏ผๆ ผๅญ็ธ๏ผ *้ข๏ผใคใใปใฅใ๏ผ โ ใใใ ใใฅใ๏ผๅๅ้ข๏ผ *็๏ผใใพใปใ ใพ๏ผ โ ใทใฃใใณใ ใพ๏ผใทใฃใใณ็๏ผ *ๅฏบ๏ผใฆใใปใงใ๏ผ โ ใใใฟใใงใ๏ผๆธ ๆฐดๅฏบ๏ผ *ๆฒผ๏ผใฌใพ๏ผ โ ใใใฐใฌใพ๏ผๅฐๆๆฒผ๏ผ *ๆ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใใ๏ผ็ฝๅทๆ๏ผ *ๅฑฑ๏ผใใพ๏ผ โ ใใใใใพ๏ผๆๅฎๅฑฑ๏ผ *ๅฐๅฑ๏ผใใใปใใ๏ผ โ ใใฟใใใใ๏ผ็ญ็ผใๅฐๅฑ๏ผ *็ง๏ผใ๏ผ โ ใใใใซใ๏ผๅฐๅ ็ง๏ผ *ๅฎถ๏ผใ๏ผ โ ใใใใ๏ผๆฟๆฒปๅฎถ๏ผ *่ชฒ๏ผใ๏ผ โ ใใใใ๏ผไบบไบ่ชฒ๏ผ *็ป๏ผใ๏ผ โ ใซใปใใ๏ผๆฅๆฌ็ป๏ผ *่ช๏ผใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใ๏ผๅคๅฝ่ช๏ผ *ๅบง๏ผใ๏ผ โ ใใถใใ๏ผๆญ่ไผๅบง๏ผ *ๆดพ๏ผใฏ๏ผ โ ใใใใใใฏ๏ผๅฐ่ฑกๆดพ๏ผ *้ก๏ผใใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใใใ๏ผไธ้ข้ก๏ผ *ๆ๏ผใใใ๏ผ โ ใฆใใใใใ๏ผๅคฉ็ๆ๏ผ *ๅ ด๏ผใใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใใ๏ผ่ฉฆ้จๅ ด๏ผ *ๆง๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใตใใใใใ๏ผไธ่ฏๆง๏ผ *ๅถ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใ ใใ๏ผๅไธปๅถ๏ผ *่ฃฝ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใซใปใใใ๏ผๆฅๆฌ่ฃฝ๏ผ *็ท๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใจใใใใฉใใใ๏ผๆฑๆตท้็ท๏ผ *้๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใณใใ๏ผไบๅ้๏ผ *ไธญ๏ผใกใ ใใปใใ ใ๏ผ โ ใใใใกใ ใ๏ผๅๅไธญ๏ผ *ๅ๏ผใจใ๏ผ โ ใซใปใใจใ๏ผๆฅๆฌๅ๏ผ *ๅ ๏ผใจใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใจใ๏ผ็คพไผๅ ๏ผ *็ฏ๏ผใจใ๏ผ โ ใขใผใฏใจใ๏ผใขใผใฏ็ฏ๏ผ *ๅ ๏ผใฉใ๏ผ โ ใซใใคใฉใ๏ผไบๆๅ ๏ผ *็๏ผใฏใใปใฐใ๏ผ โ ใใ ใใใคใฐใ๏ผ็ธฎๅท็๏ผ *็ค๏ผใฐใ๏ผ โ ใจใซใใผใฐใ๏ผLP็ค๏ผ *่กจ๏ผใฒใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใฒใใ๏ผๆ้่กจ๏ผ *็ ๏ผใณใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใณใใ๏ผๅฟ่็ ๏ผ *็ฑณ๏ผใพใ๏ผ โ ใคใณใใฃใซใพใ๏ผใคใณใใฃใซ็ฑณ๏ผ *็จ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใตใใใใ๏ผๅฉฆไบบ็จ๏ผ *ๆต๏ผใใ ใ๏ผ โ ใซใจใใใ ใ๏ผไบๅๆต๏ผ Some suffixes belong to both the above groups: *้ก๏ผใใใปใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใญใใ or ใใใใญ๊ใใ๏ผ็ๅฎ้ก๏ผ *็ด๏ผใใฟใปใใฟ๏ผ โ ใกใใใใใฟ or ใกใใ๊ใใใฟ๏ผ็ธฎ็ทฌ็ด๏ผ *ๅฃ๏ผใใกใปใใก๏ผ โ ใงใใใใก or ใงใใ๊ใใก๏ผๅบๅ ฅใๅฃ๏ผ *้ขจ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใฟใชใฟใใ or ใฟใชใฟ๊ใใ๏ผๅ้ขจ๏ผ *ๆฒน๏ผใ๏ผ โ ใใ ใใใคใ or ใใ ใใใค๊ใ๏ผๆฝคๆปๆฒน๏ผ *็๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใใ or ใใใ๊ใใใ๏ผ่ ่็๏ผ *่ฆ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใ or ใใ๊ใใใ๏ผ่ช่ก่ฆ๏ผ *่จ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใ or ใใใ๊ใใ๏ผๆด้จ่จ๏ผ *็ฝช๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใใใ or ใใใใ๊ใใใ๏ผๅทๅฎณ็ฝช๏ผ *่น๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใ ใใใใใ or ใใ ใใ๊ใใใ๏ผ็ตฆๆฐด่น๏ผ *ๆฆ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใฃใใใใใ or ใใฃใใ๊ใใใ๏ผๆฑบๅๆฆ๏ผ *ๆ๏ผใถใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใถใ or ใใใ๊ใใถใ๏ผๅ ฌ็จๆ๏ผ *ๆณ๏ผใปใ๏ผ โ ใใ ใฃใฑใใปใ or ใใ ใฃใฑ๊ใใปใ๏ผๅบ็ๆณ๏ผ *ๅค๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใใ or ใใใใ๊ใใ๏ผๆถๅๅค๏ผ *ๅบ๏ผใฆใ๏ผ โ ใใฃใใฆใ or ใใฃใ๊ใฆใ๏ผๅซ่ถๅบ๏ผ *ไบบ๏ผใซใ๏ผ โ ใใใใซใ or ใใใ๊ใซใ๏ผ็่ญทไบบ๏ผ For a few native suffixes, their first mora is often accented: *ๆฑ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใฒใใ๊ใ๏ผๅทใๆฑ๏ผ *้จ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใฎใ๊ใ๏ผ้ฃใใใฎ้จ๏ผ *ๅ๏ผใใใปใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใ๊ใ๏ผ็ธๅใๅ๏ผ *็ฉบ๏ผใใใปใใ๏ผ โ ใใใฎใ๊ใ๏ผไธใฎ็ฉบ๏ผ *ๆ๏ผใคใใปใฅใ๏ผ โ ใพใคใฐใฅ๊ใ๏ผๆพ่ๆ๏ผ *่น๏ผใตใญใปใถใญ๏ผ โ ใใใใถ๊ใญ๏ผๆธกใ่น๏ผ *็ช๏ผใพใฉ๏ผ โ ใฌใฉในใพ๊ใฉ๏ผใฌใฉใน็ช๏ผ *้บฆ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใฏใ ใใ๊ใ๏ผ่ฃธ้บฆ๏ผ =====Long suffixes===== For native suffixes derived from free words with more than 2 morae, or native and Sino-Japanese suffixes derived from free words with 2 morphemes (often spelt with 2 kanji), if the original free words are accentless, ''odaka'' or ''atamadaka'', the first mora of the derived suffixes is often accented: *่๏ผใใใใปใใใ๏ผ โ ใจใฎใใพใ๊ใใ๏ผๆฎฟๆง่๏ผ *่ฌ๏ผใใใใปใใใ๏ผ โ ใใชใ๊ใใ๏ผ็ฒ่ฌ๏ผ *่ป๏ผใใใพใปใใใพ๏ผ โ ใซใ๊ใใพ๏ผ่ท่ป๏ผ *ๆก๏ผใใใใปใใใ๏ผ โ ใใพใ๊ใใ๏ผๅฑฑๆก๏ผ *ๅฐ๏ผใใใใปใใใ๏ผ โ ใปใใ๊ใใ๏ผๆๅฐ๏ผ *่ฆ่ใ๏ผใฟใพใ๏ผ โ ใณใใใใฟ๊ใพใ๏ผ็ ๆฐ่ฆ่ใ๏ผ *ไผ็คพ๏ผใใใใใปใใใใ๏ผ โ ใใถใใใ๊ใใใ๏ผๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ๏ผ *ๅญฆๆ ก๏ผใใฃใใ๏ผ โ ใใใจใใ๊ใฃใใ๏ผ้ซ็ญๅญฆๆ ก๏ผ *้่ก๏ผใใใใ๏ผ โ ใซใปใใ๊ใใใ๏ผๆฅๆฌ้่ก๏ผ *ๅ ฌๅ๏ผใใใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใคใ๊ใใใ๏ผๅฝ็ซๅ ฌๅ๏ผ *ๆไปฃ๏ผใใ ใ๏ผ โ ใจใใใใ๊ใ ใ๏ผๅพณๅทๆไปฃ๏ผ *ๆพ้๏ผใปใใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใใป๊ใใใ๏ผๆ่ฒๆพ้๏ผ *้ ญ๏ผใใใพ๊๏ผ โ ใใใ๊ใใพ๏ผ็ณ้ ญ๏ผ *่กจ๏ผใใใฆ๊๏ผ โ ใใใฟใ๊ใใฆ๏ผ็ณ่กจ๏ผ *ๆต๏ผใใใ๊ใปใใใ๏ผ โ ใใ๊ใใ๏ผ็ขๆต๏ผ *็ฅญใ๏ผใพใคใ๊๏ผ โ ใใใพ๊ใคใ๏ผๆ็ฅญใ๏ผ *็ธๆ๏ผใใใฆ๊๏ผ โ ใฏใชใใ๊ใใฆ๏ผ่ฉฑใ็ธๆ๏ผ *้ๅ ท๏ผใฉใใ๊๏ผ โ ใฏใชใใใฉ๊ใใ๏ผ่ฑๅซ้ๅ ท๏ผ *ๅฐ็๏ผใใใ๊๏ผ โ ใใใใ๊ใใ๏ผ่ฉฆ้จๅฐ็๏ผ *้ญ๏ผใ๊ใพใใใปใ ใพใใ๏ผ โ ใใพใจใ ๊ใพใใ๏ผๅคงๅ้ญ๏ผ *่่ ๏ผใ๊ใใใ๏ผ โ ใใใ๊ใใใ๏ผๅฎถ่่ ๏ผ *็จฒ่ท๏ผใ๊ใชใ๏ผ โ ใจใใใใ๊ใชใ๏ผ่ฑๅท็จฒ่ท๏ผ *่ๅญ๏ผใ๊ใใปใใ๏ผ โ ใชใพใ๊ใ๏ผ็่ๅญ๏ผ *ๅคงๅฐ๏ผใ๊ใใใใใปใ ใใใใ๏ผ โ ใใใ ๊ใใใใ๏ผ้ค้ฌผๅคงๅฐ๏ผ *ไบๆฅญ๏ผใ๊ใใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใ๊ใใใ๏ผ็คพไผไบๆฅญ๏ผ *ไธป็พฉ๏ผใใ ๊ใ๏ผ โ ใฟใใใ ใใ ๊ใ๏ผๆฐไธปไธป็พฉ๏ผ *็ฅ็คพ๏ผใ๊ใใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใ๊ใใใ๏ผๆฅๆฅ็ฅ็คพ๏ผ *ๆ็๏ผใใ๊ใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใใ๊ใใ๏ผ่ฅฟๆดๆ็๏ผ For suffixes derived from free words with ''nakadaka'' accent, the tendency is to only keep the original accent of those free words, though some shifting may occur if the resulting compounds are very long: *ๅฃๆ๏ผใใก๊ใ๏ผ โ ใฒใ ใใใก๊ใ or ใฒใ ใใ๊ใกใ๏ผๅทฆๅฃๆ๏ผ *ๆๅค๏ผใคใ๊ใใปใฅใใ๏ผ โ ใปใใฅใ๊ใ or ใปใใฅ๊ใใ๏ผๆๆๅค๏ผ *็ฉ่ช๏ผใใฎใ๊ใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใฎใ๊ใใ๏ผๆบๆฐ็ฉ่ช๏ผ *่ฉฆ้จ๏ผใใ๊ใ๏ผ โ ใซใ ใใใใใ๊ใ๏ผๅ ฅ็คพ่ฉฆ้จ๏ผ *ๅงๅกไผ๏ผใใ๊ใใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใใใ๊ใใใ๏ผๆ่ฒๅงๅกไผ๏ผ =====Proper name suffixes===== Some common proper name suffixes, such as ๆง๏ผใใพ๏ผใใใใใกใใใๆฎฟ๏ผใฉใฎ๏ผใๅ๏ผใใ๏ผ, do not affect the names they suffix: *ใชใใใ + ใใพ โ ใชใใใใใพ *ใใพ๊ใใ + ใใพ โ ใใพ๊ใใใใพ *ใ๊ใจใ + ใใพ โ ใ๊ใจใใใพ *ใชใใใ + ใใ โ ใชใใใใใ *ใใพ๊ใใ + ใใ โ ใใพ๊ใใใใ *ใ๊ใจใ + ใใ โ ใ๊ใจใใใ *ใพใใ + ใกใใ โ ใพใใใกใใ *ใใ๊ใฒใ + ใกใใ โ ใใ๊ใฒใใกใใ *ใฏ๊ใชใ + ใกใใ โ ใฏ๊ใชใใกใใ *ใชใใใ + ใฉใฎ โ ใชใใใใฉใฎ *ใพใใ + ใฉใฎ โ ใพใใใฉใฎ *ใใพ๊ใใ + ใฉใฎ โ ใใพ๊ใใใฉใฎ *ใใ๊ใฒใ + ใฉใฎ โ ใใ๊ใฒใใฉใฎ *ใ๊ใจใ + ใฉใฎ โ ใ๊ใจใใฉใฎ *ใฏ๊ใชใ + ใฉใฎ โ ใฏ๊ใชใใฉใฎ *ใชใใใ + ใใ โ ใชใใใใใ *ใใ๊ใฒใ + ใใ โ ใใ๊ใฒใใใ *ใ๊ใจใ + ใใ โ ใ๊ใจใใใ ๆฐ๏ผใ๏ผ places the accent on the last mora of originally accentless names, but does not affect accented names: *ใชใใใ + ใ โ ใชใใใ๊ใ *ใพใใ + ใ โ ใพใใ๊ใ *ใใพ๊ใใ + ใ โ ใใพ๊ใใใ *ใ๊ใจใ + ใ โ ใ๊ใจใใ =====Particle-like suffixes===== Some suffixes notably affect accentless and accented nouns differently, like a trailing particle: *ใใ + ใ โ ใใ๊ใ โ ใ๊ใใ๏ผไฟบ็ญ๏ผ *ใ๊ใ + ใ โ ใ๊ใใ๏ผๅฝผ็ญ๏ผ *ใจใ + ใใก โ ใจใ๊ใใก๏ผ้ณฅ้๏ผ *ใญ๊ใ + ใใก โ ใญ๊ใใใก๏ผ็ซ้๏ผ *ใจใ + ใ ใใ โ ใจใใ ๊ใใ or ใจใใ ใใ๏ผ้ณฅใ ใใ๏ผ *ใญ๊ใ + ใ ใใ โ ใญใใ ๊ใใ๏ผ็ซใ ใใ๏ผ ====Trailing particles and auxiliaries==== The lexical accents of words as shown in dictionaries may be modified if there is a trailing particle or auxiliary. =====Noun+particle===== The particles are categorized in four groups based on how they modify the accent of the nouns the follow. *Group A: ใใใใใใใ ใใใงใใจใใซใใฏใใธใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใปใฉใใจใใฆ: These do not modify the nouns' accent at all. ใใ in particular may make an accentless noun's last mora accented. **ใฏ + ใใ โ ใฏใใ or ใฏ๊ใใ **ใใใ + ใใ โ ใใใใใ or ใใใ๊ใใ *Group B: ใฎ (sometimes reduced to ใ): This particle only deaccents nouns with ''odaka'' accent and do not affect other nouns. *Group C: ใญใใใช (doubtful)ใใใญ: This group only affects accentless nouns (accentless). *Group D: ใใใใใช (exclamatory)ใใใใใใใใใใใใใใ ใฎใใงใฏใใงใใใจใฆใใจใใใชใฉใใชใใใญใใใฎใฟใใพใงใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใปใใใใใ ใฃใฆใใฉใใใใฐใใใใชใใใใชใใฆใใใใใใใใ: This group also only affects accentless nouns. When trailing a accented noun, ใใใใปใใใ and ใฐใใ in particular may, alternatively, make the particle's first mora accented: **ใใ๊ใ + ใใใ โ ใใ๊ใใใใ or ใใใใ๊ใใ **ใใ๊ใ + ใฐใใ โ ใใ๊ใใฐใใ or ใใใใฐ๊ใใ *Group E: ใ ใ: This particle either deaccents in and of itself, or behaves like Group A. Notes are given where there's a change in accent. {| class="wikitable" !rowspan=2 colspan=4|Noun's accent !colspan=9|Noun+particle's accent |- !Group A<br>+ใ<br>+ใใ !colspan=2|Group B<br>+ใฎ !colspan=2|Group C<br>+ใญ<br>+ใใช !colspan=2|Group D<br>+ใใ<br>+ใใใ !colspan=2|Group E<br>+ใ ใ |- |rowspan=3 colspan=2|accentless |่ |ใฏ |ใฏใ<br>ใฏใใ |ใฏใฎ |rowspan=3 style=width:8em| |ใฏใญ๊<br>ใฏใใช๊ |rowspan=3 style=width:8em|The particle's last mora is accented. |ใฏใ๊ใ<br>ใฏใ๊ใใ |rowspan=3 style=width:8em|The particle's first mora is accented. |ใฏใ ใ |- |ๆฐด |ใฟใ |ใฟใใ<br>ใฟใใใ |ใฟใใฎ |ใฟใใญ๊<br>ใฟใใใช๊ |ใฟใใ๊ใ<br>ใฟใใ๊ใใ |ใฟใใ ใ |- |ๆก |ใใใ |ใใใใ<br>ใใใใใ |ใใใใฎ |ใใใใญ๊<br>ใใใใใช๊ |ใใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใใ |ใใใใ ใ |- |rowspan=9|accented |rowspan=3|''odaka'' |ๅฑฑ |ใใพ๊ |ใใพ๊ใ<br>ใใพ๊ใใ |ใใพใฎ |rowspan=3|Deaccented. |ใใพ๊ใญ<br>ใใพ๊ใใช |rowspan=9| |ใใพ๊ใใ<br>ใใพ๊ใใใ |rowspan=9| |ใใพใ ใ |rowspan=9|Deaccented. |- |ไผใฟ |ใใใฟ๊ |ใใใฟ๊ใ<br>ใใใฟ๊ใใ |ใใใฟใฎ |ใใใฟ๊ใญ<br>ใใใฟ๊ใใช |ใใใฟ๊ใใ<br>ใใใฟ๊ใใใ |ใใใฟใ ใ |- |ๅฆน |ใใใใจ๊ |ใใใใจ๊ใ<br>ใใใใจ๊ใใ |ใใใใจใฎ |ใใใใจ๊ใญ<br>ใใใใจ๊ใใช |ใใใใจ๊ใใ<br>ใใใใจ๊ใใใ |ใใใใจใ ใ |- |rowspan=3|''nakadaka'' |ใ่ๅญ |ใใ๊ใ |ใใ๊ใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใใ |ใใ๊ใใฎ |rowspan=6| |ใใ๊ใใญ<br>ใใ๊ใใใช |ใใ๊ใใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใใใ |ใใใใ ใ |- |ๆน |ใฟใใ๊ใฟ |ใฟใใ๊ใฟใ<br>ใฟใใ๊ใฟใใ |ใฟใใ๊ใฟใฎ |ใฟใใ๊ใฟใญ<br>ใฟใใ๊ใฟใใช |ใฟใใ๊ใฟใใ<br>ใฟใใ๊ใฟใใใ |ใฟใใใฟใ ใ |- |้ฃฒใฟ็ฉ |ใฎใฟ๊ใใฎ |ใฎใฟ๊ใใฎใ<br>ใฎใฟ๊ใใฎใใ |ใฎใฟ๊ใใฎใฎ |ใฎใฟ๊ใใฎใญ<br>ใฎใฟ๊ใใฎใใช |ใฎใฟ๊ใใฎใใ<br>ใฎใฟ๊ใใฎใใใ |ใฎใฟใใฎใ ใ |- |rowspan=3|''atamadaka'' |ๆจ |ใ๊ |ใ๊ใ<br>ใ๊ใใ |ใ๊ใฎ |ใ๊ใญ<br>ใ๊ใใช |ใ๊ใใ<br>ใ๊ใใใ |ใใ ใ |- |ๆฅ |ใฏ๊ใ |ใฏ๊ใใ<br>ใฏ๊ใใใ |ใฏ๊ใใฎ |ใฏ๊ใใญ<br>ใฏ๊ใใใช |ใฏ๊ใใใ<br>ใฏ๊ใใใใ |ใฏใใ ใ |- |็ท |ใฟ๊ใฉใ |ใฟ๊ใฉใใ<br>ใฟ๊ใฉใใใ |ใฟ๊ใฉใใฎ |ใฟ๊ใฉใใญ<br>ใฟ๊ใฉใใใช |ใฟ๊ใฉใใใ<br>ใฟ๊ใฉใใใใ |ใฟใฉใใ ใ |} =====Noun ending in ็นๆฎๆ+ใฎ===== The table above shows that the particle ใฎ does not affect certain ''nakadaka'' nouns. However, if a ''nakadaka'' noun ends in a special mora (็นๆฎๆ, see [[#Accent nuclei, defective morae and compound-induced accent shifts]] above), ใฎ deaccents it just like it does an ''odaka'' noun. *ใซใป๊ใ + ใฎ โ ใซใปใใฎ๏ผๆฅๆฌใฎ๏ผ *ใซใฃใฝ๊ใ + ใฎ โ ใซใฃใฝใใฎ๏ผๆฅๆฌใฎ๏ผ *ใกใใใ๊ใ + ใฎ โ ใกใใใใใฎ๏ผๆ้ฎฎใฎ๏ผ *ใใฎ๊ใ + ใฎ โ ใใฎใใฎ๏ผๆจๆฅใฎ๏ผ *ใใ ใใใ ๊ใ + ใฎ โ ใใ ใใใ ใใฎ๏ผ็็ใฎ๏ผ It has been argued that this behavior of these ''nakadaka'' nouns, coupled with that of ''odaka'' nouns, is proof that Japanese is a syllabic language rather than a moraic one,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Proceedings of the 34th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics|title=More Arguments against Japanese as a Mora Language|last=Tateishi|first=Koichi|year=2017}}</ref> and syllables do indeed exist in Japanese, despite some objection such as {{harvcoltxt|Labrune|2012|pp=158โ159}} These two groups of nouns can be classed as accented on the last syllable and deaccented if followed by ใฎ because (1) the ''odaka'' nouns end in a ่ช็ซๆ, therefore their last "syllable" is accented and (2) the ''nakadaka'' nouns ends in a ่ช็ซๆ followed by a ็นๆฎๆ, therefore the last "syllable" is also accented. Here, the above examples are restated with added periods to denote "syllabic" boundaries, and with boldened last "syllables": *ใ.'''ใพ๊''' + ใฎ โ ใ.'''ใพ'''.ใฎ๏ผๅฑฑใฎ๏ผ(''odaka'') *ใ.ใ.'''ใฟ๊''' + ใฎ โ ใ.ใ.'''ใฟ'''.ใฎ๏ผไผใฟใฎ๏ผ(''odaka'') *ใ.ใใ.'''ใจ๊''' + ใฎ โ ใ.ใใ.'''ใจ'''.ใฎ๏ผๅฆนใฎ๏ผ(''odaka'') *ใกใใ.'''ใ๊ใ''' + ใฎ โ ใกใใ.'''ใใ'''.ใฎ๏ผๆ้ฎฎใฎ๏ผ (''nakadaka'') *ใ.'''ใฎ๊ใ''' + ใฎ โ ใ.'''ใฎใ'''.ใฎ๏ผๆจๆฅใฎ๏ผ (''nakadaka'') *ใใ ใ.'''ใใ ๊ใ''' + ใฎ โ ใใ ใ.'''ใใ ใ'''.ใฎ๏ผ็็ใฎ๏ผ (''nakadaka'') =====Nominal ''odaka'' exception+ใฎ===== Certain ''odaka'' nouns and ''nakadaka'' nouns ending in a ็นๆฎๆ,<ref name=vance/> including ancient place names, are not deaccented by ใฎ. *ใจใ๊ + ใฎ + ใใซ โ ใจใ๊ใฎใใซ๏ผๅไฝใฎๅฝ๏ผ *ใฟใฎ๊ + ใฎ + ใใซ โ ใฟใฎ๊ใฎใใซ๏ผ็พๆฟใฎๅฝ๏ผ *ใฟใใ๊ + ใฎ + ใใซ โ ใฟใใ๊ใฎใใซ๏ผไธๆฒณใฎๅฝ๏ผ *ใใใฟ๊ + ใฎ + ใใซ โ ใใใฟ๊ใฎใใซ๏ผ็ธๆจกใฎๅฝ๏ผ *ใคใ๊ + ใฎ โ ใคใ๊ใฎ๏ผๆฌกใฎ๏ผ<ref name=martin>{{cite journal|page=45|title=Morphophonemics of standard colloquial Japanese|journal=[[Language (journal)|Language]]|publisher=Linguistic Society of America|first=Samuel Elmo|last=Martin|author-link=Samuel E. Martin|year=1952|volume=28|number=3|doi=10.2307/522176 |jstor=522176 }}</ref> *ใใ๊ + ใฎ โ ใใ๊ใฎ๏ผไฝๆใฎ๏ผ<ref name=martin/> *ใฒใใ๊ + ใฎ โ ใฒใใ๊ใฎ๏ผ็พใฎ๏ผ *ใใฃใใค๊ + ใฎ โ ใใฃใใค๊ใฎ๏ผไธๅใฎ๏ผ *ใใป๊ใ + ใฎ โ ใใป๊ใใฎ๏ผ็ตตๆฌใฎ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ + ใฎ โ ใใใ๊ใใฎ๏ผๅ ็ใฎ๏ผ *ใใ๊ใ + ใฎ โ ใใ๊ใใฎ๏ผ่ฉฆ้จใฎ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ + ใฎ โ ใใใ๊ใใฎ๏ผ็ณ็ญใฎ๏ผ *ใซใปใใ๊ใ + ใฎ โ ใซใปใใ๊ใใฎ๏ผๆฅๆฌไบบใฎ๏ผ *ใใซ๊ใ + ใฎ โ ใใซ๊ใใฎ๏ผไบไบบใฎ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ + ใฎ โ ใใใ๊ใใฎ๏ผๅคงๅขใฎ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ + ใฎ โ ใใใ๊ใใฎ๏ผๆฒขๅฑฑใฎ๏ผ =====Two noun phrases connected by ใฎ===== According to Vance (2008),<ref name=vance/> when two noun phrases are connected by ใฎ, if the first phrase is unaccented, the whole combination relies on the accent pattern of the second: *ใฒใใใพ + ใฎ + {{font color|red|ใใพ๊ใ}} + ใจ โ ใฒใใใพใฎ{{font color|red|ใใพ๊ใ}}ใจ๏ผๅบๅณถใฎๅตใจ๏ผ *ใฒใใใพ + ใฎ + {{font color|red|ใใใช}} + ใจ โ ใฒใใใพใฎ{{font color|red|ใใใช}}ใจ๏ผๅบๅณถใฎ้ญใจ๏ผ If the first phrase is accented, the two phrases likely remain separate, although downstep/downdrift/catathesis{{efn|name=truedownstep}} still applies and lowers the general pitch of the second phrase: *{{font color|red|ใใ๊ใใพ}} + ใฎ + {{font color|red|ใใพ๊ใ}} + ใจ โ {{font color|red|ใใ๊ใใพ}}ใฎใ{{font color|red|ใใพ๊ใ}}ใจ๏ผๅฒกๅฑฑใฎๅตใจ๏ผ *{{font color|red|ใใ๊ใใพ}} + ใฎ + {{font color|red|ใใใช}} + ใจ โ {{font color|red|ใใ๊ใใพ}}ใฎใ{{font color|red|ใใใช}}ใจ๏ผๅฒกๅฑฑใฎ้ญใจ๏ผ =====Noun+ใฎ+noun fixed phrases===== As noted above, the particle ใฎ can remove accent from ''odaka'' nouns, and ''nakadaka'' nouns ending in a ็นๆฎๆ, resulting in a accentless phrase. Once the resulting noun+ใฎ phrase becomes accentless, when it is followed by another noun to form a fixed phrase, the second noun's accent often takes precedence: *ใคใ + ใฎ โ ใคใใฎ + {{font color|red|ใใ}} โ ใคใใฎ{{font color|red|ใใ}}๏ผๆข ้จใฎๅ ฅใ๏ผ *ใฟใ + ใฎ โ ใฟใใฎ + {{font color|red|ใใ๊}} โ ใฟใใฎ{{font color|red|ใใ๊}}๏ผๆฐดใฎๆณก๏ผ *ใฏใกใ + ใฎ โ ใฏใกใใฎ + {{font color|red|ใใใ๊ใ}} โ ใฏใกใใฎ{{font color|red|ใใใ๊ใ}}๏ผ็ ด็ซนใฎๅขใ๏ผ *ใฏใช๊ + ใฎ โ ใฏใชใฎ + {{font color|red|ใฟใใ}} โ ใฏใชใฎ{{font color|red|ใฟใใ}}๏ผ่ฑใฎ้ฝ๏ผ *ใคใ๊ + ใฎ โ ใคใใฎ + {{font color|red|ใใ๊}} โ ใคใใฎ{{font color|red|ใใ๊}}๏ผ้ขใฎ็ฎ๏ผ On the other hand, as ใฎ cannot remove accent from other ''nakadaka'' nouns, and ''atamadaka'' nouns, the resulting noun+ใฎ remains accented, and its accent often takes precedence: *{{font color|red|ใ๊ใ}} + ใฎ โ {{font color|red|ใ๊ใใฎ}} + ใใ โ {{font color|red|ใ๊ใใฎ}}ใใ๏ผ่ธใฎ่ซ๏ผ *{{font color|red|ใ๊ใฟ}} + ใฎ โ {{font color|red|ใ๊ใฟใฎ}} + ใ๊ใก โ {{font color|red|ใ๊ใฟใฎ}}ใใก๏ผๆตทใฎๅนธ๏ผ *{{font color|red|ใ๊ใฟ}} + ใฎ โ {{font color|red|ใ๊ใฟใฎ}} + ใใ๊ โ {{font color|red|ใ๊ใฟใฎ}}ใใ๏ผๆตทใฎๅฎถ๏ผ *{{font color|red|ใฏ๊ใฏ}} + ใฎ โ {{font color|red|ใฏ๊ใฏใฎ}} + ใฒ๊ โ {{font color|red|ใฏ๊ใฏใฎ}}ใฒ๏ผๆฏใฎๆฅ๏ผ Although these "rules" are still overidden in many other fixed phrases: *{{font color|red|ใกใก๊}} + ใฎ + ใฒ๊ โ {{font color|red|ใกใก๊}}ใฎใฒ๏ผ็ถใฎๆฅ๏ผ *{{font color|red|ใใจใ๊}} + ใฎ + ใ โ {{font color|red|ใใจใ๊}}ใฎใ๏ผ็ทใฎๅญ๏ผ *{{font color|red|ใใใช๊}} + ใฎ + ใ โ {{font color|red|ใใใช๊}}ใฎใ๏ผๅฅณใฎๅญ๏ผ *{{font color|red|ใกใ}} + ใฎ + ใ๊ โ {{font color|red|ใกใ}}ใฎใ๏ผ่ถใฎๆนฏ๏ผ *ใ๊ใ + ใฎ + {{font color|red|ใใก}} โ ใใใฎ{{font color|red|ใใก}}๏ผๆใฎๅ ๏ผ *ใ๊ + ใฎ + {{font color|red|ใใใ๊}} โ ใใฎ{{font color|red|ใใใ๊}}๏ผ็ฎใฎๆต๏ผ *ใใ + ใฎ + ใ๊ โ ใใใฎ๊ใ๏ผๆข ใฎๆจ๏ผ *ใตใ๊ + ใฎ + ใ๊ใฟ โ ใตใใฎ๊ใใฟ๏ผ็ฆใฎ็ฅ๏ผ =====Noun with devoiced accentless mora followed by accented mora+ใฎ===== If the accented mora of a ''odaka'' noun, or a noun ending in a special mora (็นๆฎๆ) as mentioned above, is preceded by a devoiced mora (voiceless consonant + ''i'' or ''u'' + voiceless consonant), then that noun may not be deaccented by ใฎ. *ใใ๊ + ใฎ + ใจใ๊ โ ใใ๊ใฎใจใ๏ผๅฑๆฉใฎๆ๏ผ *ใฒใใ๊ + ใฎ + ใฒใจ โ ใฒใใ๊ใฎใฒใจ๏ผ็งๆธใฎไบบ๏ผ *ใตใ๊ + ใฎ + ใใใ โ ใตใ๊ใฎใใใ๏ผไธๅธฐใฎๅฎข๏ผ *ใใ๊ใ + ใฎ + ใตใใ โ ใใ๊ใใฎใตใใ๏ผ่ณ้ใฎไธ่ถณ๏ผ *ใตใ๊ใ + ใฎ + ใฒใจ โ ใตใ๊ใใฎใฒใจ๏ผไป่ฟใฎไบบ๏ผ *ใใ๊ใ + ใฎ + ใฏใชใ๊ โ ใใ๊ใใฎใฏใชใ๏ผๆฉๆขฐใฎ่ฉฑ๏ผ *ใกใก๊ + ใฎ + ใใใ โ ใกใกใฎใใใ or ใกใก๊ใฎใใใ๏ผ็ถใฎๅฎข๏ผ *ใใใ๊ + ใฎ + ใช๊ใ โ ใใใใฎใช๊ใ or ใใใ๊ใฎใชใ๏ผๆฑฝ่ปใฎไธญ๏ผ =====Noun+auxiliary===== Auxiliaries can be categorized into four groups: *Group a: ใ : This auxiliary inherits the accent of the nouns. *Group b: ใงใใใฟใใ: This group only affects the accent of accentless nouns (accentless). **A phrase with a accented noun followed by ใฟใใ in particular may alternatively have two accent nuclei: ***ใฏ๊ใ + ใฟใใ โ ใฏ๊ใใฟใใ or ใฏ๊ใใใฟ๊ใใ๏ผๆฅใฟใใ๏ผ ***ใฟใใ๊ใฟ + ใฟใใ โ ใฟใใ๊ใฟใฟใใ or ใฟใใ๊ใฟใใฟ๊ใใ๏ผๆนใฟใใ๏ผ *Group c: ใ ใใใใงใใใใใใใ: This group also only affects the accent of accentless nouns. *Group d: ใใใ: This auxiliary may affect all nouns, or only accentless nouns (Group c). Notes are given where there's a change in accent. {| class="wikitable" !rowspan=2 colspan=4|Noun's accent !colspan=7|Noun+auxiliary's accent |- !Group a<br>+ใ !colspan=2|Group b<br>+ใงใ !colspan=2|Group c<br>+ใ ใใ !colspan=2|Group d<br>+ใใใ |- |rowspan=3 colspan=2|accentless |่ |ใฏ |ใฏใ |ใฏใง๊ใ |rowspan=3 style=width:8em|The auxiliary's penultimate mora is accented. |ใฏใ ใ๊ใ |rowspan=3 style=width:8em|The auxiliary's penultimate mora is accented. |ใฏใใ๊ใ |rowspan=12 style=width:8em|The auxiliary's penultimate mora is accented. |- |ๆฐด |ใฟใ |ใฟใใ |ใฟใใง๊ใ |ใฟใใ ใ๊ใ |ใฟใใใ๊ใ |- |ๆก |ใใใ |ใใใใ |ใใใใง๊ใ |ใใใใ ใ๊ใ |ใใใใใ๊ใ |- |rowspan=9|accented |rowspan=3|''odaka'' |ๅฑฑ |ใใพ๊ |ใใพ๊ใ |ใใพ๊ใงใ |rowspan=9| |ใใพ๊ใ ใใ |rowspan=9| |ใใพใใ๊ใ |- |ไผใฟ |ใใใฟ๊ |ใใใฟ๊ใ |ใใใฟ๊ใงใ |ใใใฟ๊ใ ใใ |ใใใฟใใ๊ใ |- |ๅฆน |ใใใใจ๊ |ใใใใจ๊ใ |ใใใใจ๊ใงใ |ใใใใจ๊ใ ใใ |ใใใใจใใ๊ใ |- |rowspan=3|''nakadaka'' |ใ่ๅญ |ใใ๊ใ |ใใ๊ใใ |ใใ๊ใใงใ |ใใ๊ใใ ใใ |ใใใใใ๊ใ |- |ๆน |ใฟใใ๊ใฟ |ใฟใใ๊ใฟใ |ใฟใใ๊ใฟใงใ |ใฟใใ๊ใฟใ ใใ |ใฟใใใฟใใ๊ใ |- |้ฃฒใฟ็ฉ |ใฎใฟ๊ใใฎ |ใฎใฟ๊ใใฎใ |ใฎใฟ๊ใใฎใงใ |ใฎใฟ๊ใใฎใ ใใ |ใฎใฟใใฎใใ๊ใ |- |rowspan=3|''atamadaka'' |ๆจ |ใ๊ |ใ๊ใ |ใ๊ใงใ |ใ๊ใ ใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |- |ๆฅ |ใฏ๊ใ |ใฏ๊ใใ |ใฏ๊ใใงใ |ใฏ๊ใใ ใใ |ใฏใใใ๊ใ |- |็ท |ใฟ๊ใฉใ |ใฟ๊ใฉใใ |ใฟ๊ใฉใใงใ |ใฟ๊ใฉใใ ใใ |ใฟใฉใใใ๊ใ |} =====Attributive phrase+noun+particle/auxiliary===== When certain accentless nouns (accentless), such as ๆฅ๏ผใฒ๏ผ, ไธ๏ผใใ๏ผ, ไธ๏ผใใ๏ผ, ๅฎถ๏ผใใก๏ผ, ไบบ๏ผใฒใจ๏ผ, ๆ๏ผใจใใ๏ผ, etc. are attributively modified by another accentless or ''odaka'' word and simultaneously followed by a particle or an auxiliary, the accent of the entire phrase may fall on the last mora of such nouns. Some examples include: *ใใใช + ใฒ + ใซ โ ใใใชใฒ๊ใซ๏ผใใใชๆฅใซ๏ผ *ใใใ + ใฒ + ใฏ โ ใใใใฒ๊ใฏ๏ผใใใๆฅใฏ๏ผ *ใใใ + ใฒ + ใ โ ใใใใฒ๊ใ ๏ผใใใๆฅใ ๏ผ *ใใพ + ใฎ + ใใ + ใซ โ ใใพใฎใใ๊ใซ๏ผๅฑฑใฎไธใซ๏ผ *ใใพ + ใฎ + ใใ + ใงใ โ ใใพใฎใใ๊ใงใ๏ผๅฑฑใฎไธใงใ๏ผ *ใใชใ + ใฎ + ใใ + ใซ โ ใใชใใฎใใ๊ใซ๏ผๆณใฎไธใซ๏ผ *ใจใชใ + ใฎ + ใใก + ใใ โ ใจใชใใฎใใก๊ใใ๏ผ้ฃใฎๅฎถใใ๏ผ *ใจใชใ + ใฎ + ใใก + ใ โ ใจใชใใฎใใก๊ใ ๏ผ้ฃใฎๅฎถใ ๏ผ *ใใจใ๊ + ใฎ + ใฒใจ + ใ โ ใใจใใฎใฒใจ๊ใ๏ผ็ทใฎไบบใ๏ผ *ใใจใ๊ + ใฎ + ใฒใจ + ใงใ โ ใใจใใฎใฒใจ๊ใงใ๏ผ็ทใฎไบบใงใ๏ผ *ใใชใ + ใจใใ + ใธ โ ใใชใใจใใ๊ใธ๏ผๅใๆใธ๏ผ =====Adverbial+particle/auxiliary===== When an accentless adverbial (accentless) is followed by a particle or an auxiliary, the accent falls on the last mora of that adverbial (even if that adverbial already contains a particle to begin with). *ใใใใ + ใฏ โ ใใใใ๊ใฏ *ใใใใ + ใ โ ใใใใ๊ใ *ใใใ ใ + ใฏ โ ใใใ ใ๊ใฏ *ใใใใ + ใซ โ ใใใใ๊ใซ *ใใใใ + ใงใ โ ใใใใ๊ใงใ *ใใฃใจ + ใ โ ใใฃใจ๊ใ *ใใฃใจ + ใ โ ใใฃใจ๊ใ *ใพใฃใใ + ใงใ โ ใพใฃใใ๊ใงใ =====Noun vs greeting===== Greetings have different accent patterns from the nouns they derive from.<ref name=vance/> Here, the original noun phrases are on the left of the arrows. *ใใ ๊ใใพ โ ใใ ใใพ๊๏ผๅชไป๏ผ *ใ๊ใใซใกใฏ โ ใใใซใกใฏ๊๏ผไปๆฅใฏ๏ผ *ใ๊ใใฐใใฏ โ ใใใฐใใฏ๊๏ผไปๆฉใฏ๏ผ =====Verbal ้ฃ็จๅฝข+particle===== Four groups of particles that can follow the ้ฃ็จๅฝข of verbs: *Group F: ใฆใปใง *Group G: ใใใใใใปใ ใใใคใคใใฆใฏใปใงใฏใใฆใใปใงใใใฆใใปใงใ *Group H: ใฏใใใใใคใคใใซ *Group I: ใชใใ Notes are given where there's a change in accent. {| class="wikitable" !rowspan=2 colspan=4|Dictionary form's accent !colspan=8|้ฃ็จๅฝข+particle's accent |- !colspan=2|Group F<br>+ใฆ !colspan=2|Group G<br>+ใใ !colspan=2|Group H<br>+ใฏ !colspan=2|Group I<br>+ใชใใ |- |rowspan=10|accentless |rowspan=5|[[Japanese godan and ichidan verbs|Unigrade]] |ๅฑ ใ |ใใ |ใใฆ |rowspan=10 style=width:8em| |ใใ๊ใ |rowspan=10 style=width:8em|The particle's first mora is accented. |ใ๊ใฏ |rowspan=10 style=width:8em|The ้ฃ็จๅฝข's last mora is accented. |ใใชใใ |rowspan=10 style=width:8em| |- |่ ซใใ |ใฏใใ |ใฏใใฆ |ใฏใใ๊ใ |ใฏใ๊ใฏ |ใฏใใชใใ |- |ๆฏในใ |ใใในใ |ใใในใฆ |ใใในใ๊ใ |ใใใน๊ใฏ |ใใในใชใใ |- |็จใใ |ใใกใใ |ใใกใใฆ |ใใกใใ๊ใ |ใใกใ๊ใฏ<br>ใใก๊ใใฏ{{efn|ใ is alternatively a lengthening mora and therefore triggers a shift.|name=mochiirushift}} |ใใกใใชใใ |- |ๆใใ |rowspan=2|ใใใใ |rowspan=2|ใใใใฆ |rowspan=2|ใใใใ๊ใ |rowspan=2|ใใใ๊ใฏ |rowspan=2|ใใใใชใใ |- |rowspan=2|[[Japanese irregular verbs|''-suru'']] |ๆใใ |- |ใใ |ใใ |ใใฆ |ใใ๊ใ |ใ๊ใฏ |ใใชใใ |- |rowspan=3|[[Japanese godan and ichidan verbs|Quinquegrade]] |้ณดใ |ใชใ |ใชใฃใฆ |ใชใฃใ๊ใ |ใชใ๊ใฏ |ใชใใชใใ |- |ๆดใ |ใใใ |ใใใฃใฆ |ใใใฃใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใฏ |ใใใใชใใ |- |่กใ |ใใใชใ |ใใใชใฃใฆ |ใใใชใฃใ๊ใ |ใใใชใ๊ใฏ |ใใใชใใชใใ |- |rowspan=12|accented |rowspan=4|Unigrade |ๅฐใ |ใ๊ใ |ใ๊ใฆ |rowspan=8|If possible, the accent nucleus shifts back until it reaches a ่ช็ซๆ. |ใ๊ใใ |rowspan=8|If possible, the accent nucleus shifts back until it reaches a ่ช็ซๆ. |ใ๊ใฏ |rowspan=8|If possible, the accent nucleus shifts back until it reaches a ่ช็ซๆ. |ใใช๊ใใ |rowspan=12|The particle's first mora is accented. |- |ๆดใใ |ใฏใ๊ใ |ใฏ๊ใใฆ |ใฏ๊ใใใ |ใฏ๊ใใฏ |ใฏใใช๊ใใ |- |่ชฟในใ |ใใใน๊ใ |ใใ๊ในใฆ |ใใ๊ในใใ |ใใ๊ในใฏ |ใใในใช๊ใใ |- |ไฟกใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |rowspan=2|ใ๊ใใใฆ |rowspan=2|ใ๊ใใใใ |rowspan=2|ใ๊ใใใฏ |rowspan=2|ใใใใช๊ใใ |- |rowspan=3|''-suru'' |ไฟกใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |- |่ชฒใใ |ใใ๊ใ |ใ๊ใใฆ |ใ๊ใใใ |ใ๊ใใฏ |ใใใช๊ใใ |- |ๆใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |ใ๊ใใใฆ |ใ๊ใใใใ |ใ๊ใใใฏ |ใใใใช๊ใใ |- |colspan=2|ๆฅใ |ใ๊ใ |ใ๊ใฆ<br>ใใฆ๊{{efn|The accent is shifted to avoid the devoiced mora.|name=kurushift}} |ใ๊ใใ<br>ใใ๊ใ{{efn|name=kurushift}} |ใ๊ใฏ |ใใช๊ใใ |- |rowspan=4|Quinquegrade |ๆใ |ใช๊ใ |ใช๊ใฃใฆ |rowspan=5| |ใช๊ใฃใใ |rowspan=5| |ใช๊ใใฏ |rowspan=5| |ใชใใช๊ใใ |- |ๅธฐใ |ใ๊ใใ |ใ๊ใใฃใฆ |ใ๊ใใฃใใ |ใ๊ใใใฏ |ใใใใช๊ใใ |- |็ฟใ |ใชใ๊ใ |ใชใ๊ใฃใฆ |ใชใ๊ใฃใใ |ใชใ๊ใใฏ |ใชใใใช๊ใใ |- |ๆไผใ |ใฆใคใ ๊ใ |ใฆใคใ ๊ใฃใฆ |ใฆใคใ ๊ใฃใใ |ใฆใคใ ๊ใใฏ |ใฆใคใ ใใช๊ใใ |} =====Verbal dictionary forms===== Accent dictionaries only list accent patterns for the {{nihongo|terminal form|็ตๆญขๅฝข|shลซshikei|form used at the end of a clause}} of verbs, also known as the "dictionary forms", adjectives and adjectival verbs, and the accent patterns of other forms are deduced from such dictionary forms. If verbs are accented, most of them are accented on the second-to-last {{nihongo|independent mora|่ช็ซๆ|jiritsuhaku}} (in other words, the second-to-last syllable in some analyses<ref name=vance/>), although what exactly that second-to-last independent mora is is not always obvious. In cases where there are two adjacent identical vowel, the Shinmeikai and NHK dictionaries mark the second vowel as {{nihongo||ใผ}} if it is an unaccentable {{nihongo|special mora|็นๆฎๆ|tokushuhaku}} (which means the two vowels form a long, continuous vowel), and a vowel kana if it is not (which means the two vowels are subject to interference, such as a glottal stop in between them). *ใช๊ใ๏ผๆใ๏ผ vs ใชใ๏ผ้ณดใ๏ผ *ใใใฐ๊ใ๏ผ้ ๅผตใ๏ผ *ใฏใ๊ใ๏ผๆดใใ๏ผ vs ใฏใใ๏ผ่ ซใใ๏ผ *ใใใน๊ใ๏ผ่ชฟในใ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ๏ผ่ฃ ใ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ๏ผๆฝคใ๏ผ *ใใ๊ใ๏ผๆใ๏ผ *ใฏใ๊ใ๏ผๆใ๏ผ *ใชใ๊ใ๏ผ็ดใ๏ผ *ใฌ๊ใ๏ผ็ธซใ๏ผ *ใใ๊ใ๏ผๅผทใใ๏ผ *ใใ๊ใ๏ผๆใใ๏ผ *ใใ๊ใ๏ผ่ใใ๏ผ *ใปใ๊ใ๏ผๅ ใใ๏ผ *ใฒใ๊ใ๏ผๅทใใ๏ผ *ใใ๊ใ๏ผ้ฃขใใ๏ผ *ใฏใ๊ใ๏ผ็ใใ๏ผ *ใจ๊ใผใ๏ผ้ใ๏ผ *ใฏ๊ใใ๏ผๅ ฅใ๏ผ *ใพ๊ใใ๏ผๅใ๏ผ There are two exceptions where it is the third-to-last independent mora that is accented: *ใ๊ใใ๏ผๅธฐใ๏ผ *ใ๊ใใ๏ผ่ฟใ๏ผ And a few where there is variation between the second- and third-to-last mora: *ใใใ๊ใ or ใใ๊ใใ๏ผ็ญใใ๏ผ *ใใใใ๊ใ or ใใใ๊ใใ๏ผ่ใใ๏ผ *ใใจใใ๊ใ or ใใจใ๊ใใ๏ผ่กฐใใ๏ผ *ใจใจใฎใ๊ใ or ใจใจใฎ๊ใใ๏ผๆด๊ใใ๏ผ Some verbs have accented and unaccented variants: *ใใใ๊ใ or ใใใใ๏ผๅ ใใ๏ผ *ใใกใ๊ใ or ใใกใผใ๏ผ็จใใ๏ผ *ใใ๊ใ or ใใผใ๏ผ่ฆใ๏ผ =====Verbal dictionary form+particle===== Five groups of particles that can follow the dictionary forms of verbs: *Group J: ใ (case)ใใจใใช (exclamatory)ใใซใใฏใใใใใใใใใใใใใใ ใใใปใฉใใใฎใฎ *Group K: ใใใใใญ *Group L: ใใใใใใใจใใใจใฆใใจใใใชใใใญใใใฎใฟใใพใงใใใใใใใใใช (exclamatory)ใใใใใปใใใใใฉใใใใฐใใใใใใใใใใ. ใใใใปใใใ and ใฐใใ behave similarly to when they follow nouns. *Group M: ใใใ (case, conjunctive)ใใใใใใใใใใจ (quotative, parallel)ใใช (prohibitive)ใใซใใฎใใฏใใใใใใใใใใใใช (doubtful)ใใใญใใใใใใใใใใใ ใฎใใจใใใจใฆใใจใใใชใฉใใชใใใฎใงใปใใงใใฎใซใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใฉใใชใใฆใใใใใใใใใใใใฉใ *Group N: ใ ใ. Also behaves like Group J. Notes are given where there's a change in accent. {| class="wikitable" !rowspan=2 colspan=4|Dictionary form's accent !colspan=9|Dictionary form+particle's accent |- !Group J<br>+ใจ<br>+ใปใฉ !colspan=2|Group K<br>+ใญ !colspan=2|Group L<br>+ใพใง !colspan=2|Group M<br>+ใ<br>+ใใใ !colspan=2|Group N<br>+ใ ใ |- |rowspan=10|accentless |rowspan=5|Unigrade |ๅฑ ใ |ใใ |ใใใจ<br>ใใใปใฉ |ใใใญ๊ |rowspan=10 style=width:8em|The particle's last mora is accented |ใใใพ๊ใง |rowspan=10 style=width:8em|The particle's first mora is accented |ใใ๊ใ<br>ใใ๊ใใใ |rowspan=10 style=width:8em|The dictionary form's last mora is accented |ใใใ ใ |rowspan=10 style=width:8em| |- |่ ซใใ |ใฏใใ |ใฏใใใจ<br>ใฏใใใปใฉ |ใฏใใใญ๊ |ใฏใใใพ๊ใง |ใฏใใ๊ใ<br>ใฏใใ๊ใใใ |ใฏใใใ ใ |- |ๆฏในใ |ใใในใ |ใใในใใจ<br>ใใในใใปใฉ |ใใในใใญ๊ |ใใในใใพ๊ใง |ใใในใ๊ใ<br>ใใในใ๊ใใใ |ใใในใใ ใ |- |็จใใ |ใใกใใ |ใใกใใใจ<br>ใใกใใใปใฉ |ใใกใใใญ๊ |ใใกใใใพ๊ใง |ใใกใใ๊ใ<br>ใใกใใ๊ใใใ |ใใกใใใ ใ |- |ๆใใ |ใใใใ |ใใใใใจ<br>ใใใใใปใฉ |ใใใใใญ๊ |ใใใใใพ๊ใง |ใใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใใใ |ใใใใใ ใ |- |rowspan=2|''-suru'' |ๆใใ |ใใใใ |ใใใใใจ<br>ใใใใใปใฉ |ใใใใใญ๊ |ใใใใใพ๊ใง |ใใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใใใ |ใใใใใ ใ |- |ใใ |ใใ |ใใใจ<br>ใใใปใฉ |ใใใญ๊ |ใใใพ๊ใง |ใใ๊ใ<br>ใใ๊ใใใ |ใใใ ใ |- |rowspan=3|Quinquegrade |้ณดใ |ใชใ |ใชใใจ<br>ใชใใปใฉ |ใชใใญ๊ |ใชใใพ๊ใง |ใชใ๊ใ<br>ใชใ๊ใใใ |ใชใใ ใ |- |ๆดใ |ใใใ |ใใใใจ<br>ใใใใปใฉ |ใใใใญ๊ |ใใใใพ๊ใง |ใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใ๊ใใใ |ใใใใ ใ |- |่กใ |ใใใชใ |ใใใชใใจ<br>ใใใชใใปใฉ |ใใใชใใญ๊ |ใใใชใใพ๊ใง |ใใใชใ๊ใ<br>ใใใชใ๊ใใใ |ใใใชใใ ใ |- |rowspan=12|accented |rowspan=4|Unigrade |ๅฐใ |ใ๊ใ |ใ๊ใใจ<br>ใ๊ใใปใฉ |ใ๊ใใญ |rowspan=12| |ใ๊ใใพใง |rowspan=12| |ใ๊ใใ<br>ใ๊ใใใใ |rowspan=12| |ใใใ ใ |rowspan=12|Deaccented. |- |ๆดใใ |ใฏใ๊ใ |ใฏใ๊ใใจ<br>ใฏใ๊ใใปใฉ |ใฏใ๊ใใญ |ใฏใ๊ใใพใง |ใฏใ๊ใใ<br>ใฏใ๊ใใใใ |ใฏใใใ ใ |- |่ชฟในใ |ใใใน๊ใ |ใใใน๊ใใจ<br>ใใใน๊ใใปใฉ |ใใใน๊ใใญ |ใใใน๊ใใพใง |ใใใน๊ใใ<br>ใใใน๊ใใใใ |ใใในใใ ใ |- |ไฟกใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใใจ<br>ใใใ๊ใใปใฉ |ใใใ๊ใใญ |ใใใ๊ใใพใง |ใใใ๊ใใ<br>ใใใ๊ใใใใ |ใใใใใ ใ |- |rowspan=3|''-suru'' |ไฟกใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใใจ<br>ใใใ๊ใใปใฉ |ใใใ๊ใใญ |ใใใ๊ใใพใง |ใใใ๊ใใ<br>ใใใ๊ใใใใ |ใใใใใ ใ |- |่ชฒใใ |ใใ๊ใ |ใใ๊ใใจ<br>ใใ๊ใใปใฉ |ใใ๊ใใญ |ใใ๊ใใพใง |ใใ๊ใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใใใ |ใใใใ ใ |- |ๆใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใใจ<br>ใใใ๊ใใปใฉ |ใใใ๊ใใญ |ใใใ๊ใใพใง |ใใใ๊ใใใ<br>ใใใ๊ใใใใ |ใใใใใ ใ |- |colspan=2|ๆฅใ |ใ๊ใ |ใ๊ใใจ<br>ใ๊ใใปใฉ |ใ๊ใใญ |ใ๊ใใพใง |ใ๊ใใใ<br>ใ๊ใใใใ |ใใใ ใ |- |rowspan=4|Quinquegrade |ๆใ |ใช๊ใ |ใช๊ใใจ<br>ใช๊ใใปใฉ |ใช๊ใใญ |ใช๊ใใพใง |ใช๊ใใ<br>ใช๊ใใใใ |ใชใใ ใ |- |ๅธฐใ |ใ๊ใใ |ใ๊ใใใจ<br>ใ๊ใใใปใฉ |ใ๊ใใใญ |ใ๊ใใใพใง |ใ๊ใใใ<br>ใ๊ใใใใใ |ใใใใ ใ |- |็ฟใ |ใชใ๊ใ |ใชใ๊ใใจ<br>ใชใ๊ใใปใฉ |ใชใ๊ใใญ |ใชใ๊ใใพใง |ใชใ๊ใใ<br>ใชใ๊ใใใใ |ใชใใใ ใ |- |ๆไผใ |ใฆใคใ ๊ใ |ใฆใคใ ๊ใใจ<br>ใฆใคใ ๊ใใปใฉ |ใฆใคใ ๊ใใญ |ใฆใคใ ๊ใใพใง |ใฆใคใ ๊ใใ<br>ใฆใคใ ๊ใใใใ |ใฆใคใ ใใ ใ |} =====Verbal ไปฎๅฎๅฝข+particle===== Group O consists of ใฉใใฐใใฉใ. When these particles follow the ไปฎๅฎๅฝข of a accentless verb, the last mora of such form is accented: *ใใ๊ใฐ๏ผๅฑ ใใฐ๏ผ *ใฏใใ๊ใฐ๏ผ่ ซใใใฐ๏ผ *ใใในใ๊ใฐ๏ผๆฏในใใฐ๏ผ *ใใกใใ๊ใฐ๏ผ็จใใใฐ๏ผ *ใใใใ๊ใฐ๏ผๆใใใฐ๏ผ *ใใใใ๊ใฐ๏ผๆใใใฐ๏ผ *ใใ๊ใฐ *ใชใ๊ใฐ๏ผ้ณดใใฐ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใฐ๏ผๆดใใฐ๏ผ *ใใใชใ๊ใฐ๏ผ่กใใฐ๏ผ For accented verbs, no accent shift occurs: *ใ๊ใใฐ๏ผๅฐใใฐ๏ผ *ใฏใ๊ใใฐ๏ผๆดใใใฐ๏ผ *ใใใน๊ใใฐ๏ผ่ชฟในใใฐ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใใฐ๏ผไฟกใใใฐ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใใฐ๏ผไฟกใใใฐ๏ผ *ใใ๊ใใฐ or ใ๊ใใฐ{{efn|name=surugodanshift|Some suru verbs that have partially assumed quinquegrade conjugation alternatively have backward accent shifts until a ่ช็ซๆ is reached.}}๏ผ่ชฒใใใฐ or ่ชฒใใฐ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใใฐ or ใ๊ใใใฐ{{efn|name=surugodanshift}}๏ผๆใใใฐ or ๆใใฐ๏ผ *ใ๊ใใฐ๏ผๆฅใใฐ๏ผ *ใช๊ใใฐ๏ผๆใใฐ๏ผ *ใ๊ใใใฐ๏ผๅธฐใใฐ๏ผ *ใชใ๊ใใฐ๏ผ็ฟใใฐ๏ผ *ใฆใคใ ๊ใใฐ๏ผๆไผใใฐ๏ผ =====Verbal ๅฝไปคๅฝข+particle===== For the spoken ๅฝไปคๅฝข of verbs with accentless accent, the last mora is accented: *ใใ๊๏ผๅฑ ใ๏ผ *ใฏใใ๊๏ผ่ ซใใ๏ผ *ใใในใ๊๏ผๆฏในใ๏ผ *ใใกใใ๊๏ผ็จใใ๏ผ *ใใใใ๊๏ผๆใใ๏ผ *ใใ๊ *ใชใ๊๏ผ้ณดใ๏ผ *ใใใชใ๊๏ผ่กใ๏ผ For the written ๅฝไปคๅฝข of unigrade verbs with accentless accent, whose root contains only 1 mora, the last mora is also accented; or alternatively, the penultimate mora is: *ใใ๊ or ใ๊ใ๏ผๅฑ ใ๏ผ For the written ๅฝไปคๅฝข of unigrade and ''-suru'' verbs with accentless accent, whose root contains more than 1 mora, the penultimate mora is accented: *ใฏใ๊ใ๏ผ่ ซใใ๏ผ *ใใใน๊ใ๏ผๆฏในใ๏ผ *ใใกใ๊ใ or ใใก๊ใใ{{efn|name=mochiirushift}}๏ผ็จใใ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ๏ผๆใใ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ๏ผๆใใ๏ผ *ใ๊ใ For spoken and written ๅฝไปคๅฝข of verbs with accented accent, the location of the accented mora is the same as that in the dictionary forms: *ใ๊ใ๏ผๅฐใ๏ผ *ใ๊ใ๏ผๅฐใ๏ผ *ใใใน๊ใ๏ผ่ชฟในใ๏ผ *ใใใน๊ใ๏ผ่ชฟในใ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ๏ผไฟกใใ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ๏ผไฟกใใ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ๏ผไฟกใใ๏ผ *ใใ๊ใ๏ผ่ชฒใใ๏ผ *ใใ๊ใ or ใ๊ใ๏ผใ๏ผ{{efn|name=surugodanshift}}๏ผ่ชฒใใ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ๏ผๆใใ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ or ใ๊ใใ๏ผใ๏ผ{{efn|name=surugodanshift}}๏ผๆใใ๏ผ *ใ๊ใ๏ผๆฅใ๏ผ *ใช๊ใ๏ผๆใ๏ผ *ใ๊ใใ๏ผๅธฐใ๏ผ *ใชใ๊ใ๏ผ็ฟใ๏ผ *ใฆใคใ ๊ใ๏ผๆไผใ๏ผ For the written ๅฝไปคๅฝข of unigrade and ''-suru'' verbs with accented accent, whose root contains more than 1 mora, the location of the accented mora could, alternatively, be shifted back by up to 2 morae, until it reaches an independent mora (่ช็ซๆ, see [[#Accent nuclei, defective morae and compound-induced accent shifts]] above): *ใใใน๊ใ โ ใใ๊ในใ๏ผ่ชฟในใ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ โ *ใใ๊ใใ โ ใ๊ใใใ๏ผไฟกใใ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ โ *ใใ๊ใใ โ ใ๊ใใใ๏ผไฟกใใ๏ผ Group P consists of ใจใใใใ. These particles do not alter the accent of the ๅฝไปคๅฝข: *ใใ๊ + ใ โ ใใ๊ใ๏ผๅฑ ใใ๏ผ *ใฏใใ๊ + ใ โ ใฏใใ๊ใ๏ผ่ ซใใใ๏ผ *ใใในใ๊ + ใ โ ใใในใ๊ใ๏ผๆฏในใใ๏ผ *ใใกใใ๊ + ใ โ ใใกใใ๊ใ๏ผ็จใใใ๏ผ *ใใใใ๊ + ใ โ ใใใใ๊ใ๏ผๆใใใ๏ผ *ใใ๊ + ใ โ ใใ๊ใ *ใชใ๊ + ใ โ ใชใ๊ใ๏ผ้ณดใใ๏ผ *ใใใชใ๊ + ใ โ ใใใชใ๊ใ๏ผ่กใใ๏ผ *ใ๊ใ + ใ โ ใ๊ใใ๏ผๅฐใใ๏ผ *ใใใน๊ใ + ใ โ ใใใน๊ใใ๏ผ่ชฟในใใ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ + ใ โ ใใใ๊ใใ๏ผไฟกใใใ๏ผ *ใใ๊ใ + ใ โ ใใ๊ใใ๏ผ่ชฒใใใ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ + ใ โ ใใใ๊ใใ๏ผๆใใใ๏ผ *ใ๊ใ + ใ โ ใ๊ใใ๏ผๆฅใใ๏ผ *ใช๊ใ + ใ โ ใช๊ใใ๏ผๆใใ๏ผ *ใ๊ใใ + ใ โ ใ๊ใใใ๏ผๅธฐใใ๏ผ *ใชใ๊ใ + ใ โ ใชใ๊ใใ๏ผ็ฟใใ๏ผ *ใฆใคใ ๊ใ + ใ โ ใฆใคใ ๊ใใ๏ผๆไผใใ๏ผ =====Verbal dictionary form+auxiliary===== Three groups of auxiliaries that can trail dictionary forms of verbs: *Group e: ใใใ ใใใใ ใใฟใใ. This group may, alternatively, interact differently with accented verbs, resulting in two accent nuclei: **ใ๊ใ + ใใใ โ ใ๊ใใใใ or ใ๊ใใใ๊ใใ ๏ผๆฅใใใใ ๏ผ **ใชใ๊ใ + ใใใ โ ใชใ๊ใใใใ or ใชใ๊ใใใ๊ใใ ๏ผ็ฟใใใใ ๏ผ **ใ๊ใใ + ใฟใใ โ ใ๊ใใใฟใใ or ใ๊ใใใใฟ๊ใใ๏ผๅธฐใใฟใใ๏ผ *Group f: ใ ใใใใงใใใใใใใ. When interacting with accented verbs, the penultimate mora of the auxiliary may, alternatively, be accented: **ใใใใ๊ใ๏ผๆฅใใใใ๏ผ **ใใใใใ๊ใ๏ผๅธฐใใใใ๏ผ *Group g: ใพใ Notes are given where there's a change in accent. {| class="wikitable" !rowspan=2 colspan=4|Dictionary form's accent !colspan=6|Dictionary form+auxiliary's accent |- !colspan=2|Group e<br>+ใใใ !colspan=2|Group f<br>+ใ ใใ !colspan=2|Group g<br>+ใพใ |- |rowspan=10|accentless |rowspan=5|Unigrade |ๅฑ ใ |ใใ |ใใใ๊ใใ |rowspan=10 style=width:8em|The auxiliary's first mora is accented. |ใใใ ใ๊ใ |rowspan=10 style=width:8em|The auxiliary's penultimate mora is accented. |ใใใพ๊ใ |rowspan=22 style=width:8em|The auxiliary's first mora is accented. |- |่ ซใใ |ใฏใใ |ใฏใใใ๊ใใ |ใฏใใใ ใ๊ใ |ใฏใใใพ๊ใ |- |ๆฏในใ |ใใในใ |ใใในใใ๊ใใ |ใใในใใ ใ๊ใ |ใใในใใพ๊ใ |- |็จใใ |ใใกใใ |ใใกใใใ๊ใใ |ใใกใใใ ใ๊ใ |ใใกใใใพ๊ใ |- |ๆใใ |ใใใใ |ใใใใใ๊ใใ |ใใใใใ ใ๊ใ |ใใใใใพ๊ใ |- |rowspan=2|''-suru'' |ๆใใ |ใใใใ |ใใใใใ๊ใใ |ใใใใใ ใ๊ใ |ใใใใใพ๊ใ |- |ใใ |ใใ |ใใใ๊ใใ |ใใใ ใ๊ใ |ใใใพ๊ใ |- |rowspan=3|Quinquegrade |้ณดใ |ใชใ |ใชใใ๊ใใ |ใชใใ ใ๊ใ |ใชใใพ๊ใ |- |ๆดใ |ใใใ |ใใใใ๊ใใ |ใใใใ ใ๊ใ |ใใใใพ๊ใ |- |่กใ |ใใใชใ |ใใใชใใ๊ใใ |ใใใชใใ ใ๊ใ |ใใใชใใพ๊ใ |- |rowspan=12|accented |rowspan=4|Unigrade |ๅฐใ |ใ๊ใ |ใ๊ใใใใ |rowspan=12| |ใ๊ใใ ใใ |rowspan=12| |ใใใพ๊ใ |- |ๆดใใ |ใฏใ๊ใ |ใฏใ๊ใใใใ |ใฏใ๊ใใ ใใ |ใฏใใใพ๊ใ |- |่ชฟในใ |ใใใน๊ใ |ใใใน๊ใใใใ |ใใใน๊ใใ ใใ |ใใในใใพ๊ใ |- |ไฟกใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใใใใ |ใใใ๊ใใ ใใ |ใใใใใพ๊ใ |- |rowspan=3|''-suru'' |ไฟกใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใใใใ |ใใใ๊ใใ ใใ |ใใใใใพ๊ใ |- |่ชฒใใ |ใใ๊ใ |ใใ๊ใใใใ |ใใ๊ใใ ใใ |ใใใใพ๊ใ |- |ๆใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใใใใ |ใใใ๊ใใ ใใ |ใใใใใพ๊ใ |- |colspan=2|ๆฅใ |ใ๊ใ |ใ๊ใใใใ |ใ๊ใใ ใใ |ใใใพ๊ใ |- |rowspan=4|Quinquegrade |ๆใ |ใช๊ใ |ใช๊ใใใใ |ใช๊ใใ ใใ |ใชใใพ๊ใ |- |ๅธฐใ |ใ๊ใใ |ใ๊ใใใใใ |ใ๊ใใใ ใใ |ใใใใพ๊ใ |- |็ฟใ |ใชใ๊ใ |ใชใ๊ใใใใ |ใชใ๊ใใ ใใ |ใชใใใพ๊ใ |- |ๆไผใ |ใฆใคใ ๊ใ |ใฆใคใ ๊ใใใใ |ใฆใคใ ๊ใใ ใใ |ใฆใคใ ใใพ๊ใ |} =====Verbal ๆช็ถๅฝข+auxiliary===== Three groups of auxiliaries that can trail ๆช็ถๅฝข of verbs: *Group h: ใใใปใใใใใใใปใใใ *Group i: ใชใ *Group j: ใใปใใใใพใ Notes are given where there's a change in accent. {| class="wikitable" !rowspan=2 colspan=4|Dictionary form's accent !colspan=6|ๆช็ถๅฝข+auxiliary's accent |- !colspan=2|Group h<br>+ใใใปใใใ !colspan=2|Group i<br>+ใชใ !colspan=2|Group j<br>+ใใปใใ |- |rowspan=10|accentless |rowspan=5|Unigrade |ๅฑ ใ |ใใ |ใใใใ |rowspan=10 style=width:8em| |ใใชใ |rowspan=10 style=width:8em| |ใใ๊ใ |rowspan=22 style=width:8em|Whatever mora preceding the auxiliary's last mora is accented. |- |่ ซใใ |ใฏใใ |ใฏใใใใ |ใฏใใชใ |ใฏใใ๊ใ |- |ๆฏในใ |ใใในใ |ใใในใใใ |ใใในใชใ |ใใในใ๊ใ |- |็จใใ |ใใกใใ |ใใกใใใใ |ใใกใใชใ |ใใกใใ๊ใ |- |ๆใใ |ใใใใ |rowspan=2|ใใใใใใ |rowspan=2|ใใใใชใ |rowspan=2|ใใใใ๊ใ |- |rowspan=2|''-suru'' |ๆใใ |ใใใใ |- |ใใ |ใใ |ใใใ |ใใชใ |ใใ๊ใ |- |rowspan=3|Quinquegrade |้ณดใ |ใชใ |ใชใใใ |ใชใใชใ |ใชใ๊ใ |- |ๆดใ |ใใใ |ใใใใใ |ใใใใชใ |ใใใ๊ใ |- |่กใ |ใใใชใ |ใใใชใใใ |ใใใชใใชใ |ใใใชใ๊ใ |- |rowspan=12|accented |rowspan=4|Unigrade |ๅฐใ |ใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใ |rowspan=12|The auxiliary's penultimate mora is accented. |ใ๊ใชใ |rowspan=12|The ๆช็ถๅฝข's last mora is accented. |ใใ๊ใ |- |ๆดใใ |ใฏใ๊ใ |ใฏใใใ๊ใ |ใฏใ๊ใชใ |ใฏใใ๊ใ |- |่ชฟในใ |ใใใน๊ใ |ใใในใใ๊ใ |ใใใน๊ใชใ |ใใในใ๊ใ |- |ไฟกใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |rowspan=2|ใใใใใ๊ใ |rowspan=2|ใใใ๊ใชใ |rowspan=2|ใใใใ๊ใ |- |rowspan=3|''-suru'' |ไฟกใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |- |่ชฒใใ |ใใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใ |ใใ๊ใชใ<br>ใใ๊ใชใ |ใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใ๊ใ |- |ๆใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |ใใใใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใชใ<br>ใใใ๊ใชใ |ใใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใ๊ใ |- |colspan=2|ๆฅใ |ใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใ |ใ๊ใชใ |ใใ๊ใ |- |rowspan=4|Quinquegrade |ๆใ |ใช๊ใ |ใชใใ๊ใ |ใชใ๊ใชใ |ใชใ๊ใ |- |ๅธฐใ |ใ๊ใใ |ใใใใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใชใ |ใใใ๊ใ |- |็ฟใ |ใชใ๊ใ |ใชใใใ๊ใ |ใชใใ๊ใชใ |ใชใใ๊ใ |- |ๆไผใ |ใฆใคใ ๊ใ |ใฆใคใ ใใ๊ใ |ใฆใคใ ใ๊ใชใ |ใฆใคใ ใ๊ใ |} =====Verbal ้ฃ็จๅฝข+auxiliary===== Three groups of auxiliaries that can trail ้ฃ็จๅฝข of verbs: *Group k: ใใปใ *Group l: ใใใใใใ *Group m: ใพใ Notes are given where there's a change in accent. {| class="wikitable" !rowspan=2 colspan=4|Dictionary form's accent !colspan=6|้ฃ็จๅฝข+auxiliary's accent |- !colspan=2|Group k<br>+ใใปใ !colspan=2|Group l<br>+ใใ !colspan=2|Group m<br>+ใพใ |- |rowspan=10|accentless |rowspan=5|Unigrade |ๅฑ ใ |ใใ |ใใ |rowspan=10 style=width:8em| |ใใใ |rowspan=10 style=width:8em| |ใใพ๊ใ |rowspan=22 style=width:8em|The auxiliary's first mora is accented. |- |่ ซใใ |ใฏใใ |ใฏใใ |ใฏใใใ |ใฏใใพ๊ใ |- |ๆฏในใ |ใใในใ |ใใในใ |ใใในใใ |ใใในใพ๊ใ |- |็จใใ |ใใกใใ |ใใกใใ |ใใกใใใ |ใใกใใพ๊ใ |- |ๆใใ |ใใใใ |rowspan=2|ใใใใ |rowspan=2|ใใใใใ |rowspan=2|ใใใใพ๊ใ |- |rowspan=2|''-suru'' |ๆใใ |ใใใใ |- |ใใ |ใใ |ใใ |ใใใ |ใใพ๊ใ |- |rowspan=3|Quinquegrade |้ณดใ |ใชใ |ใชใฃใ |ใชใใใ |ใชใใพ๊ใ |- |ๆดใ |ใใใ |ใใใฃใ |ใใใใใ |ใใใใพ๊ใ |- |่กใ |ใใใชใ |ใใใชใฃใ |ใใใชใใใ |ใใใชใใพ๊ใ |- |rowspan=12|accented |rowspan=4|Unigrade |ๅฐใ |ใ๊ใ |ใ๊ใ |rowspan=8|If possible, the accent nucleus shifts back until it reaches a ่ช็ซๆ. |ใใ๊ใ |rowspan=12|The auxiliary's first mora is accented. |ใใพ๊ใ |- |ๆดใใ |ใฏใ๊ใ |ใฏ๊ใใ |ใฏใใ๊ใ |ใฏใใพ๊ใ |- |่ชฟในใ |ใใใน๊ใ |ใใ๊ในใ |ใใในใ๊ใ |ใใในใพ๊ใ |- |ไฟกใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |rowspan=2|ใ๊ใใใ |rowspan=2|ใใใใ๊ใ |rowspan=2|ใใใใพ๊ใ |- |rowspan=3|''-suru'' |ไฟกใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |- |่ชฒใใ |ใใ๊ใ |ใ๊ใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |ใใใพ๊ใ |- |ๆใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |ใ๊ใใใ |ใใใใ๊ใ |ใใใใพ๊ใ |- |colspan=2|ๆฅใ |ใ๊ใ |ใ๊ใ<br>ใใ๊{{efn|name=kurushift}} |ใใ๊ใ |ใใพ๊ใ |- |rowspan=4|Quinquegrade |ๆใ |ใช๊ใ |ใช๊ใฃใ |rowspan=4| |ใชใใ๊ใ |ใชใใพ๊ใ |- |ๅธฐใ |ใ๊ใใ |ใ๊ใใฃใ |ใใใใ๊ใ |ใใใใพ๊ใ |- |็ฟใ |ใชใ๊ใ |ใชใ๊ใฃใ |ใชใใใ๊ใ |ใชใใใพ๊ใ |- |ๆไผใ |ใฆใคใ ๊ใ |ใฆใคใ ๊ใฃใ |ใฆใคใ ใใ๊ใ |ใฆใคใ ใใพ๊ใ |} =====Adjectival dictionary forms===== Unlike verbal dictionary forms which are accented on the second-to-last independent mora, adjectival dictionary forms are accented (if they are accented at all) on the last independent mora, which is usually the mora right before ใ, as ใ itself is analyzed as a special mora.<ref name=vance/> *ใ๊ใผใ or ใใ๊ใ๏ผๅคใ๏ผ *ใ๊ใ๏ผ่ฏใ๏ผ *ใฒใฉ๊ใ๏ผ้ ทใ๏ผ *ใใใใ๊ใ๏ผ้ข็ฝใ๏ผ *ใฟใใ๊ใ๏ผ็ญใ๏ผ *ใใใใ๊ใ๏ผๆฐใใ๏ผ =====Adjectival dictionary form+particle===== Five groups of particles that can trail dictionary forms of adjectives: *Group Q: ใจใใช (exclamatory)ใใ (proclamatory)ใใ ใใใปใฉใใใฎใฎ *Group R: ใใใใใญ *Group S: ใใจใใใใใจใใใจใฆใใจใใใชใใใญใใใฎใฟใใพใงใใใใใใใใใช (exclamatory)ใใใใใปใใใใใฉใใใใฐใใใใใใใใใใ. When trailing an accented noun, ใใใใปใใใ, ใฉใใ and ใฐใใ in particular may, alternatively, make the particle's first mora accented: **ใฟใใ๊ใ + ใใใ โ ใฟใใ๊ใใใใ or ใฟใใใใ๊ใใ๏ผ็ญใใใใ๏ผ **ใใใ๊ใ + ใฉใใ + ใฎ โ ใใใ๊ใใฉใใใฎ or ใใใใใฉ๊ใใใฎ๏ผๅฌใใใฉใใใฎ๏ผ **ใใ๊ใ + ใฐใใ + ใง โ ใใ๊ใใฐใใใง or ใใใใฐ๊ใใใง๏ผ้ซใใฐใใใง๏ผ *Group T: ใใใใใใใใใใใใใฎใใฏใใใใใใใใใใใใช (doubtful)ใใใญใใใใใ ใใจใใใจใฆใใจใใใชใฉใใชใใใฎใงใปใใงใใฎใซใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใฉใใชใใฆใใใใใใใใใใใใฉใ *Group U: ใ ใ. Alternatively, behaves like Group Q. Notes are given where there's a change in accent. {| class="wikitable" !rowspan=2 colspan=3|Dictionary form's accent !colspan=10|Dictionary form+particle's accent |- !Group Q<br>+ใจ<br>+ใปใฉ !colspan=2|Group R<br>+ใญ !colspan=2|Group S<br>+ใฎใฟ !colspan=2|Group T<br>+ใ<br>+ใใใ !colspan=2|Group U<br>+ใ ใ |- |rowspan=3|accentless |ๅใ |ใใคใ |ใใคใใจ<br>ใใคใใปใฉ |ใใคใใญ๊ |rowspan=3 style=width:8em|The particle's last mora is accented. |ใใคใใฎ๊ใฟ |rowspan=3 style=width:8em|The particle's first mora is accented. |ใใค๊ใใ<br>ใใค๊ใใใใ |rowspan=3 style=width:8em|The dictionary form's penultimate mora is accented. |ใใคใใ ใ |rowspan=3 style=width:8em| |- |ๅทใใ |ใคใใใ |ใคใใใใจ<br>ใคใใใใปใฉ |ใคใใใใญ๊ |ใคใใใใฎ๊ใฟ |ใคใใ๊ใใ<br>ใคใใ๊ใใใใ |ใคใใใใ ใ |- |ๅชใใ |ใใใใ |ใใใใใจ<br>ใใใใใปใฉ |ใใใใใญ๊ |ใใใใใฎ๊ใฟ |ใใใ๊ใใ<br>ใใใ๊ใใใใ |ใใใใใ ใ |- |rowspan=4|accented |็กใ |ใช๊ใ |ใช๊ใใจ<br>ใช๊ใใปใฉ |ใช๊ใใญ |rowspan=4| |ใช๊ใใฎใฟ |rowspan=4| |ใช๊ใใ<br>ใช๊ใใใใ |rowspan=4| |ใชใใ ใ |rowspan=4|Deaccented. |- |็ฑใ |ใใค๊ใ |ใใค๊ใใจ<br>ใใค๊ใใปใฉ |ใใค๊ใใญ |ใใค๊ใใฎใฟ |ใใค๊ใใ<br>ใใค๊ใใใใ |ใใคใใ ใ |- |็ญใ |ใฟใใ๊ใ |ใฟใใ๊ใใจ<br>ใฟใใ๊ใใปใฉ |ใฟใใ๊ใใญ |ใฟใใ๊ใใฎใฟ |ใฟใใ๊ใใ<br>ใฟใใ๊ใใใใ |ใฟใใใใ ใ |- |ๅฌใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใใจ<br>ใใใ๊ใใปใฉ |ใใใ๊ใใญ |ใใใ๊ใใฎใฟ |ใใใ๊ใใ<br>ใใใ๊ใใใใ |ใใใใใ ใ |} =====Adjectival ้ฃ็จๅฝข+particle===== The ''-ku'' ้ฃ็จๅฝข of accentless adjectives are also accentless: *ใใคใ โ ใใคใ๏ผๅใ๏ผ *ใคใใใ โ ใคใใใ๏ผๅทใใ๏ผ *ใใใใ โ ใใใใ๏ผๅชใใ๏ผ The accent nucleus of the ''-ku'' ้ฃ็จๅฝข of accented adjectives is shifted one mora backward if possible; OR, if the ''-ku'' form contains more than 3 morae, is the same as that of the dictionary form: *ใช๊ใ โ ใช๊ใ๏ผ็กใ๏ผ *ใใค๊ใ โ ใ๊ใคใ๏ผ็ฑใ๏ผ *ใฟใใ๊ใ โ ใฟใ๊ใใ or ใฟใใ๊ใ๏ผ็ญใ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ โ ใใ๊ใใ or ใใใ๊ใ๏ผๅฌใใ๏ผ Group V consists of the following particles: ใฆใใฏใใใใฆใ. When a accentless ''-ku'' form combines with a Group-V particle, either the ''-ku'' form's penultimate mora is accented; OR, the ''-shiku'' form's antepenultimate mora is accented: *ใใคใ โ ใใคใ + ใฆ โ ใใค๊ใใฆ๏ผๅใใฆ๏ผ *ใคใใใ โ ใคใใใ + ใฆ โ ใคใใ๊ใใฆ๏ผๅทใใใฆ๏ผ *ใใใใ โ ใใใใ + ใฆ โ ใใใ๊ใใฆ or ใใ๊ใใใฆ๏ผๅชใใใฆ๏ผ With ใฏ in particular, the accentless ''-ku'' form's last mora may, alternatively, accented: *ใใคใ โ ใใคใ + ใฏ โ ใใค๊ใใฏ or ใใคใ๊ใฏ๏ผๅใใฏ๏ผ *ใใใใ โ ใใใใ + ใฏ โ ใใใ๊ใใฏ or ใใใใ๊ใฏ๏ผๆใใใฏ๏ผ Group V does not affect the accent nucleus of accented ''-ku'' forms: *ใช๊ใ โ ใช๊ใ + ใฆ โ ใช๊ใใฆ๏ผ็กใใฆ๏ผ *ใใค๊ใ โ ใ๊ใคใ + ใฆ โ ใ๊ใคใใฆ๏ผ็ฑใใฆ๏ผ *ใฟใใ๊ใ โ ใฟใ๊ใใ + ใฆ โ ใฟใ๊ใใใฆ๏ผ็ญใใฆ๏ผ *ใฟใใ๊ใ โ ใฟใใ๊ใ + ใฆ โ ใฟใใ๊ใใฆ๏ผ็ญใใฆ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ โ ใใ๊ใใ + ใฆ โ ใใ๊ใใใฆ๏ผๅฌใใใฆ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ โ ใใใ๊ใ + ใฆ โ ใใใ๊ใใฆ๏ผๅฌใใใฆ๏ผ =====Adjectival ไปฎๅฎๅฝข+particle===== Group W consists of the following particles: ใฐใใฉใใฉใ. For accentless dictionary forms, the root's last mora is accented: *ใใคใ โ ใใค๊ใใใฐ๏ผๅใใใฐ๏ผ *ใคใใใ โ ใคใใ๊ใใใฐ๏ผๅทใใใใฐ๏ผ *ใใใใ โ ใใ๊ใใใใฐ๏ผๅชใใใใฐ๏ผ For accented dictionary forms, the accent nucleus shifts 1 mora backward if possible; OR if the ''-i'', not ''-shii'', forms contain more than 4 morae, the accent nucleus is the same as that of the dictionary form: *ใช๊ใ โ ใช๊ใใใฐ๏ผ็กใใใฐ๏ผ *ใใค๊ใ โ ใ๊ใคใใใฐ๏ผ็ฑใใใฐ๏ผ *ใใใ๊ใ โ ใใ๊ใใใใฐ๏ผๅฌใใใใฐ๏ผ *ใฟใใ๊ใ โ ใฟใ๊ใใใใฐ or ใฟใใ๊ใใใฐ๏ผ็ญใใใฐ๏ผ =====Adjectival dictionary form+auxiliary===== Four groups of auxiliaries that can trail dictionary forms of adjectives: *Group n: ใใใ ใใใใ ใใฟใใ. These can alternatively result in two accent nuclei when combining with accented adjectives: **ใใ๊ใ + ใใใ โ ใใ๊ใใใใ or ใใ๊ใใใ๊ใใ ๏ผ้ซใใใใ ๏ผ **ใใ๊ใ + ใใใ โ ใใ๊ใใใใ or ใใ๊ใใใ๊ใใ ๏ผ้ซใใใใ ๏ผ **ใฟใใ๊ใ + ใฟใใ โ ใฟใใ๊ใใฟใใ or ใฟใใ๊ใใใฟ๊ใใ๏ผ็ญใใฟใใ๏ผ *Group o: ใ ใใใใงใใใใใใใ *Group p: ใงใ *Group q: ใใใ. Alternatively, behaves like Group o. Notes are given where there's a change in accent. {| class="wikitable" !rowspan=2 colspan=3|Dictionary form's accent !colspan=10|Dictionary form+auxiliary's accent |- !colspan=2|Group n<br>+ใใใ !colspan=2|Group o<br>+ใ ใใ !colspan=2|Group p<br>+ใงใ !colspan=2|Group q<br>+ใใใ |- |rowspan=3|accentless |ๅใ |ใใคใ |ใใคใใ๊ใใ |rowspan=3 style=width:8em|The auxiliary's first mora is accented. |ใใคใใ ใ๊ใ |rowspan=3 style=width:8em|The auxiliary's penultimate mora is accented. |ใใค๊ใใงใ |rowspan=3 style=width:8em|The dictionary form's penultimate mora is accented. |ใใคใใใ๊ใ |rowspan=7 style=width:8em|The auxiliary's penultimate mora is accented. |- |ๅทใใ |ใคใใใ |ใคใใใใ๊ใใ |ใคใใใใ ใ๊ใ |ใคใใ๊ใใงใ |ใคใใใใใ๊ใ |- |ๅชใใ |ใใใใ |ใใใใใ๊ใใ |ใใใใใ ใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใใงใ |ใใใใใใ๊ใ |- |rowspan=4|accented |็กใ |ใช๊ใ |ใช๊ใใใใ |rowspan=4| |ใช๊ใใ ใใ |rowspan=4| |ใช๊ใใงใ |rowspan=4| |ใชใใใ๊ใ |- |็ฑใ |ใใค๊ใ |ใใค๊ใใใใ |ใใค๊ใใ ใใ |ใใค๊ใใงใ |ใใคใใใ๊ใ |- |็ญใ |ใฟใใ๊ใ |ใฟใใ๊ใใใใ |ใฟใใ๊ใใ ใใ |ใฟใใ๊ใใงใ |ใฟใใใใใ๊ใ |- |ๅฌใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใใใใ |ใใใ๊ใใ ใใ |ใใใ๊ใใงใ |ใใใใใใ๊ใ |} =====Adjectival ๆช็ถๅฝข+auxiliary===== The only member of Group r is ใ, and it uniquely combines with the ''-karo'' forms of adjectives. The mora ''ro'' in ''-karo'' is accented: *ใชใใ๊ใ๏ผ็กใใใ๏ผ *ใใคใใ๊ใ๏ผๅใใใใ็ฑใใใ๏ผ *ใคใใใ๊ใ๏ผๅทใใใใ๏ผ *ใฟใใใใ๊ใ๏ผ็ญใใใ๏ผ *ใใใใใ๊ใ๏ผๅชใใใใ๏ผ *ใใใใใ๊ใ๏ผๅฌใใใใ๏ผ =====Particle/auxiliary+particle===== When a particle or auxiliary follows a phrase that ends in another particle, if that phrase has accentless accent, its last mora is accented: *ใฟใ + ใง โ ใฟใใง + ใฏ โ ใฟใใง๊ใฏ๏ผๆฐดใงใฏ๏ผ *ใใฃใฆ + ใใ โ ใใฃใฆ๊ใใ๏ผ้ฃใฃใฆใใ๏ผ *ใฟใ + ใง โ ใฟใใง + ใงใ โ ใฟใใง๊ใงใ๏ผๆฐดใงใงใ๏ผ *ใชใ + ใจ โ ใชใใจ + ใ โ ใชใใจ๊ใ ๏ผๆณฃใใจใ ๏ผ Certain particles such as ใจใใใใใใใใ ใ may, alternatively, not alter the accentless phrase: *ใฟใ + ใง โ ใฟใใง + ใ ใ โ ใฟใใง๊ใ ใ or ใฟใใงใ ใ๏ผๆฐดใงใ ใ๏ผ *ใใฃใฆ + ใ ใ โ ใใฃใฆ๊ใ ใ or ใใฃใฆใ ใ๏ผ้ฃใฃใฆใ ใ๏ผ Otherwise, if that phrase has ''atamadaka'' or ''nakadaka'' accent, its accent is not altered: *ใใพ๊ + ใซ โ ใใพ๊ใซ + ใฏ โ ใใพ๊ใซใฏ๏ผๅฑฑใซใฏ๏ผ *ใชใ๊ใฃใฆ + ใใ โ ใชใ๊ใฃใฆใใ๏ผ็ฟใฃใฆใใ๏ผ *ใฏ๊ใ + ใง โ ใฏ๊ใใง + ใฏ โ ใฏ๊ใใงใฏ๏ผๆฅใงใฏ๏ผ *ใ๊ในใฆ + ใใ โ ใ๊ในใฆใใ๏ผ้ฃในใฆใใ๏ผ *ใใจใ๊ + ใซ โ ใใจใ๊ใซ + ใงใ โ ใใจใ๊ใซใงใ๏ผ็ทใซใงใ๏ผ *ใใน๊ใ + ใจ โ ใใน๊ใใจ + ใงใ โ ใใน๊ใใจใงใ๏ผ้ฃในใใจใงใ๏ผ *ใฏ๊ใ + ใซ โ ใฏ๊ใใซ + ใงใ โ ใฏ๊ใใซใงใ๏ผๆฅใซใงใ๏ผ *ใ๊ใ + ใจ โ ใ๊ใใจ + ใงใ โ ใ๊ใใจใงใ๏ผ่ชญใใจใงใ๏ผ =====Accented voiceless morae===== Pitch accent involves a steep drop from a high pitch and a low pitch, which are facilitated by a [[fundamental frequency]], in other words, [[Voicing (phonetics)|voicing]]. However, the high vowels {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/ษฏ/}} are susceptible to devoicing, mostly between two voiceless consonants, which may interfere with accenting.<ref name=vance/> In such cases where a devoiced vowel is accented, alternative pronunciations with accent shifts are possible. In following examples, devoiced morae are in bold. The suffix ็๏ผใใ๏ผ starts with a voiceless vowel and can create an environment for devoicing. As mentioned above, ็ is also a [[#Short suffixes|short suffix]] that puts the accent on the last ่ช็ซๆ before it. *ใชใใ'''ใ'''๊ใใ โ ใชใใ๊'''ใ'''ใใ๏ผ้ทๅด็๏ผ *ใใพใช'''ใ'''๊ใใ โ ใใพใช๊'''ใ'''ใใ๏ผๅฑฑๆขจ็๏ผ =====List of particles and auxiliaries===== The following list for Tokyo accent is not shown in the NHKๆฅๆฌ่ช็บ้ณใขใฏใปใณใ่พๅ ธ, but slightly reworked from papers by Shiro Kori.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kori|first=Shiro|script-title=ja:ๅฉ่ฉใปๅฉๅ่ฉใฎใขใฏใปใณใใซใคใใฆใฎ่ฆใๆธใ|url=https://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/repo/ouka/all/53334/gbkp_2014_o_063.pdf|lang=ja|script-journal=ja:่จ่ชๆๅๅ ฑๅ็ ็ฉถใใญใธใงใฏใ|date=30 May 2015|publisher=Osaka University|doi=10.18910/53334}}</ref><ref name=Kori2020/> A few patterns for missing particles and auxiliaries are inferred from the appendix ใขใฏใปใณใ to the ''[[Daijirin]]''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |- !rowspan=2|Particles and auxiliaries !accentless noun !accented noun !accentless unigrade verb !accentless quinquegrade verb !accented unigrade verb !accented quinquegrade verb !accentless adjective !accented adjective |- |ๆก<br>ใใใ |็ฉบ<br>ใ๊ใ |ๆตดใณใ<br>ใใณใ |็ฌใ<br>ใใใ |่ชฟในใ<br>ใใใน๊ใ |ๆณณใ<br>ใใ๊ใ |่ตคใ<br>ใใใ |็ฝใ<br>ใใ๊ใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใ ใ<br>ใ ใใฎ<br>ใ ใใฏ<br>ใ ใใ<br>ใ ใใซ<br>ใ ใใ |ใใใใ ใ<br>ใใใใ ใใฎ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใซ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใ |ใใใ ใ<br>ใใใ ใใฎ<br>ใใใ ใ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใ ใ๊ใ<br>ใใใ ใ๊ใซ<br>ใใใ ใ๊ใ <br>ใ๊ใใ ใ<br>ใ๊ใใ ใใฎ<br>ใ๊ใใ ใใฏ<br>ใ๊ใใ ใใ<br>ใ๊ใใ ใใซ<br>ใ๊ใใ ใใ |ใใณใใ ใ<br>ใใณใใ ใใฎ<br>ใใณใใ ใ๊ใฏ<br>ใใณใใ ใ๊ใ<br>ใใณใใ ใ๊ใซ<br>ใใณใใ ใ๊ใ |ใใใใ ใ<br>ใใใใ ใใฎ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใซ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใ |ใใในใใ ใ<br>ใใในใใ ใใฎ<br>ใใในใใ ใ๊ใฏ<br>ใใในใใ ใ๊ใ<br>ใใในใใ ใ๊ใซ<br>ใใในใใ ใ๊ใ <br>ใใใน๊ใใ ใ<br>ใใใน๊ใใ ใใฎ<br>ใใใน๊ใใ ใใฏ<br>ใใใน๊ใใ ใใ<br>ใใใน๊ใใ ใใซ<br>ใใใน๊ใใ ใใ |ใใใใ ใ<br>ใใใใ ใใฎ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใซ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใ <br>ใใ๊ใใ ใ<br>ใใ๊ใใ ใใฎ<br>ใใ๊ใใ ใใฏ<br>ใใ๊ใใ ใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใ ใใซ<br>ใใ๊ใใ ใใ |ใใใใ ใ<br>ใใใใ ใใฎ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใซ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใ |ใใใใ ใ<br>ใใใใ ใใฎ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใซ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใ <br>ใใ๊ใใ ใ<br>ใใ๊ใใ ใใฎ<br>ใใ๊ใใ ใใฏ<br>ใใ๊ใใ ใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใ ใใซ<br>ใใ๊ใใ ใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใใ |ใใใใใ๊ใ |ใใใใ๊ใ<br>ใ๊ใใใใ |ใใณใใใ๊ใ |ใใใใใ๊ใ |ใใในใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใน๊ใใใใ |ใใใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใ๊ใใใใ |ใใใใใ๊ใ |ใใใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใ๊ใใใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใฎใใปใใใ |colspan=2| |ใใณใใใฎ๊ใ |ใใใใใฎ๊ใ |<br>ใใใน๊ใใใใฎ๊ใ |<br>ใใ๊ใใใใฎ๊ใ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใชใฉ |<br><br><br><br>ใใใใช๊ใฉ |<br><br><br><br><br>ใ๊ใใชใฉ |ใใณใ๊ใชใฉ<br>ใใณ๊ใชใฉ |ใใใ๊ใชใฉ<br>ใใใ๊ใชใฉ |<br><br><br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใชใฉ<br>ใใใน๊ใชใฉ |<br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใชใฉ<br>ใใ๊ใใชใฉ |ใใ๊ใใชใฉ<br>ใใ๊ใใชใฉ<br>ใใใ๊ใชใฉ<br>ใใใ๊ใชใฉ |<br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใชใฉ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใชใใ<br>ใชใใฆ |ใใใใช๊ใใ<br>ใใใใช๊ใใฆ |<br><br>ใ๊ใใชใใ<br>ใ๊ใใชใใฆ |colspan=6| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใชใ<br>ใชใใฐ |<br><br><br><br>ใใใใช๊ใ<br>ใใใใช๊ใใฐ |<br><br><br><br><br><br>ใ๊ใใชใ<br>ใ๊ใใชใใฐ |ใใณใ๊ใชใ<br>ใใณใ๊ใชใใฐ |ใใใ๊ใชใ<br>ใใใ๊ใชใใฐ |<br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใชใ<br>ใใใน๊ใใชใใฐ |<br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใชใ<br>ใใ๊ใใชใใฐ |ใใ๊ใใชใ<br>ใใ๊ใใชใใฐ<br>ใใใ๊ใชใ<br>ใใใ๊ใชใใฐ |<br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใชใ<br>ใใ๊ใใชใใฐ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใชใ๏ผไน๏ผ |<br><br>ใใใใช๊ใ |<br><br><br>ใ๊ใใชใ |ใใณใ๊ใชใ |ใใใ๊ใชใ |<br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใชใ |<br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใชใ |ใใ๊ใใชใ<br>ใใใ๊ใชใ |<br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใชใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใชใ๏ผๅฝข๏ผ<br>ใชใใซ<br>ใชใใฎ |ใใใใชใ<br>ใใใใชใใซ<br>ใใใใชใใฎ |ใใใชใ<br>ใใใชใใซ<br>ใใใชใใฎ |ใใณใใชใ<br>ใใณใใชใใซ<br>ใใณใใชใใฎ |ใใใใชใ<br>ใใใใชใใซ<br>ใใใใชใใฎ |ใใในใใชใ<br>ใใในใใชใใซ<br>ใใในใใชใใฎ |ใใใใชใ<br>ใใใใชใใซ<br>ใใใใชใใฎ |ใใใใชใ<br>ใใใใชใใซ<br>ใใใใชใใฎ |<br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใชใ<br>ใใ๊ใใชใใซ<br>ใใ๊ใใชใใฎ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใ |<br>ใใใใ๊ใ |<br><br>ใ๊ใใใ |ใใณใ๊ใใ<br>ใใณใใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใ |<br><br>ใใใน๊ใใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใใ |ใใ๊ใใใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใง<br>ใงใฏ<br>ใงใ |ใใใใง<br>ใใใใง๊ใฏ<br>ใใใใง๊ใ |<br><br><br>ใ๊ใใง<br>ใ๊ใใงใฏ<br>ใ๊ใใงใ |colspan=6| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใธ<br>ใธใฏ<br>ใธใ |ใใใใธ<br>ใใใใธ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใใธ๊ใ |<br><br><br>ใ๊ใใธ<br>ใ๊ใใธใฏ<br>ใ๊ใใธใ |colspan=6| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใปใฉ<br>ใปใฉใฏ<br>ใปใฉใ |ใใใใปใฉ<br>ใใใใปใฉ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใใปใฉ๊ใ |<br><br><br>ใ๊ใใปใฉ<br>ใ๊ใใปใฉใฏ<br>ใ๊ใใปใฉใ |ใใณใใปใฉ<br>ใใณใใปใฉ๊ใฏ<br>ใใณใใปใฉ๊ใ |ใใใใปใฉ<br>ใใใใปใฉ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใใปใฉ๊ใ |<br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใปใฉ<br>ใใใน๊ใใปใฉใฏ<br>ใใใน๊ใใปใฉใ |<br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใปใฉ<br>ใใ๊ใใปใฉใฏ<br>ใใ๊ใใปใฉใ |ใใใใปใฉ<br>ใใใใปใฉ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใใปใฉ๊ใ |<br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใปใฉ<br>ใใ๊ใใปใฉใฏ<br>ใใ๊ใใปใฉใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใญ |ใใใใญ<br>ใใใใ ใญ |<br><br><br>ใ๊ใใญ<br>ใ๊ใใ ใญ |ใใณใใญ<br><br>ใใณใฆ๊ใญ |ใใใใญ<br><br>ใใใฃใฆ๊ใญ |<br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใญ<br>ใใใน๊ใฆใญ |<br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใญ<br>ใใ๊ใใงใญ |ใใใใญ |<br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใญ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใ (declarative) |ใใใใ<br>ใใใใ ใ<br>ใใใใ ๊ใ |<br><br><br>ใ๊ใใ<br>ใ๊ใใ ใ |<br>ใใณใใ<br>ใใณใ๊ใ |<br>ใใใใ<br>ใใใ๊ใ |<br><br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใ |<br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใ |<br>ใใใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใ |<br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใ (calling) |ใใใใ |<br>ใ๊ใใ |colspan=6| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใ |ใใใใใ<br>ใใใ๊ใใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใ |<br><br><br>ใ๊ใใใ |ใใณใใใ<br>ใใณใ๊ใใ<br>ใใณใใ๊ใ |ใใใใใ<br>ใใใ๊ใใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใ |<br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใใ |<br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใ |<br>ใใใใ |<br><br>ใ๊ใใ |ใใณใ๊ใ<br>ใใณใใ |ใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ |<br><br>ใใใน๊ใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใ |ใใ๊ใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใ |<br>ใใใใ๊ใ |<br><br>ใ๊ใใใ |ใใณใ๊ใใ |ใใใ๊ใใ |<br><br>ใใใน๊ใใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใใ |ใใ๊ใใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใฏ |<br><br>ใใใใฏ |<br><br><br>ใ๊ใใฏ |ใใณใ๊ใฏ<br>ใใณ๊ใฏ<br>ใใณใใฏ |ใใใ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใใฏ |<br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใฏ<br>ใใ๊ในใฏ |<br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใฏ<br>ใใ๊ใใฏ |ใใ๊ใใฏ |<br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใฏ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใ<br>ใใจ |<br><br>ใใใใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใจ<br>ใใใใใจ |<br><br><br><br><br>ใ๊ใใ<br>ใ๊ใใใจ |ใใณใ๊ใ<br>ใใณใใ |ใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ |<br><br><br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใ |<br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใ |ใใ๊ใใ |<br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใ |<br>ใใใใ๊ใ |<br><br>ใ๊ใใใ |ใใณใ๊ใใ |ใใใ๊ใใ |<br><br>ใใใน๊ใใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใใ |ใใ๊ใใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใ |<br><br>ใใใใ |<br><br><br>ใ๊ใใ |ใใณใ๊ใ<br>ใใณ๊ใ<br>ใใณใใ |ใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ |<br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใ<br>ใใใน๊ใ |<br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใ |ใใ๊ใใ |<br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใ |<br>ใใใใ |<br><br>ใ๊ใใ |ใใณใ๊ใ<br>ใใณใใ |ใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ |<br><br>ใใใน๊ใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใ |ใใ๊ใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใซ<br>ใซใฏ<br>ใซใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใใใซ<br>ใใใใซ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใใซ๊ใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>ใ๊ใใซ<br>ใ๊ใใซใฏ<br>ใ๊ใใซใ |ใใณใ๊ใซ<br>ใใณใ๊ใซใฏ<br>ใใณใ๊ใซใ<br>ใใณ๊ใซ<br>ใใณ๊ใซใฏ<br>ใใณ๊ใซใ<br>ใใณใใซ<br>ใใณใใซ๊ใฏ<br>ใใณใใซ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใซ<br>ใใใ๊ใซใฏ<br>ใใใ๊ใซใ<br>ใใใ๊ใซ<br>ใใใ๊ใซใฏ<br>ใใใ๊ใซใ<br>ใใใใซ<br>ใใใใซ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใใซ๊ใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใซ<br>ใใใน๊ใใซใฏ<br>ใใใน๊ใใซใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใซ<br>ใใ๊ใใซใฏ<br>ใใ๊ใใซใ |ใใ๊ใใซ<br>ใใ๊ใใซใฏ<br>ใใ๊ใใซใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใซ<br>ใใ๊ใใซใฏ<br>ใใ๊ใใซใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใซ๏ผ๏ฝ่กใใปๆฅใ๏ผ |colspan=2| |ใใณใซ |ใใใใซ |<br>ใใ๊ในใซ |<br>ใใ๊ใใซ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใ (particle) |<br>ใใใใ |<br><br>ใ๊ใใ |ใใณใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใ |<br><br>ใใใน๊ใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใ |ใใ๊ใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใ (adjectival suffix) |colspan=6| |ใใใ |<br>ใ๊ใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใฎ (genitive){{efn|Note how ใฎ deaccents ''odaka'' nouns and ''nakadaka'' nouns ending in a ็นๆฎๆ as mentioned above.}} |ใใใใฎ |ใ๊ใใฎ |colspan=6| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใฎ๏ผ๏ฝใใฎใปใใจ๏ผ<br>ใฎใ<br>ใฎใ |<br><br><br>ใใใใฎ<br>ใใใใฎ๊ใ<br>ใใใใฎ๊ใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br>ใ๊ใใฎ<br>ใ๊ใใฎใ<br>ใ๊ใใฎใ |ใใณใ๊ใฎ<br>ใใณใ๊ใฎใ<br>ใใณใ๊ใฎใ |ใใใ๊ใฎ<br>ใใใ๊ใฎใ<br>ใใใ๊ใฎใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใฎ<br>ใใใน๊ใใฎใ<br>ใใใน๊ใใฎใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใฎ<br>ใใ๊ใใฎใ<br>ใใ๊ใใฎใ |ใใ๊ใใฎ<br>ใใ๊ใใฎใ<br>ใใ๊ใใฎใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใฎ<br>ใใ๊ใใฎใ<br>ใใ๊ใใฎใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใฎ (explanatory)<br>ใฎใ <br>ใฎใง<br>ใฎใซ<br>ใฎใฏ<br>ใฎใงใ |ใใใใช๊ใฎ<br>ใใใใช๊ใฎใ <br>ใใใใช๊ใฎใง<br>ใใใใช๊ใฎใซ<br>ใใใใช๊ใฎใฏ<br>ใใใใช๊ใฎใงใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>ใ๊ใใชใฎ<br>ใ๊ใใชใฎใ <br>ใ๊ใใชใฎใง<br>ใ๊ใใชใฎใซ<br>ใ๊ใใชใฎใฏ<br>ใ๊ใใชใฎใงใ |ใใณใ๊ใฎ<br>ใใณใ๊ใฎใ <br>ใใณใ๊ใฎใง<br>ใใณใ๊ใฎใซ<br>ใใณใ๊ใฎใฏ<br>ใใณใ๊ใฎใงใ |ใใใ๊ใฎ<br>ใใใ๊ใฎใ <br>ใใใ๊ใฎใง<br>ใใใ๊ใฎใซ<br>ใใใ๊ใฎใฏ<br>ใใใ๊ใฎใงใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใฎ<br>ใใใน๊ใใฎใ <br>ใใใน๊ใใฎใง<br>ใใใน๊ใใฎใซ<br>ใใใน๊ใใฎใฏ<br>ใใใน๊ใใฎใงใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใฎ<br>ใใ๊ใใฎใ <br>ใใ๊ใใฎใง<br>ใใ๊ใใฎใซ<br>ใใ๊ใใฎใฏ<br>ใใ๊ใใฎใงใ |ใใ๊ใใฎ<br>ใใ๊ใใฎใ <br>ใใ๊ใใฎใง<br>ใใ๊ใใฎใซ<br>ใใ๊ใใฎใฏ<br>ใใ๊ใใฎใงใ<br>ใใใ๊ใฎ<br>ใใใ๊ใฎใ <br>ใใใ๊ใฎใง<br>ใใใ๊ใฎใซ<br>ใใใ๊ใฎใฏ<br>ใใใ๊ใฎใงใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใฎ<br>ใใ๊ใใฎใ <br>ใใ๊ใใฎใง<br>ใใ๊ใใฎใซ<br>ใใ๊ใใฎใฏ<br>ใใ๊ใใฎใงใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใจ (parallel)<br>ใจใ<br>ใจใฏ<br>ใจใ<br>ใจใง<br>ใจใฐใใ |<br><br><br><br><br>ใใใใจ<br>ใใใใจ๊ใ<br>ใใใใจ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใใจ๊ใ<br>ใใใใจ๊ใง<br>ใใใใจ๊ใฐใใ<br>ใใใใจใฐ๊ใใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>ใ๊ใใจ<br>ใ๊ใใจใ<br>ใ๊ใใจใฏ<br>ใ๊ใใจใ<br>ใ๊ใใจใง |ใใณใ๊ใจ<br>ใใณใ๊ใจใ<br>ใใณใ๊ใจใฏ<br>ใใณใ๊ใจใ<br>ใใณใ๊ใจใง<br>ใใณใใจ<br>ใใณใใจ๊ใ<br>ใใณใใจ๊ใฏ<br>ใใณใใจ๊ใ<br>ใใณใใจ๊ใง |ใใใ๊ใจ<br>ใใใ๊ใจใ<br>ใใใ๊ใจใฏ<br>ใใใ๊ใจใ<br>ใใใ๊ใจใง<br>ใใใใจ<br>ใใใใจ๊ใ<br>ใใใใจ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใใจ๊ใ<br>ใใใใจ๊ใง |<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใจ<br>ใใใน๊ใใจใ<br>ใใใน๊ใใจใฏ<br>ใใใน๊ใใจใ<br>ใใใน๊ใใจใง |<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใจ<br>ใใ๊ใใจใ<br>ใใ๊ใใจใฏ<br>ใใ๊ใใจใ<br>ใใ๊ใใจใง |ใใ๊ใใจ<br>ใใ๊ใใจใ<br>ใใ๊ใใจใฏ<br>ใใ๊ใใจใ<br>ใใ๊ใใจใง<br>ใใใใจ<br>ใใใใจ๊ใ<br>ใใใใจ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใใจ๊ใ<br>ใใใใจ๊ใง |<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใจ<br>ใใ๊ใใจใ<br>ใใ๊ใใจใฏ<br>ใใ๊ใใจใ<br>ใใ๊ใใจใง |-style=vertical-align:top |ใจ (quotative) |ใใใใจ<br>ใใใใ ใจ<br>ใใใ๊ใจ<br>ใใใใ ๊ใจ |<br><br><br><br>ใ๊ใใจ<br>ใ๊ใใ ใจ |<br>ใใณใใจ<br><br>ใใณใ๊ใจ |<br>ใใใใจ<br><br>ใใใ๊ใจ |<br><br><br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใจ |<br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใจ |<br>ใใใใจ<br><br>ใใ๊ใใจ |<br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใจ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใจ (conditional) |ใใใใ ใจ<br>ใใใใ ๊ใจ |<br><br>ใ๊ใใ ใจ |ใใณใใจ<br>ใใณใ๊ใจ |ใใใใจ<br>ใใใ๊ใจ |<br><br>ใใใน๊ใใจ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใจ |ใใใใจ<br>ใใ๊ใใจ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใจ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใจใใฆ |ใใใใจใใฆ |ใ๊ใใจใใฆ |colspan=6| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใฃใฆ |<br><br>ใใใใฃใฆ |<br><br><br>ใ๊ใใฃใฆ |ใใณใ๊ใฃใฆ |ใใใ๊ใฃใฆ |<br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใฃใฆ |<br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใฃใฆ |ใใ๊ใใฃใฆ<br>ใใใ๊ใฃใฆ |<br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใฃใฆ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใช (exclamatory) |ใใใใ ใช |<br>ใ๊ใใ ใช |ใใณใใช |ใใใใช |<br>ใใใน๊ใใช |<br>ใใ๊ใใช |ใใใใช |<br>ใใ๊ใใช |-style=vertical-align:top |ใช (prohibitive) |colspan=2| |ใใณใ๊ใช |ใใใ๊ใช |<br>ใใใน๊ใใช |<br>ใใ๊ใใช |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใช (imperative)<br>ใชใใ |colspan=2| |ใใณใช<br>ใใณใชใ๊ใ |ใใใใช<br>ใใใใชใ๊ใ |ใใในใช<br>ใใในใชใ๊ใ |ใใใใช<br>ใใใใชใ๊ใ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใ ("from")<br>ใใใฏ<br>ใใใ |ใใใใใ<br>ใใใใใ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใใใ๊ใ |<br><br><br>ใ๊ใใใ<br>ใ๊ใใใใฏ<br>ใ๊ใใใใ |colspan=6| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใ ("because")<br>ใใใฏ |ใใใใ ๊ใใ<br>ใใใใ ๊ใใใฏ |<br><br><br><br>ใ๊ใใ ใใ<br>ใ๊ใใ ใใใฏ |ใใณใ๊ใใ<br>ใใณใ๊ใใใฏ |ใใใ๊ใใ<br>ใใใ๊ใใใฏ |<br><br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใใ<br>ใใใน๊ใใใใฏ |<br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใใใฏ |ใใ๊ใใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใใใฏ<br>ใใใ๊ใใ<br>ใใใ๊ใใใฏ |<br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใใใฏ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใ (case) |<br>ใใใใ |<br><br>ใ๊ใใ |ใใณใ๊ใ<br>ใใณใใ |ใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ |<br><br>ใใใน๊ใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใ |ใใ๊ใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใ (adversative) |ใใใใ ๊ใ |<br>ใ๊ใใ ใ |ใใณใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใ |<br>ใใใน๊ใใ |<br>ใใ๊ใใ |ใใ๊ใใ |<br>ใใ๊ใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใ |ใใใใ ๊ใ |<br>ใ๊ใใ ใ |ใใณใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใ |<br>ใใใน๊ใใ |<br>ใใ๊ใใ |ใใ๊ใใ |<br>ใใ๊ใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใฉ<br>ใใใฉ<br>ใใใฉใ |ใใใใ ๊ใใฉ<br>ใใใใ ๊ใใใฉ<br>ใใใใ ๊ใใใฉใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br>ใ๊ใใ ใใฉ<br>ใ๊ใใ ใใใฉ<br>ใ๊ใใ ใใใฉใ |ใใณใ๊ใใฉ<br>ใใณใ๊ใใใฉ<br>ใใณใ๊ใใใฉใ |ใใใ๊ใใฉ<br>ใใใ๊ใใใฉ<br>ใใใ๊ใใใฉใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใใฉ<br>ใใใน๊ใใใใฉ<br>ใใใน๊ใใใใฉใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใใฉ<br>ใใ๊ใใใใฉ<br>ใใ๊ใใใใฉใ |ใใ๊ใใใฉ<br>ใใ๊ใใใใฉ<br>ใใ๊ใใใใฉใ<br>ใใใ๊ใใฉ<br>ใใใ๊ใใใฉ<br>ใใใ๊ใใใฉใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใใฉ<br>ใใ๊ใใใใฉ<br>ใใ๊ใใใใฉใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใ |ใใใใ ๊ใ |<br><br>ใ๊ใใ ใ |ใใณใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใ |<br><br>ใใใน๊ใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใ |ใใ๊ใใ<br>ใใใ๊ใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใ |ใใใใ ใ<br>ใใใใ ๊ใ |<br><br>ใ๊ใใ ใ |ใใณใใ<br>ใใณใ๊ใ |ใใใใ<br>ใใใ๊ใ |<br><br>ใใใน๊ใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใ |ใใใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใ |ใใใใ ใ<br>ใใใใ ๊ใ |<br><br>ใ๊ใใ ใ |ใใณใใ<br>ใใณใ๊ใ |ใใใใ<br>ใใใ๊ใ |<br><br>ใใใน๊ใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใ |ใใใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใ |ใใใใ๊ใ |<br>ใ๊ใใใ |colspan=6| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใใ |<br>ใใใใ๊ใใ |<br><br>ใ๊ใใใใ |ใใณใ๊ใใใ |ใใใ๊ใใใ |<br><br>ใใใน๊ใใใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใใใ |ใใ๊ใใใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใ |<br><br>ใใใใ๊ใ |<br><br><br><br><br>ใ๊ใใใ |ใใณใ๊ใใ<br>ใใณ๊ใใ<br>ใใณใใ๊ใ<br>ใใณใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใใ<br>ใใใ๊ใใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใ |<br><br><br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใใ<br>ใใใน๊ใใ |<br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใใ |ใใ๊ใใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใ<br><br>ใใใ๊ใใ |<br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใใ<br>ใ๊ใใใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใ |ใใใใ๊ใ |<br>ใ๊ใใใ |ใใณใใ๊ใ |ใใใใ๊ใ |<br>ใใใน๊ใใใ |<br>ใใ๊ใใใ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใฎใฟ |ใใใใฎ๊ใฟ |<br><br>ใ๊ใใฎใฟ |ใใณใใฎ๊ใฟ<br>ใใณใ๊ใฎใฟ |ใใใใฎ๊ใฟ<br>ใใใ๊ใฎใฟ |<br><br>ใใใน๊ใใฎใฟ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใฎใฟ |ใใใใฎ๊ใฟ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใฎใฟ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใพใง |ใใใใพ๊ใง |<br><br>ใ๊ใใพใง |ใใณใใพ๊ใง<br>ใใณใ๊ใพใง |ใใใใพ๊ใง<br>ใใใ๊ใพใง |<br><br>ใใใน๊ใใพใง |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใพใง |ใใใใพ๊ใง |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใพใง |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใจ ("every")<br>ใใจใซ<br>ใใจใฎ |<br><br><br>ใใใใ๊ใจ<br>ใใใใ๊ใจใซ<br>ใใใใ๊ใจใฎ |ใ๊ใใใจ<br>ใ๊ใใใจใซ<br>ใ๊ใใใจใฎ<br>ใใใ๊ใจ<br>ใใใ๊ใจใซ<br>ใใใ๊ใจใฎ |<br><br><br>ใใณใใ๊ใจ<br>ใใณใใ๊ใจใซ<br>ใใณใใ๊ใจใฎ |<br><br><br>ใใใใ๊ใจ<br>ใใใใ๊ใจใซ<br>ใใใใ๊ใจใฎ |ใใใน๊ใใใจ<br>ใใใน๊ใใใจใซ<br>ใใใน๊ใใใจใฎ |ใใ๊ใใใจ<br>ใใ๊ใใใจใซ<br>ใใ๊ใใใจใฎ |<br><br><br>ใใใใ๊ใจ<br>ใใใใ๊ใจใซ<br>ใใใใ๊ใจใฎ |ใใ๊ใใใจ<br>ใใ๊ใใใจใซ<br>ใใ๊ใใใจใฎ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใจ ("and allโฆ") |ใใใใใจ |ใใใใจ |colspan=6| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใใใปใใใ |<br>ใใใใ๊ใใ |ใ๊ใใใใ<br>ใใใ๊ใใ |<br>ใใณใใ๊ใใ |<br>ใใใใ๊ใใ |ใใใน๊ใใใใ<br>ใใในใใ๊ใใ |ใใ๊ใใใใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใใ |<br>ใใใใ๊ใใ |ใใ๊ใใใใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใฐใใ |<br>ใใใใฐ๊ใใ |ใ๊ใใฐใใ<br>ใใใฐ๊ใใ |<br>ใใณใใฐ๊ใใ |<br>ใใใใฐ๊ใใ |ใใใน๊ใใฐใใ<br>ใใในใใฐ๊ใใ |ใใ๊ใใฐใใ<br>ใใใใฐ๊ใใ |<br>ใใใใฐ๊ใใ |ใใ๊ใใฐใใ<br>ใใใใฐ๊ใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใฉใใใ<br>ใฉใใใฎ |<br><br>ใใใใฉ๊ใใใ<br>ใใใใฉ๊ใใใฎ |ใ๊ใใฉใใใ<br>ใ๊ใใฉใใใฎ<br>ใใใฉ๊ใใใ<br>ใใใฉ๊ใใใฎ |<br><br>ใใณใใฉ๊ใใใ<br>ใใณใใฉ๊ใใใฎ |<br><br>ใใใใฉ๊ใใใ<br>ใใใใฉ๊ใใใฎ |ใใใน๊ใใฉใใใ<br>ใใใน๊ใใฉใใใฎ<br>ใใในใใฉ๊ใใใ<br>ใใในใใฉ๊ใใใฎ |ใใ๊ใใฉใใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใฉใใใฎ<br>ใใใใฉ๊ใใใ<br>ใใใใฉ๊ใใใฎ |<br><br>ใใใใฉ๊ใใใ<br>ใใใใฉ๊ใใใฎ |ใใ๊ใใฉใใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใฉใใใฎ<br>ใใใใฉ๊ใใใ<br>ใใใใฉ๊ใใใฎ |-style=vertical-align:top |ในใ<br>ในใ |colspan=2| |<br><br>ใใณใใน๊ใ<br>ใใณใใน๊ใ |<br><br>ใใใใน๊ใ<br>ใใใใน๊ใ |ใใใน๊ใในใ<br>ใใใน๊ใในใ<br>ใใในใใน๊ใ<br>ใใในใใน๊ใ |ใใ๊ใในใ<br>ใใ๊ใในใ<br>ใใใใน๊ใ<br>ใใใใน๊ใ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใพใ |colspan=2| |ใใณใใพ๊ใ |ใใใใพ๊ใ |ใใในใใพ๊ใ |ใใใใพ๊ใ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใฟใใ<br>ใฟใใใ <br>ใฟใใใช |ใใใใฟ๊ใใ<br>ใใใใฟ๊ใใใ <br>ใใใใฟ๊ใใใช |<br><br><br>ใ๊ใใฟใใ<br>ใ๊ใใฟใใใ <br>ใ๊ใใฟใใใช |ใใณใใฟ๊ใใ<br>ใใณใใฟ๊ใใใ <br>ใใณใใฟ๊ใใใช |ใใใใฟ๊ใใ<br>ใใใใฟ๊ใใใ <br>ใใใใฟ๊ใใใช |<br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใฟใใ<br>ใใใน๊ใใฟใใใ <br>ใใใน๊ใใฟใใใช |<br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใฟใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใฟใใใ <br>ใใ๊ใใฟใใใช |ใใใใฟ๊ใใ<br>ใใใใฟ๊ใใใ <br>ใใใใฟ๊ใใใช |<br><br><br>ใ๊ใใใฟใใ<br>ใ๊ใใใฟใใใ <br>ใ๊ใใใฟใใใช |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใใ <br>ใใใช<br>ใใใซ |colspan=2| |ใใณใใ๊ใใ <br>ใใณใใ๊ใใช<br>ใใณใใ๊ใใซ |ใใใใ๊ใใ <br>ใใใใ๊ใใช<br>ใใใใ๊ใใซ |<br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใใใ <br>ใใใน๊ใใใใช<br>ใใใน๊ใใใใซ |<br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใใใ <br>ใใ๊ใใใใช<br>ใใ๊ใใใใซ |ใใใใ๊ใใ <br>ใใใใ๊ใใช<br>ใใใใ๊ใใซ |<br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใใใ <br>ใใ๊ใใใใช<br>ใใ๊ใใใใซ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใ (reportative)<br>ใใใ |ใใใใ ใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ ใ๊ใใ |<br><br>ใ๊ใใ ใใ<br>ใ๊ใใ ใใใ |ใใณใใ๊ใ<br>ใใณใใ๊ใใ |ใใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใใ |<br><br>ใใใน๊ใใใ<br>ใใใน๊ใใใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใใใ |ใใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใ (conjectural)<br>ใใใ <br>ใใใช<br>ใใใซ |colspan=2| |ใใณใใ<br>ใใณใใใ <br>ใใณใใใช<br>ใใณใใใซ<br>ใใณใ๊ใ<br>ใใณใ๊ใใ <br>ใใณใ๊ใใช<br>ใใณใ๊ใใซ |ใใใใใ<br>ใใใใใใ <br>ใใใใใใช<br>ใใใใใใซ<br>ใใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใใ <br>ใใใใ๊ใใช<br>ใใใใ๊ใใซ |<br><br><br><br>ใใในใ๊ใ<br>ใใในใ๊ใใ <br>ใใในใ๊ใใช<br>ใใในใ๊ใใซ |<br><br><br><br>ใใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใใ <br>ใใใใ๊ใใช<br>ใใใใ๊ใใซ |ใใใใ<br>ใใใใใ <br>ใใใใใช<br>ใใใใใซ<br>ใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใ๊ใใ <br>ใใใ๊ใใช<br>ใใใ๊ใใซ |<br><br><br><br>ใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใ๊ใใ <br>ใใใ๊ใใช<br>ใใใ๊ใใซ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใชใใ |ใใใใชใใ<br>ใใใใช๊ใใ |ใใใชใใ<br>ใใใช๊ใใ |ใใณใชใใ<br>ใใณใช๊ใใ |ใใใใชใใ<br>ใใใใช๊ใใ |<br>ใใในใช๊ใใ |<br>ใใใใช๊ใใ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใคใค |colspan=2| |ใใณ๊ใคใค<br>ใใณใค๊ใค |ใใใ๊ใคใค<br>ใใใใค๊ใค |ใใใน๊ใคใค<br>ใใในใค๊ใค |ใใใ๊ใคใค<br>ใใใใค๊ใค |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใ<br>ใใใฃใ<br>ใใใฆ<br>ใใใใฐ |colspan=2| |ใใณใใ<br>ใใณใ๊ใ<br>ใใณใ๊ใใฃใ<br>ใใณใ๊ใใฆ<br>ใใณใ๊ใใใฐ |ใใใใใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใใฃใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใใฆ<br>ใใใใ๊ใใใฐ |<br>ใใในใ๊ใ<br>ใใในใ๊ใใฃใ<br>ใใในใ๊ใใฆ<br>ใใในใ๊ใใใฐ |<br>ใใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใใฃใ<br>ใใใใ๊ใใฆ<br>ใใใใ๊ใใใฐ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใใ |colspan=2| |ใใณใใ๊ใ<br>ใใณใใใ |ใใใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใใใ |ใใในใใ๊ใ |ใใใใใ๊ใ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใฆใ |colspan=2| |ใใณใ๊ใฆใ |ใใใใ๊ใฆใ |ใใในใ๊ใฆใ |ใใใใ๊ใฆใ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใปใ <br>ใใใปใ ใ<br>ใใใปใ ใ<br>ใใฃใใปใ ใฃใ |colspan=2| |ใใณใ<br>ใใณใ๊ใ<br>ใใณใ๊ใ<br>ใใณใ๊ใฃใ |ใใใฃใ<br>ใใใฃใ๊ใ<br>ใใใฃใ๊ใ<br>ใใใฃใ๊ใฃใ |<br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ในใ<br>ใใ๊ในใใ<br>ใใ๊ในใใ<br>ใใ๊ในใใฃใ |<br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใ <br>ใใ๊ใใ ใ<br>ใใ๊ใใ ใ<br>ใใ๊ใใ ใฃใ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใฆใปใง<br>ใฆใ ใใปใงใ ใ<br>ใฆใฐใใใปใงใฐใใ<br>ใฆใฏใปใงใฏ<br>ใฆใใปใงใ<br>ใฆใใใปใงใใ<br>ใฆใใใปใงใใ<br>ใฆใใปใงใ<br>ใฆใใปใงใ<br>ใฆใฆใปใงใฆ<br>ใฆใฟใใปใงใฟใ |colspan=2| |ใใณใฆ<br>ใใณใฆใ ใ<br>ใใณใฆใฐ๊ใใ<br>ใใณใฆ๊ใ ใ<br>ใใณใฆ๊ใฐใใ<br>ใใณใฆ๊ใฏ<br>ใใณใฆ๊ใ<br>ใใณใฆ๊ใใ<br>ใใณใฆใใ<br>ใใณใฆใ<br>ใใณใฆ๊ใ<br>ใใณใฆ๊ใฆ<br>ใใณใฆใฟ๊ใ |ใใใฃใฆ<br>ใใใฃใฆใ ใ<br>ใใใฃใฆใฐ๊ใใ<br>ใใใฃใฆ๊ใ ใ<br>ใใใฃใฆ๊ใฐใใ<br>ใใใฃใฆ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใฃใฆ๊ใ<br>ใใใฃใฆ๊ใใ<br>ใใใฃใฆใใ<br>ใใใฃใฆใ<br>ใใใฃใฆ๊ใ<br>ใใใฃใฆ๊ใฆ<br>ใใใฃใฆใฟ๊ใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ในใฆ<br>ใใ๊ในใฆใ ใ<br>ใใ๊ในใฆใฐใใ<br>ใใ๊ในใฆใฏ<br>ใใ๊ในใฆใ<br>ใใ๊ในใฆใใ<br>ใใ๊ในใฆใใ<br>ใใ๊ในใฆใ<br>ใใ๊ในใฆใ<br>ใใ๊ในใฆใฆ<br>ใใ๊ในใฆใฟใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใง<br>ใใ๊ใใงใ ใ<br>ใใ๊ใใงใฐใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใงใฏ<br>ใใ๊ใใงใ<br>ใใ๊ใใงใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใงใใ<br>ใใ๊ใใงใ<br>ใใ๊ใใงใ<br>ใใ๊ใใงใฆ<br>ใใ๊ใใงใฟใ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใฆใชใใปใงใชใ |colspan=2| |ใใณใฆใช๊ใ |ใใใฃใฆใช๊ใ |<br>ใใ๊ในใฆใใช๊ใ |<br>ใใ๊ใใงใใช๊ใ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใ <br>ใ ใฃใ<br>ใ ใฃใฆ |ใใใใ <br>ใใใใ ๊ใฃใ<br>ใใใใ ๊ใฃใฆ |<br><br><br>ใ๊ใใ <br>ใ๊ใใ ใฃใ<br>ใ๊ใใ ใฃใฆ |colspan=6| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใ ใใ |ใใใใ ใ๊ใ |<br><br><br>ใ๊ใใ ใใ |ใใณใใ ใ๊ใ<br>ใใณใ๊ใ ใใ |ใใใใ ใ๊ใ<br>ใใใ๊ใ ใใ |<br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใใ ใใ |<br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใ ใใ |ใใใใ ใ๊ใ<br>ใใ๊ใใ ใใ<br>ใใใ๊ใ ใใ |<br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใ ใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใงใใใ |ใใใใงใใ๊ใ |<br><br>ใ๊ใใงใใใ |ใใณใใงใใ๊ใ<br>ใใณใ๊ใงใใใ |ใใใใงใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใ๊ใงใใใ |<br><br>ใใใน๊ใใงใใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใงใใใ |ใใใใงใใ๊ใ<br>ใใ๊ใใงใใใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใงใใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใงใ<br>ใงใใ |<br><br><br><br>ใใใใง๊ใ<br>ใใใใง๊ใใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br>ใ๊ใใงใ<br>ใ๊ใใงใใ |colspan=4| |ใใ๊ใใงใ<br>ใใ๊ใใงใใ<br>ใใใ๊ใงใ<br>ใใใ๊ใงใใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br>ใใ๊ใใงใ<br>ใใ๊ใใงใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใพใ<br>ใพใใ<br>ใพใใใ<br>ใพใใ |colspan=2| |ใใณใพ๊ใ<br>ใใณใพ๊ใใ<br>ใใณใพใใ๊ใ<br>ใใณใพใ๊ใ |ใใใใพ๊ใ<br>ใใใใพ๊ใใ<br>ใใใใพใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใพใ๊ใ |ใใในใพ๊ใ<br>ใใในใพ๊ใใ<br>ใใในใพใใ๊ใ<br>ใใในใพใ๊ใ |ใใใใพ๊ใ<br>ใใใใพ๊ใใ<br>ใใใใพใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใใพใ๊ใ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใปใใ |colspan=2| |ใใณใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใ |ใใในใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใจใปใใใจ |colspan=2| |ใใณใ๊ใใจ<br>ใใณใใใจ |ใใใ๊ใใจ<br>ใใใใใจ |ใใในใ๊ใใจ |ใใใ๊ใใจ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใใปใใใ<br>ใใใปใใใ |colspan=2| |ใใณใใใ<br>ใใณใใใ |ใใใใใ<br>ใใใใใ |<br><br>ใใในใใ๊ใ<br>ใใในใ๊ใใ |<br><br>ใใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใ๊ใใ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใใปใใใ<br>ใใใปใใใ |colspan=2| |ใใณใใใ<br>ใใณใใใ |ใใใใใ<br>ใใใใใ |<br><br>ใใในใใ๊ใ<br>ใใในใ๊ใใ |<br><br>ใใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใใ๊ใใ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใชใ<br>ใชใใง<br>ใชใใฃใ |colspan=2| |ใใณใชใ<br>ใใณใช๊ใ{{Efn|name=fn1|Some speakers born as far back as in 1930 had been using this accent.}}<br>ใใณใช๊ใใง<br>ใใณใช๊ใใฃใ |ใใใใชใ<br>ใใใใช๊ใ{{Efn|name=fn1}}<br>ใใใใช๊ใใง<br>ใใใใช๊ใใฃใ |<br><br><br><br>ใใใน๊ใชใ<br>ใใใน๊ใชใใง<br>ใใใน๊ใชใใฃใ |<br><br><br><br>ใใใ๊ใชใ<br>ใใใ๊ใชใใง<br>ใใใ๊ใชใใฃใ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใซ |colspan=2| |ใใณใใซ |ใใใใใซ |<br>ใใใน๊ใใซ |<br>ใใ๊ใใใซ<br>ใใใ๊ใใซ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใ |colspan=2| |ใใณใ๊ใ |ใใใใ๊ใ |ใใในใ๊ใ |ใใใใ๊ใ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใฐ |colspan=2| |ใใณใ๊ใฐ |ใใใ๊ใฐ |<br>ใใใน๊ใใฐ |<br>ใใ๊ใใฐ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใฉ<br>ใฉใ |colspan=2| |ใใณใ๊ใฉ<br>ใใณใ๊ใฉใ |ใใใ๊ใฉ<br>ใใใ๊ใฉใ |<br><br>ใใใน๊ใใฉ<br>ใใใน๊ใใฉใ |<br><br>ใใ๊ใใฉ<br>ใใ๊ใใฉใ |colspan=2| |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใฃใ |colspan=6| |ใใ๊ใใฃใ |<br>ใ๊ใใใฃใ<br>ใใ๊ใใฃใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใใ |colspan=6| |ใใใใ๊ใ |<br>ใ๊ใใใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใ<br>ใใฏ<br>ใใ |colspan=6| |ใใใ<br>ใใใ๊ใฏ<br>ใใใ๊ใ<br>ใใ๊ใ<br>ใใ๊ใใฏ<br>ใใ๊ใใ |<br><br><br><br><br><br>ใ๊ใใ<br>ใ๊ใใใฏ<br>ใ๊ใใใ<br>ใใ๊ใ<br>ใใ๊ใใฏ<br>ใใ๊ใใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใฆ |colspan=6| |ใใ๊ใใฆ<br>ใใใ๊ใฆ |<br><br>ใ๊ใใใฆ<br>ใใ๊ใใฆ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใชใ |colspan=6| |ใใใใช๊ใ |<br>ใ๊ใใใใช๊ใ<br>ใใ๊ใใใช๊ใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใชใ |colspan=6| |ใใใใช๊ใ |<br>ใ๊ใใใใช๊ใ<br>ใใ๊ใใใช๊ใ<br>ใใใใช๊ใ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใใฐ |colspan=6| |ใใ๊ใใใฐ |<br>ใ๊ใใใใฐ<br>ใใ๊ใใใฐ |-style=vertical-align:top |ใใ |colspan=6| |ใใใ๊ใ |ใใใ๊ใ |} =====Trailing ่ฃๅฉๅ่ฉ===== Like ๅฉๅ่ฉ ("auxiliaries"), ่ฃๅฉๅ่ฉ ("supplementary verbs") also modify the accent of the verbs they trail. According to the ''[[Daijirin]]'' and Kori (2020):<ref name=Kori2020/> *ใฎใ + ใ๊ใฆ โ ใฎใใใฆ๏ผไนใ็ซใฆ๏ผ *ใฎ๊ใ + ใ๊ใฆ โ ใฎใฟใใฆ๏ผ้ฃฒใฟ็ซใฆ๏ผ *ใใในใ + ใคใใ โ ใใในใฅใ๊ใ๏ผๆฏใน่พใ๏ผ *ใฎใ + ใคใใ โ ใฎใใฅใ๊ใ or ใฎใใฅใใ๏ผไนใ่พใ๏ผ *ใใใน๊ใ + ใคใใ โ ใใในใฅใ๊ใ๏ผ่ชฟใน่พใ๏ผ *ใฎ๊ใ + ใคใใ โ ใฎใฟใฅใ๊ใ or ใฎใฟใฅใใ๏ผ้ฃฒใฟ่พใ๏ผ *ใใในใ + ใซใ๊ใ โ ใใในใซใ๊ใ๏ผๆฏในๆใ๏ผ *ใฎใ + ใซใ๊ใ โ ใฎใใซใ๊ใ๏ผไนใๆใ๏ผ *ใใใน๊ใ + ใซใ๊ใ โ ใใในใซใ๊ใ๏ผ่ชฟในๆใ๏ผ *ใฎ๊ใ + ใซใ๊ใ โ ใฎใฟใซใ๊ใ๏ผ้ฃฒใฟๆใ๏ผ =====่ฃๅฉๅ่ฉ vs ๆฌๅ่ฉ===== As ่ฃๅฉๅ่ฉ ("supplementary verbs") are grammaticalized ๆฌๅ่ฉ ("main verbs"), they do not have the same accent patterns as their main verb ancestors. Compare:<ref name=poser/> *ใ๊ใ โ ใ๊ใใง ใฟ๊ใ๏ผ่ชญใใง่ฆใ "read and see"๏ผ: the main verb ่ฆใ, spelt with a kanji, retains its accent *ใ๊ใ โ ใ๊ใใงใฟใ๏ผ่ชญใใงใฟใ "try seeing"๏ผ: the supplementary verb ใฟใ, spelt with only kana, does not have its own accent In the above example, ่ชญใใง is accented and apparently "suppresses" the accent of ใฟใ. However, in case of an unaccented ใฆ form, the accent of ใฟใ emerges: *ใใใ โ ใใใฃใฆใฟ๊ใ๏ผ็ฌใฃใฆใฟใ "try laughing"๏ผ Also compare how [[Stress and vowel reduction in English#Weak and strong forms of function words|auxiliaries verbs in English are usually weak, while their main verb ancestors are always strong]]: ''Do you do it?'' {{IPA|/dษ jษ หdสwโฟษชt/}}, ''I had had it'' {{IPA|/aj hษd หhรฆdโฟษชt/}}. =====Compound ''-suru'' verbs===== In two-or-more-kanji Sino-Japanese compounds, or native or foreign compounds, the accent of the word before ''-suru'' takes precedence: *ใใใพ + ใใ โ ใใใพใใ๏ผ้ช้ญใใ๏ผ *ใใ๊ + ใใ โ ใใ๊ใใ๏ผไธ่ฉฑใใ๏ผ *ใใใช๊ใ + ใใ โ ใใใช๊ใใใ๏ผๆกๅ ใใ๏ผ *ใใ๊ใ + ใใ โ ใใ๊ใใใ๏ผ่จฑๅฏใใ๏ผ * ใคใ + ใใ โ ใคใใใ๏ผ็ถใใใ๏ผ * ใใณ๊ + ใใ โ ใใณ๊ใใ๏ผๆ ใใ๏ผ * ใ๊ใ + ใใ โ ใ๊ใใใ๏ผๆฑใใ๏ผ * ใใ๊ใ + ใใ โ ใใ๊ใใใ๏ผๅฟใใ๏ผ * ใช๊ใฟใ + ใใ โ ใช๊ใฟใ ใใ๏ผๆถใใ๏ผ * ใ ๊ใฃใ + ใใ โ ใ ๊ใฃใใใ๏ผๆฑใฃใใใ๏ผ * ใ๊ใผใฏ + ใใ โ ใ๊ใผใฏใใ * ใชใ๊ใใ + ใใ โ ใชใ๊ใใใใ * ใ๊ใในใซ + ใใ โ ใ๊ใในใซใใ This is also the case for some single-kanji compounds where the kanji is generally capable of representing a free word with its own accent: *ใจใ + ใใ โ ใจใใใ๏ผๅพใใ๏ผ *ใใ๊ + ใใ โ ใใ๊ใใ๏ผๆฅฝใใ๏ผ *ใ๊ใ + ใใ โ ใ๊ใใใ๏ผๆใใ๏ผ ====Numerals==== The following table lists some compounds of [[Japanese numerals|numerals]] and their accent. {| class="wikitable" ! !ร1 !ร10 !ร100 !ร1,000 !ร10,000 !colspan=3|ร100,000 !colspan=2|ร1,000,000 !ร10,000,000 !ร100,000,000 !ร1,000,000,000 |- !1 |ใใก๊ |ใใ ๊ใ |ใฒใใ๊ |ใ๊ใ |ใใกใพ๊ใ | |ใใ ใใพ๊ใ | | |ใฒใใใพ๊ใ |ใใฃใใใพ๊ใ |ใใก๊ใใ |ใใ ๊ใใใ |- !2 |ใซ๊ |style="background:yellow"|ใซ๊ใใ ใ |ใซใฒใใ๊ |ใซใ๊ใ |ใซใพ๊ใ |style="background:yellow"|ใซ๊ใใ ใใพใ |ใซใใ ใใพ๊ใ |ใซใใ ๊ใใพใ | |ใซใฒใใใพ๊ใ |ใซใใใพ๊ใ |ใซ๊ใใ | |- !3 |style="background:yellow"|ใใ |style="background:yellow"|ใ๊ใใใ ใ |style="background:yellow"|ใ๊ใใณใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |ใใใพ๊ใ |style="background:yellow"|ใ๊ใใใ ใใพใ |ใใใใ ใใพ๊ใ |ใใใใ ๊ใใพใ |style="background:yellow"|ใ๊ใใณใใใพใ |ใใใณใใใพ๊ใ |ใใใใใพ๊ใ |ใ๊ใใใ | |- !rowspan=2|4 |ใ๊ใ |style="background:yellow"|ใ๊ใใใ ใ |style="background:yellow"|ใ๊ใใฒใใ |ใใใ๊ใ |ใใใพ๊ใ |style="background:yellow"|ใ๊ใใใ ใใพใ |ใใใใ ใใพ๊ใ |ใใใใ ๊ใใพใ |style="background:yellow"|ใ๊ใใฒใใใพใ |ใใใฒใใใพ๊ใ |ใใใใใพ๊ใ |ใ๊ใใใ | |- |ใ๊ |ใใใ ๊ใ |ใใฒใใ๊ | | | | | | | | | | |- !rowspan=2|5 |ใ๊ |rowspan=2|ใใใ ๊ใ |rowspan=2|ใใฒใใ๊ |rowspan=2|ใใ๊ใ |rowspan=2|ใใพ๊ใ |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|ใใใ ใใพ๊ใ |rowspan=2|ใใใ ๊ใใพใ |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|ใใฒใใใพ๊ใ |rowspan=2|ใใใใพ๊ใ |rowspan=2|ใ๊ใใ |rowspan=2| |- |style="background:yellow"|ใ{{efn|Only in conservative varieties.{{sfnp|Labrune|2012|p=242}}|name=onlycons}} |- !6 |ใใ๊ |ใใใใ ๊ใ |ใใฃใดใใ๊ |ใใใ๊ใ |ใใใพ๊ใ | |ใใใใ ใใพ๊ใ |ใใใใ ๊ใใพใ | |ใใฃใดใใใพ๊ใ |ใใใใใพ๊ใ |ใใ๊ใใ | |- !rowspan=2|7 |style="background:yellow"|ใช๊ใช |style="background:yellow"|ใชใช๊ใใ ใ |style="background:yellow"|ใชใช๊ใฒใใ |ใชใชใ๊ใ |ใชใชใพ๊ใ | |ใชใชใใ ใใพ๊ใ |ใชใชใใ ๊ใใพใ | |ใชใชใฒใใใพ๊ใ |ใชใชใใใพ๊ใ |ใชใช๊ใใ | |- |ใใก๊ |ใใกใใ ๊ใ |ใใกใฒใใ๊ |ใใกใ๊ใ |ใใกใพ๊ใ | |ใใกใใ ใใพ๊ใ |ใใกใใ ๊ใใพใ | |ใใกใฒใใใพ๊ใ |ใใกใใใพ๊ใ |ใใก๊ใใ | |- !8 |ใฏใก๊ |ใฏใกใใ ๊ใ |ใฏใฃใดใใ๊ |ใฏใฃใ๊ใ |ใฏใกใพ๊ใ | |ใฏใกใใ ใใพ๊ใ |ใฏใกใใ ๊ใใพใ | |ใฏใฃใดใใใพ๊ใ |ใฏใฃใใใพ๊ใ |ใฏใก๊ใใ | |- !rowspan=3|9 |ใใ ๊ใ |style="background:yellow"|ใใ ๊ใใใ ใ |style="background:yellow"|ใใ ๊ใใฒใใ |ใใ ใใ๊ใ |ใใ ใใพ๊ใ |style="background:yellow"|ใใ ๊ใใใ ใใพใ |ใใ ใใใ ใใพ๊ใ |ใใ ใใใ ๊ใใพใ |style="background:yellow"|ใใ ๊ใใฒใใใพใ |ใใ ใใฒใใใพ๊ใ |ใใ ใใใใพ๊ใ |ใใ ๊ใใใ | |- |ใ๊ |rowspan=2|ใใใ ๊ใ |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2|ใใพ๊ใ |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |rowspan=2| |- |style="background:yellow"|ใ{{efn|name=onlycons}} |} A few patterns can be spotted: *For numerals from 1-9 (ใใก๏ฝใใ ใใปใ), the accent is tentatively placed on the last mora, and if that mora is a ็นๆฎๆ, the accent is shifted backward. Exceptions include ใใ and ใช๊ใช. *For compounds from 10-90 (ใใ ใ๏ฝใใ ใใใ ใใปใใใ ใ), ใใ is accented, except in ใซ๊ใใ ใใใ๊ใใใ ใใใ๊ใใใ ใใใชใช๊ใใ ใใใใ ๊ใใใ ใ. *For compounds from 100-900 (ใฒใใ๏ฝใใ ใใฒใใ), the accent is ''odaka'', except in ใ๊ใใณใใใใ๊ใใฒใใใใชใช๊ใฒใใใใใ ๊ใใฒใใ. *For compounds from 1,000-100,000 (ใใ๏ฝใใ ใใพใ), the accented morae are ใใปใ and ใพ. *For compounds from 200,000-900,000 (ใซใใ ใใพใ๏ฝใใ ใใใ ใใพใ), either ใใ or ใพ can be accented. Alternative exceptions include ใซ๊ใใ ใใพใใใ๊ใใใ ใใพใใใ๊ใใใ ใใพใใใใ ๊ใใใ ใใพใ. *For compounds from 1,000,000-90,000,000 (ใฒใใใพใ๏ฝใใ ใใใใพใ), the accented mora is ใพ. Alternative exceptions include ใ๊ใใณใใใพใใใ๊ใใฒใใใพใใใใ ๊ใใฒใใใพใ. *For compounds from 100,000,000-1,000,000,000 (ใใกใใ๏ฝใใ ใใใ), the accent is tentatively placed on the last mora of the first numeral, and if that mora is a ็นๆฎๆ, the accent is shifted backward. Compounds from 11-19: *ใใ ๊ใ + {{font color|red|ใใก๊}} โ ใใ ใ{{font color|red|ใใก๊}} *ใใ ๊ใ + {{font color|red|ใซ๊}} โ ใใ ใ{{font color|red|ใซ๊}} *ใใ ๊ใ + {{font color|red|ใ๊ใ}} โ ใใ ใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใ}} *ใใ ๊ใ + {{font color|red|ใ๊}} โ ใใ ใ{{font color|red|ใ๊}} *ใใ ๊ใ + {{font color|red|ใใ๊}} โ ใใ ใ{{font color|red|ใใ๊}} *ใใ ๊ใ + {{font color|red|ใช๊ใช}} โ ใใ ใ{{font color|red|ใช๊ใช}} *ใใ ๊ใ + {{font color|red|ใใก๊}} โ ใใ ใ{{font color|red|ใใก๊}} *ใใ ๊ใ + {{font color|red|ใฏใก๊}} โ ใใ ใ{{font color|red|ใฏใก๊}} *ใใ ๊ใ + {{font color|red|ใใ ๊ใ}} โ ใใ ใ{{font color|red|ใใ ๊ใ}} *{{font color|red|ใใ ๊ใ}} + ใใ โ {{font color|red|ใใ ๊ใ}}ใใ *{{font color|red|ใใ ๊ใ}} + ใ๊ โ {{font color|red|ใใ ๊ใ}}ใ *{{font color|red|ใใ ๊ใ}} + ใ๊ โ {{font color|red|ใใ ๊ใ}}ใ Additional rules for compounding: #For regular compounds from 20-90 whose accented mora is ใใ , and from 100-900 with ''odaka'' accent, if they additionally compound with a numeral or another compound, the 2nd component's accent takes precedence: #*ใใใ ๊ใ + {{font color|red|ใใก๊}} โ ใใใ ใ{{font color|red|ใใก๊}} #*ใใใ ๊ใ + {{font color|red|ใใ}} โ ใใใ ใ{{font color|red|ใใ}} #*ใใใ ๊ใ + {{font color|red|ใใ๊}} โ ใใใ ใ{{font color|red|ใใ๊}} #*ใใใ ๊ใ + {{font color|red|ใช๊ใช}} โ ใใใ ใ{{font color|red|ใช๊ใช}} #*ใใฒใใ๊ + {{font color|red|ใใ}} โ ใใฒใใ{{font color|red|ใใ}} #*ใใฒใใ๊ + {{font color|red|ใใ๊}} โ ใใฒใใ{{font color|red|ใใ๊}} #*ใใฒใใ๊ + {{font color|red|ใช๊ใช}} โ ใใฒใใ{{font color|red|ใช๊ใช}} #*ใใฒใใ๊ + {{font color|red|ใซ๊ใใ ใ}} โ ใใฒใใ{{font color|red|ใซ๊ใใ ใ}} #*ใใฒใใ๊ + {{font color|red|ใ๊ใใใ ใ}} โ ใใฒใใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใใ ใ}} #*ใใฒใใ๊ + {{font color|red|ใใใ ๊ใ}} โ ใใฒใใ{{font color|red|ใใใ ๊ใ}} #*ใใฒใใ๊ + {{font color|red|ใใใ ใใใก๊}} โ ใใฒใใ{{font color|red|ใใใ ใใใก๊}} #For irregular compounds from 20-900 (in yellow cells in the table), the 1st component's accent takes precedence; if the 2nd component is accented, its accent is, alternatively, kept: #*{{font color|red|ใซ๊ใใ ใ}} + ใใ โ {{font color|red|ใซ๊ใใ ใ}}ใใ #*{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใณใใ}} + ใใ โ {{font color|red|ใ๊ใใณใใ}}ใใ #*{{font color|red|ใซ๊ใใ ใ}} + ใใ๊ โ {{font color|red|ใซ๊ใใ ใ}}ใใ or {{font color|red|ใซ๊ใใ ใ}}ใใใ๊ #*{{font color|red|ใซ๊ใใ ใ}} + ใช๊ใช โ {{font color|red|ใซ๊ใใ ใ}}ใชใช or {{font color|red|ใซ๊ใใ ใ}}ใใช๊ใช #*{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใณใใ}} + ใใ๊ โ {{font color|red|ใ๊ใใณใใ}}ใใ or {{font color|red|ใ๊ใใณใใ}}ใใใ๊ #*{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใณใใ}} + ใช๊ใช โ {{font color|red|ใ๊ใใณใใ}}ใชใช or {{font color|red|ใ๊ใใณใใ}}ใใช๊ใช #*{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใณใใ}} + ใซ๊ใใ ใ โ {{font color|red|ใ๊ใใณใใ}}ใซใใ ใ or {{font color|red|ใ๊ใใณใใ}}ใใซ๊ใใ ใ #*{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใณใใ}} + ใใใ ๊ใ โ {{font color|red|ใ๊ใใณใใ}}ใใใ ใ or {{font color|red|ใ๊ใใณใใ}}ใใใใ ๊ใ #*{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใณใใ}} + ใใใ ใใใก๊ โ {{font color|red|ใ๊ใใณใใ}}ใใใ ใใใก or {{font color|red|ใ๊ใใณใใ}}ใใใใ ใใใก๊ #Compounds resulting from rule 1 follow rule 2: #*{{font color|red|ใใฒใใใ๊ใใใ ใ}} + ใใ โ {{font color|red|ใใฒใใใ๊ใใใ ใ}}ใใ #*{{font color|red|ใใฒใใใ๊ใใใ ใ}} + ใใ๊ โ {{font color|red|ใใฒใใใ๊ใใใ ใ}}ใใ or {{font color|red|ใใฒใใใ๊ใใใ ใ}}ใใใ๊ #*{{font color|red|ใใฒใใใ๊ใใใ ใ}} + ใช๊ใช โ {{font color|red|ใใฒใใใ๊ใใใ ใ}}ใชใช or {{font color|red|ใใฒใใใ๊ใใใ ใ}}ใใช๊ใช ====Numeral+counter==== Compounds formed from one or more numerals and a counter often obey certain rules. Counters can be categorized into five groups, and multiple subgroups, depending on the resulting accent: *Group D: The resulting accent is mostly accentless: **Group D1: Always: ***้ฑ๏ผใใ ใ๏ผ โ ใใฃใใ ใใใซใใ ใใใใใใ ใใใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใใใใ ใใใชใชใใ ใใใฏใฃใใ ใใใใ ใใใ ใใใใ ใฃใใ ใใปใใฃใใ ใ ***ๅ๏ผใฐใ๏ผ โ ใใกใฐใใใซใฐใใใใใฐใใใใใฐใใใใฐใใใใใฐใใใชใชใฐใใใฏใกใฐใใใใ ใใฐใใใใ ใใฐใ ***ๆ ก๏ผใใ๏ผ("[[Proofreading|proof]]", ordinal) โ ใใฃใใใปใใใใใใซใใใปใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใฃใใใใชใชใใใใฏใกใใใใใ ใใใใใใ ใฃใใใปใใฃใใ ***ไบบๅ๏ผใซใใพใ๏ผ โ ใใกใซใใพใใใซใซใใพใใใใใซใใพใใใใซใใพใใใใซใใพใใใใใซใใพใใใใกใซใใพใใปใชใชใซใใพใใใฏใกใซใใพใใใใซใใพใใปใใ ใใซใใพใใใใ ใใซใใพใ ***ๅนด็๏ผใญใใใ๏ผ ("[[Annual plant|annual]]/[[biennial plant]]", cardinal) โ ใใกใญใใใใใซใญใใใ **Group D2: With exceptions: ***ๅ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใกใใใใซใใใใใใใใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใใปใ๊ใใใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใ}}ใใใใใใ{{font color|red|ใชใช๊ใใ}}ใใฏใกใใใ{{font color|red|ใใ ๊ใใใ}}ใใใ ใใใ **Group D3: With exceptions: ***ๆฅ๏ผใ๏ผ (ordinal) โ {{font color|red|ใคใใใก๊}}ใใตใคใใใฟใฃใใใใฃใใใใคใใป{{font color|red|ใใคใ๊}}ใใใใใใชใฎใใปใชใฌใใใใใใ{{font color|red|ใใใฎใ๊}}ใใจใใ *Group E: The resulting accent is mostly ''odaka'': **Group E1: Always: ***ไธ็ฎ๏ผใกใใใ๏ผ (ordinal) โ ใใฃใกใใใ๊ใใซใกใใใ๊ใใใใกใใใ๊ใใใใกใใใ๊ใใใกใใใ๊ใใใใกใใใ๊ใใชใชใกใใใ๊ใใฏใฃใกใใใ๊ใใใ ใใกใใใ๊ใใใ ใฃใกใใใ๊ใปใใฃใกใใใ๊ ***็ช็ฎ๏ผใฐใใ๏ผ (ordinal) โ ใใกใฐใใ๊ใใซใฐใใ๊ใใใใฐใใ๊ใใใใฐใใ๊ใปใใฐใใ๊ใใใฐใใ๊ใใใใฐใใ๊ใใชใชใฐใใ๊ใใฏใกใฐใใ๊ใใใ ใใฐใใ๊ใปใใฐใใ๊ใใใ ใใฐใใ๊ ***ๅบฆ็ฎ๏ผใฉใ๏ผ (ordinal) โ ใใกใฉใ๊ใใซใฉใ๊ใใใใฉใ๊ใใใใฉใ๊ใปใใฉใ๊ใใใฉใ๊ใใใใฉใ๊ใใชใชใฉใ๊ใปใใกใฉใ๊ใใฏใกใฉใ๊ใใใ ใใฉใ๊ใปใใฉใ๊ใใใ ใใฉใ๊ **Group E2: With exceptions: ***ๆ๏ผใใค๏ผ (ordinal) โ ใใกใใค๊ใใซใใค๊ใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใใค}}ใใใใค๊ใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใค}}ใใใใใค๊ใใใกใใค๊ใใฏใกใใค๊ใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใค}}ใใใ ใใใค๊ใใใ ใใใกใใค๊ใใใ ใใซใใค๊ **Group E3: With exceptions: ***ๅฐบ๏ผใใใ๏ผ โ ใใฃใใใ๊ใใซใใใ๊ใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใใใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใใใ}}ใใใใใ๊ใใใใใใ๊ใ{{font color|red|ใชใช๊ใใใ}}ใใฏใฃใใใ๊ใ{{font color|red|ใใ ๊ใใใใ}}ใใใ ใฃใใใ๊ใปใใฃใใใ๊ **Group E4: With exceptions: ***ๅบฆ๏ผใฉ๏ผ ("time", cardinal) โ ใใกใฉ๊ใใซใฉ๊ใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใฉ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใฉ}}ใปใใฉ๊ใใใฉ๊ใ{{font color|red|ใใ๊ใฉ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใชใช๊ใฉ}}ใป{{font color|red|ใใก๊ใฉ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใฏใก๊ใฉ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใใ ๊ใใฉ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใใ ๊ใใฉ}} **Group E5: With exceptions: ***ๆฒ๏ผใใใ๏ผ โ ใใฃใใใ๊ใ{{font color|red|ใซ๊ใใใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใใใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใใใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใใ}}ใใใฃใใใ๊ใ{{font color|red|ใชใช๊ใใใ}}ใใฏใกใใใ๊ใ{{font color|red|ใใ ๊ใใใใ}}ใใใ ใฃใใใ๊ใปใใฃใใใ๊ *Group F: In the resulting compound, the counter's first mora is mostly accented: **Group F1: Always: ***ๆ้๏ผใใใ๏ผ (cardinal) โ ใใกใ๊ใใใใซใ๊ใใใใใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใใใใ๊ใใใใใกใ๊ใใใปใชใชใ๊ใใใใฏใกใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใปใใ ใใ๊ใใใใใ ใใ๊ใใ ***ๆ้๏ผใใใ๏ผ โ ใใกใ๊ใใใใซใ๊ใใใใใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใใใใ๊ใใใใใกใ๊ใใใใฏใกใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใปใใ ใใ๊ใใใใใ ใใ๊ใใ ***ๆฎต้๏ผใ ใใใ๏ผ โ ใใกใ ๊ใใใใใซใ ๊ใใใใใใใ ๊ใใใใใใใ ๊ใใใใใใ ๊ใใใใใใใ ๊ใใใใใชใชใ ๊ใใใใใฏใกใ ๊ใใใใใใ ใใ ๊ใใใใใใ ใใ ๊ใใใ ***็ชๅฐ๏ผใฐใใก๏ผ (ordinal) โ ใใกใฐ๊ใใกใใซใฐ๊ใใกใใใใฐ๊ใใกใใใใฐ๊ใใกใใใฐ๊ใใกใใใใฐ๊ใใกใใชใชใฐ๊ใใกใใฏใกใฐ๊ใใกใใใ ใใฐ๊ใใกใใใ ใใฐ๊ใใก ***็ชๆ๏ผใฐใใฆ๏ผ (ordinal) โ ใใฆใฐ๊ใใฆใใซใฐ๊ใใฆใใใใฐ๊ใใฆใใใใฐ๊ใใฆใปใใฐ๊ใใฆใใใฐ๊ใใฆใใใใฐ๊ใใฆใใชใชใฐ๊ใใฆใใฏใฆใฐ๊ใใฆใใใ ใใฐ๊ใใฆใใใ ใใฐ๊ใใฆ ***ๅนด็๏ผใญใใใ๏ผ ("-year student", ordinal) โ ใใกใญ๊ใใใใใซใญ๊ใใใใใใใญ๊ใใใใใใญ๊ใใใใใใญ๊ใใใใใใใญ๊ใใใใใใกใญ๊ใใใใใฏใกใญ๊ใใใใใใ ใใญ๊ใใใใใใ ใใญ๊ใใใ ***็ฎๅนด๏ผใใญใ๏ผ (cardinal) โ ใใฃใ๊ใญใใใซใ๊ใญใใใใใ๊ใญใใใใใ๊ใญใใใใ๊ใญใใใใฃใ๊ใญใใใชใชใ๊ใญใใใฏใกใ๊ใญใใปใฏใฃใ๊ใญใใใใ ใใ๊ใญใใใใ ใฃใ๊ใญใใปใใฃใ๊ใญใ ***็ฎๆ๏ผใใใค๏ผ (cardinal) โ ใใฃใ๊ใใคใใซใ๊ใใคใใใใ๊ใใคใใใใ๊ใใคใใใ๊ใใคใใใฃใ๊ใใคใใชใชใ๊ใใคใใฏใกใ๊ใใคใปใฏใฃใ๊ใใคใใใ ใใ๊ใใคใใใ ใฃใ๊ใใคใปใใฃใ๊ใใค **Group F2: With exceptions: ***ๅ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใฃใ๊ใใใซใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใใ}}ใใใ๊ใใใใฃใ๊ใใ{{font color|red|ใชใช๊ใใ}}ใใฏใกใ๊ใใ{{font color|red|ใใ ๊ใใใ}}ใใใ ใฃใ๊ใใปใใฃใ๊ใ **Group F3: With exceptions: ***้ญ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใฃใ๊ใใใซใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใ}}ใปใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใ{{font color|red|ใชใช๊ใใ}}ใใฏใฃใ๊ใใ{{font color|red|ใใ ๊ใใใ}}ใใใ ใฃใ๊ใใปใใฃใ๊ใ **Group F4: With exceptions: ***ๅฏธ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใฃใ๊ใใใซใ๊ใใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใใ}}ใใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใ{{font color|red|ใชใช๊ใใ}}ใใฏใฃใ๊ใใ{{font color|red|ใใ ๊ใใใ}}ใใใ ใฃใ๊ใใปใใฃใ๊ใ **Group F5: With exceptions: ***ๅ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใกใ๊ใใใซใ๊ใใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใใ}}ใใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใ{{font color|red|ใชใช๊ใใ}}ใปใใกใ๊ใใ{{font color|red|ใฏใก๊ใใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใใ ๊ใใใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใใ ๊ใใใ}} **Group F6: With exceptions: ***็ณ๏ผใใใ๏ผ โ ใใกใใ๊ใใป{{font color|red|ใใก๊ใใใ}}ใใซใใ๊ใใป{{font color|red|ใซ๊ใใใ}}ใใใใใ๊ใใป{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใใใ}}ใใใใ๊ใใป{{font color|red|ใ๊ใใใใ}}ใใใใ๊ใใใใใใ๊ใใใชใชใใ๊ใใใฏใกใใ๊ใใใใ ใใใ๊ใใปใใใ๊ใใใใ ใใใ๊ใ *Group G: The counter's own accent as a free word takes precedence: **ใชใฏใฟ๊ใผใใโใใใกใชใฏใฟ๊ใผใใใซใชใฏใฟ๊ใผใใใใใชใฏใฟ๊ใผใใใใใชใฏใฟ๊ใผใใใใชใฏใฟ๊ใผใใใใใชใฏใฟ๊ใผใใใชใชใชใฏใฟ๊ใผใใใฏใกใชใฏใฟ๊ใผใใใใ ใใชใฏใฟ๊ใผใใใใ ใใชใฏใฟ๊ใผใ **ใญใญใฐ๊ใฉใ ใโใใใกใญใญใฐ๊ใฉใ ใใซใญใญใฐ๊ใฉใ ใใใใญใญใฐ๊ใฉใ ใใใใญใญใฐ๊ใฉใ ใใใญใญใฐ๊ใฉใ ใใใฃใญใญใฐ๊ใฉใ ใใชใชใญใญใฐ๊ใฉใ ใใฏใกใญใญใฐ๊ใฉใ ใใใ ใใญใญใฐ๊ใฉใ ใใใ ใฃใญใญใฐ๊ใฉใ ใปใใฃใญใญใฐ๊ใฉใ **cc๏ผใทใผใท๊ใผ๏ผใโใใใกใทใผใท๊ใผใใซใทใผใท๊ใผใใใใทใผใท๊ใผใใใใทใผใท๊ใผใใใทใผใท๊ใผใใใใทใผใท๊ใผใใชใชใทใผใท๊ใผใใฏใกใทใผใท๊ใผใใใ ใใทใผใท๊ใผใใใ ใฃใทใผใท๊ใผใปใใฃใทใผใท๊ใผ *Group H: The accent is tentatively placed on the last mora of the numeral, and if that mora is a ็นๆฎๆ, the accent is shifted backward. **Group H1: Always: ***ๅ๏ผใ๏ผ โ ใ๊ใฃใใใซ๊ใใใ๊ใใใใ๊ใใใใ๊ใใใ๊ใฃใใใชใช๊ใใใฏใก๊ใใใใ ๊ใใใใใ ๊ใฃใใปใ๊ใฃใ ***ๆ ก๏ผใใ๏ผ("[[school]]", cardinal) โ ใ๊ใฃใใใใซ๊ใใใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใใ๊ใฃใใใใชใช๊ใใใใฏใก๊ใใใใใ ๊ใใใใใใ ๊ใฃใใใปใ๊ใฃใใ ***ใญใญ โ ใใก๊ใญใญใใซ๊ใญใญใใ๊ใใญใญใใ๊ใใญใญใใ๊ใญใญใใ๊ใฃใญใญใใชใช๊ใญใญใใฏใก๊ใญใญใใใ ๊ใใญใญใใใ ๊ใฃใญใญใปใ๊ใฃใญใญ ***ใใณ โ ใ๊ใฃใใณใใซ๊ใใณใใ๊ใใใณใใ๊ใใใณใใ๊ใใณใใใ๊ใใณใใชใช๊ใใณใใฏใก๊ใใณใปใฏ๊ใฃใใณใใใ ๊ใใใณใใใ ๊ใฃใใณใปใ๊ใฃใใณ ***ๆ๏ผใ๏ผ (ordinal) โ ใใก๊ใใใซ๊ใใใ๊ใใใใ๊ใใใ๊ใใใใ๊ใใใใก๊ใใใฏใก๊ใใใ๊ใใใใ ๊ใใ ***ๅฅณ๏ผใใ๏ผ ("daughter", ordinal) โ ใกใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใใใก๊ใใใใฏใก๊ใใใใใ ๊ใใใใใใ ๊ใใใ ***ๅฅณ๏ผใใ๏ผ ("female person", cardinal) โ ใใก๊ใใใใซ๊ใใใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใใใก๊ใใใปใชใช๊ใใใใฏใก๊ใใใใใ ๊ใใใใใใ ๊ใใใ ***ๅ๏ผใถ๏ผ โ ใใก๊ใถใใซ๊ใถใใ๊ใใถใใ๊ใใถใปใ๊ใถใใ๊ใถใใใ๊ใถใใชใช๊ใถใปใใก๊ใถใใฏใก๊ใถใใใ ๊ใใถใปใ๊ใถใใใ ๊ใใถ ***ๅ๏ผใตใ๏ผ โ ใ๊ใฃใทใใใซ๊ใตใใใ๊ใใทใใใ๊ใใทใใใ๊ใตใใใ๊ใฃใทใใใชใช๊ใตใใใฏใก๊ใตใใปใฏ๊ใฃใทใใใใ ๊ใใตใใใใ ๊ใฃใทใใปใ๊ใฃใทใ ***็พฝ๏ผใ๏ผ โ ใใก๊ใใใซ๊ใใใ๊ใใฐใปใ๊ใใใใ๊ใใใปใ๊ใใฐใใ๊ใใใ๊ใฃใฑใปใใ๊ใใใชใช๊ใใปใใก๊ใใใฏใก๊ใใปใฏ๊ใฃใฑใใใ ๊ใใใใใ ๊ใฃใฑใปใ๊ใฃใฑใปใใ ๊ใใ ***ๅบฆ๏ผใฉ๏ผ ("degree", cardinal) โ ใใก๊ใฉใใซ๊ใฉใใ๊ใใฉใใ๊ใใฉใใ๊ใฉใใใ๊ใฉใใชใช๊ใฉใปใใก๊ใฉใใฏใก๊ใฉใใใ ๊ใใฉใปใ๊ใฉใใใ ๊ใใฉ **Group H2: With exceptions: ***ๆญณ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใ๊ใฃใใใใซ๊ใใใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใป{{font color|red|ใใใ๊ใ}}ใใชใช๊ใใใใฏ๊ใฃใใใใใ ๊ใใใใใใ ๊ใฃใใใปใ๊ใฃใใ **Group H3: With exceptions: ***่ป๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใ๊ใฃใใใใซ๊ใใใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใใ{{font color|red|ใใใ}}ใใ๊ใฃใใใใชใช๊ใใใใฏใก๊ใใใใใ ๊ใใใใใใ ๊ใฃใใใปใ๊ใฃใใ **Group H4: With exceptions: ***็บใปไธ๏ผใกใใ๏ผ (cardinal) โ ใ๊ใฃใกใใใใซ๊ใกใใใใ๊ใใกใใใใ๊ใใกใใใ{{font color|red|ใใกใใ}}ใปใ๊ใกใใใใใ๊ใกใใใป{{font color|red|ใใใกใ๊ใ}}ใใชใช๊ใกใใใใฏ๊ใฃใกใใใใใ ๊ใใกใใใใใ ๊ใฃใกใใใปใ๊ใฃใกใใ **Group H5: With exceptions: ***ๅ๏ผใใ๏ผ โ ใใก๊ใใใใซ๊ใใใใ๊ใใใใใ๊ใใใใ{{font color|red|ใใใ}}ใใใ๊ใใใใชใช๊ใใใปใใก๊ใใใใฏใก๊ใใใใใ ๊ใใใใใใ ๊ใใใ **Group H6: With exceptions: ***ๅฐ๏ผใ ใ๏ผ โ ใใก๊ใ ใใใซ๊ใ ใใใ๊ใใ ใใใ๊ใใ ใใป{{font color|red|ใใ ใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใใ ใ}}ใใใ๊ใ ใใใชใช๊ใ ใใใฏใก๊ใ ใใใใ ๊ใใ ใใป{{font color|red|ใใ ใ}}ใใใ ๊ใใ ใ **Group H7: With exceptions: ***ๅ๏ผใใใ๏ผ โ ใ๊ใฃใใใใใซ๊ใใใใ{{font color|red|ใใใใใ}}ใใ๊ใใใใใ{{font color|red|ใใใใ}}ใใใ๊ใใใใป{{font color|red|ใใใใ๊ใ}}ใใชใช๊ใใใใใฏ๊ใฃใใใใใใ ๊ใใใใใใใ ๊ใฃใใใใปใ๊ใฃใใใ **Group H8: With exceptions: ***ๆฎต๏ผใ ใ๏ผ โ ใใก๊ใ ใใใซ๊ใ ใใ{{font color|red|ใใใ ใ}}ใใ๊ใใ ใใป{{font color|red|ใใ ใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใใ ใ}}ใใใ๊ใ ใใใชใช๊ใ ใใปใใก๊ใ ใใใฏใก๊ใ ใใใใ ๊ใใ ใใป{{font color|red|ใใ ใ}}ใใใ ๊ใใ ใ ***็ช๏ผใฐใ๏ผ โ ใใก๊ใฐใใใซ๊ใฐใใ{{font color|red|ใใใฐใ}}ใใ๊ใใฐใใป{{font color|red|ใใฐใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใใฐใ}}ใใใ๊ใฐใใใชใช๊ใฐใใปใใก๊ใฐใใใฏใก๊ใฐใใใใ ๊ใใฐใใป{{font color|red|ใใฐใ}}ใใใ ๊ใใฐใ **Group H9: With exceptions: ***ไบบ๏ผใซใ๏ผ โ ใใก๊ใซใใใซ๊ใซใใ{{font color|red|ใใใซ๊ใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใใซ๊ใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใใซ๊ใ}}ใใใ๊ใซใใใใก๊ใซใใใฏใก๊ใซใใ{{font color|red|ใใซ๊ใ}}ใใใ ๊ใใซใ **Group H10: With exceptions: ***ๅนด๏ผใญใ๏ผ โ ใใก๊ใญใใใซ๊ใญใใ{{font color|red|ใใใญใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใใญใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใใญใ}}ใใใ๊ใญใใใใก๊ใญใใใฏใก๊ใญใใ{{font color|red|ใใญใ}}ใปใใ ๊ใใญใใใใ ๊ใใญใ **Group H11: With exceptions: ***ๅน๏ผใพใ๏ผ โ ใฒใจ๊ใพใใ{{font color|red|ใตใใพใ๊}}ใใ๊ใใพใใปใฟ๊ใพใใใ๊ใใพใใปใ๊ใพใใใ๊ใพใใใใ๊ใพใใใชใช๊ใพใใปใใก๊ใพใใใฏใก๊ใพใใใใ ๊ใใพใใใใ ๊ใใพใ **Group H12: With exceptions: ***ๆ๏ผใคใ๏ผ โ ใฒใจ๊ใคใใใตใ๊ใคใใป{{font color|red|ใตใใคใ๊}}ใใฟ๊ใคใใใ๊ใคใใใใค๊ใคใใใ๊ใคใใใชใช๊ใคใใใ๊ใคใใใใใฎ๊ใคใใใจ๊ใคใ **Group H13: With exceptions: ***ๆใ๏ผใใใ๏ผ โ ใฒใจ๊ใใใใ{{font color|red|ใตใใใใ๊}}ใ{{font color|red|ใฟใ๊ใใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใใ๊ใใ}}ใใใค๊ใใใใ{{font color|red|ใใ๊ใใ}}ใใชใช๊ใใใใ{{font color|red|ใฏใกใ๊ใใใปใใ๊ใใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใใ ใใ๊ใใ}}ใ{{font color|red|ใใ ใฃใ๊ใใใปใใฃใ๊ใใใปใจใ๊ใใ}} **Group H14: With exceptions: ***ไบบ๏ผใใปใใ๏ผ โ ใฒใจ๊ใใ{{font color|red|ใตใใ๊}}ใใฟ๊ใใใ{{font color|red|ใใฃใใ๊}}ใปใ๊ใใ A more comprehensive index of counters and their groups entitled ๅฉๆฐ่ฉ็ดขๅผ can be found in the NHKๆฅๆฌ่ช็บ้ณใขใฏใปใณใ่พๅ ธ. ====Dvandva compounds==== A [[dvandva]] compound (AB = "A and B") preserves the accent pattern of either only the first constituent (A), or both constituents (A and B):{{sfnp|Labrune|2012|p=236}}<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Huang|first=Chuyu|title=Head-Dominancy Correspondence in Japanese Non-Simplex Word Accentuation|year=2020|script-title=ja:ๆฅๆฌ่ช้ๅ็ด่ชใขใฏใปใณใใซใใใไธป่ฆ้จใจๅชไฝๆงใฎๅฏพๅฟ้ขไฟ|degree=PhD|url=https://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/record/2006492/files/A37757.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Huang|first=Chuyu|title=Head and Dominancy of Japanese Dvandva Non-Simplex Words|journal=Phonological Studies|number=24|year=2021|pp=31โ38|url=https://researchmap.jp/chuyu_huang/published_papers/32198580/attachment_file.pdf}}</ref> *ใ๊ใ + ใใ โ ใ๊ใใใ๏ผ้จ้ขจ "rain and wind") *ใฏ๊ใ + ใ๊ใ โ ใฏ๊ใใใ๏ผๆฅ็ง "spring and autumn"๏ผ *ใชใค๊ + ใตใ๊ โ ใช๊ใคใตใ๏ผๅคๅฌ "summer and winter") *ใใพ๊ + ใใ๊ โ ใใพ๊ใใ๏ผๅฑฑๅท "mountains and rivers"; compare ใใพใใ "river in mountains" which is not dvandva๏ผ *ใ๊ใ + ใ๊ใ โ ใ๊ใใใ๏ผ้ป็ฝ "black and white") *ใ๊ใ + ใ๊ใ โ ใ๊ใใใ๏ผ็ฝ้ป "white and black") *ใฆ๊ + ใใ๊ โ ใฆ๊ใใ๏ผๆ่ถณ "hands and feet") *ใใ + ใใ๊ โ ใใใใ๏ผๆกๆ "peaches and chestnuts") *ใกใก๊ + ใฏ๊ใฏ โ ใกใก๊ใฏใฏ๏ผ็ถๆฏ "father and mother") *ใจใ๊ + ใคใ๊ โ ใจใ๊ใคใ๏ผๅนดๆ "years and months") *ใ๊ใ + ใฐใ โ ใ๊ใใฐใ๏ผๆๆฉ "morning and evening") *ใใ๊ + ใใใ๊ โ ใใ๊ใใใ๏ผๅฅฝใๅซใ "likes and dislikes") *ใใ + ใใใ๊ โ ใใใใใ๏ผ่กใๅธฐใ "going and coming back") *ใฉใ๊ใ + ใซใกใ๊ใ โ ใฉใ๊ใใใซใกใ๊ใ๏ผๅๆๆฅๆ "Saturday and Sunday") *ใใง๊ใณ + ในใญใ๊ใญใข โ ใใง๊ใณใในใญใ๊ใญใข๏ผ"[[Czech Republic|Czechia]] and [[Slovakia]]; [[Czechoslovakia]]"๏ผ ===Examples of words that differ only in pitch=== In standard Japanese, about 47% of words are unaccented and around 26% are accented on the [[wikt:antepenultimate|ante-penultimate]] mora. However, this distribution is highly variable between word categories. For example, 70% of [[Yamato kotoba|native nouns]] are unaccented, while only 50% of [[Sino-Japanese vocabulary|kango]] and only 7% of loanwords are unaccented. In general, most 1โ2 mora words are accented on the first mora, 3โ4 mora words are unaccented, and words of greater length are almost always accented on one of the last five morae.{{sfnp|Labrune|2012|pp=186โ188}} The following chart gives some examples of minimal pairs of Japanese words whose only differentiating feature is pitch accent. Phonemic pitch accent is indicated with the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|phonetic symbol]] for [[downstep (phonetics)|downstep]], {{IPA|[๊]}}. {{Listen|filename=Japanese_pitch_accent_demonstration.ogg|title=Normative Japanese pitch accents|description=Recording of a native speaker demonstrating the differences in words caused by normative (i.e., Tokyo dialect) pitch accents in Japanese.|format=[[Ogg]]}} :{| class="wikitable" !Romanization !colspan=3|Accent on first mora !colspan=3|Accent on second mora !colspan=3|Accentless |- |''hashi'' ใฏใ |{{IPA|/ha๊si/<br>[hรก๊ษรฌ]}} hรกshรฌ||{{lang|ja|็ฎธ}}||chopsticks |{{IPA|/hasi๊/<br>[hร ษรญ๊]}} hร shรญ||{{lang|ja|ๆฉ}}||bridge |{{IPA|/hasi/<br>[hร ษรญ]}} hร shรญ||{{lang|ja|็ซฏ}}||edge |- |''hashi-ni'' ใฏใใซ |{{IPA|/ha๊sini/<br>[hรก๊ษรฌษฒรฌ]}} hรกshรฌ-nรฌ||{{lang|ja|็ฎธใซ}}||at the chopsticks |{{IPA|/hasi๊ni/<br>[hร ษรญ๊ษฒรฌ]}} hร shรญ-nรฌ||{{lang|ja|ๆฉใซ}}||at the bridge |{{IPA|/hasini/<br>[hร ษฤซษฒฤซ]}} hร shi-ni||{{lang|ja|็ซฏใซ}}||at the edge |- |''ima'' ใใพ |{{IPA|/i๊ma/<br>[รญ๊mร ]}} รญmร ||{{lang|ja|ไป}}||now |{{IPA|/ima๊/<br>[รฌmรก๊]}} รฌmรก||{{lang|ja|ๅฑ ้}}||living room |colspan=3| |- |''kaki'' ใใ |{{IPA|/ka๊ki/<br>[kรก๊kรฌ]}} kรกkรฌ||{{lang|ja|็ก่ ฃ}}||oyster |{{IPA|/kaki๊/<br>[kร kรญ๊]}} kร kรญ||{{lang|ja|ๅฃ}}||fence |{{IPA|/kaki/<br>[kร kรญ]}} kร kรญ||{{lang|ja|ๆฟ}}||persimmon |- |''kaki-ni'' ใใใซ |{{IPA|/ka๊kini/<br>[kรก๊kรฌษฒรฌ]}} kรกkรฌ-nรฌ||{{lang|ja|็ก่ ฃใซ}}||at the oyster |{{IPA|/kaki๊ni/<br>[kร kรญ๊ษฒรฌ]}} kร kรญ-nรฌ||{{lang|ja|ๅฃใซ}}||at the fence |{{IPA|/kakini/<br>[kร kฤซษฒฤซ]}} kร ki-ni||{{lang|ja|ๆฟใซ}}||at the persimmon |- |''sake'' ใใ |{{IPA|/sa๊ke/<br>[sรก๊kรจ]}} sรกkรจ||{{lang|ja|้ฎญ}}||salmon |colspan=3| |{{IPA|/sake/<br>[sร kรฉ]}} sร kรฉ||{{lang|ja|้ }}||alcohol, sake |- |''nihon'' ใซใปใ |{{IPA|/ni๊hoษด/<br>[ษฒรญ๊hรฒษดฬ]}} nรญhรฒn||{{lang|ja|ไบๆฌ}}||two [[Japanese counter word|sticks of]] |{{IPA|/niho๊ษด/<br>[ษฒรฌhรณษดฬ]}} nรฌhรณn||{{lang|ja|ๆฅๆฌ}}||Japan |colspan=3| |} In isolation, the words ''hashi'' ใฏใ {{IPA|/hasi๊/}} hร shรญ "bridge" and ''hashi'' {{IPA|/hasi/}} hร shรญ "edge" are pronounced identically, starting low and rising to a high pitch. However, the difference becomes clear in context. With the simple addition of the particle ''ni'' "at", for example, {{IPA|/hasi๊ni/}} hร shรญ-nรฌ "at the bridge" acquires a marked drop in pitch, while {{IPA|/hasini/}} hร shi-ni "at the edge" does not. However, because the downstep occurs after the first mora of the accented syllable, a word with a final long accented syllable would contrast all three patterns even in isolation: an accentless word ''nihon'', for example, would be pronounced {{IPA|[ษฒรฌhลษดฬ]}}, differently from either of the words above. In 2014, a study recording the electrical activity of the brain showed that native Japanese speakers mainly use context, rather than pitch accent information, to contrast between words that differ only in pitch.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tamaoka|first1=K.|last2=Saito|first2=N.|last3=Kiyama|first3=S.|last4=Timmer|first4=K.|last5=Verdonschot|first5=R. G.|date=2014|title=Is pitch accent necessary for comprehension by native Japanese speakers? An ERP investigation|journal=Journal of Neurolinguistics|volume=27|pages=31โ40|doi=10.1016/j.jneuroling.2013.08.001|s2cid=13831878}}</ref> This property of the Japanese language allows for a certain type of pun, called {{nihongo|''[[dajare]]''|้งๆด่ฝ, ใ ใใใ}}, combining two words with the same or very similar sounds but different pitch accents and thus meanings. For example, ''kaeru-ga kaeru'' {{IPA|/kaeruษกa ka๊eru/}} {{nihongo||่ใๅธฐใ||''lit.'' the frog will go home}}. These are considered quite corny, and are associated with {{nihongo|''oyaji'' gags|่ฆช็ถใฎใฃใฐ|oyaji gyagu|[[dad joke]]}}. Since any syllable, or none, may be accented, Tokyo-type dialects have ''N''+1 possibilities, where ''N'' is the number of syllables (not morae) in a word, though this pattern only holds for a relatively small ''N''. {| class="wikitable" |+The accent system of Tokyo dialect !accented syllable!!one-syllable word!!two-syllable word !! three-syllable word |- !0<br/>(no accent) |{{nihongo|{{IPA|/ki/}}|ๆฐ|mind}} |{{nihongo|{{IPA|/kaze/}}|้ขจ|wind}} |{{nihongo|{{IPA|/tomeru/}}|ๆญขใใ|to stop}} |- !1 | {{nihongo|{{IPA|/ki๊/}}|ๆจ|tree}} | {{nihongo|{{IPA|/ha๊ru/}}|ๆฅ|spring}} | {{nihongo|{{IPA|/i๊noti/}}|ๅฝ|life}} |- !2 | โ |{{nihongo|{{IPA|/kawa๊/}}|ๅท|river}} | {{nihongo|{{IPA|/tama๊ษกo/}}|ๅต|egg}} |- !3 |colspan=2| โ |{{nihongo|{{IPA|/kotoba๊/}}|่จ่|word}} |}
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