Editing Jarrow (section)

==History==

===Toponymy===
Jarrow's name is first recorded in the 8th century. It derives from the Gyrwe, an [[Angles (tribe)|Anglian]] tribe that lived here. The Gyrwe's name means "fen dwellers", perhaps in reference to Jarrow Slake (a now-drained wetland that lay at the confluence of the Tyne and the [[River Don, Tyne and Wear|Don]]). The place-name would normally have developed into ''Yarrow'' in modern English, but as with [[Jesmond]], Norman influence resulted in the initial {{IPAc-en|j}} becoming {{IPAc-en|dʒ}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names|date=2010|editor-last=Watts|editor-first=Victor|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-16855-7|page=336|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgediction0000unse_y6u4/page/336}}</ref>

===Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey===
{{Main|Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey}}
[[File:St Pauls Monastery Jarrow.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|The ruins of Saint Paul's Monastery]]

The Monastery of [[Paul of Tarsus]] in Jarrow, part of the twin foundation [[Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey]], was once the home of [[Bede|the Venerable Bede]], whose most notable works include ''Ecclesiastical History of the English People'' and the translation of the [[Gospel of John]] into [[Old English]]. Along with the abbey at Wearmouth, Jarrow became a centre of learning and had the largest library north of the [[Alps]], primarily due to the widespread travels of [[Benedict Biscop]], its founder.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Benedetto |first1=Robert |last2=Duke |first2=James O. |title=The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History: The early, medieval, and Reformation eras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g46euaF7HAsC&pg=PA673 |year=2008 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |isbn=978-0-664-22416-5 |page=673 |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701071702/https://books.google.com/books?id=g46euaF7HAsC&pg=PA673 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 794 Jarrow became the second target in England of the [[Vikings]], who had plundered [[Lindisfarne]] in 793. The monastery was later [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|dissolved]] by [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]. The ruins of the monastery are now associated with and partly built into the present-day church of St. Paul, which stands on the site. One wall of the church contains the oldest [[stained glass]] window in the world, dating from about AD 600. Just beside the monastery is [[Jarrow Hall – Anglo-Saxon Farm, Village and Bede Museum|Jarrow Hall]], a working museum dedicated to the life and times of Bede. This incorporates [[Jarrow Hall]], a grade II [[listed building]] and significant local landmark.

The world's oldest complete Bible, written in Latin to be presented to the then Pope (Gregory II), was produced at this monastery – the [[Codex Amiatinus]]. It is currently safeguarded in the [[Laurentian Library]], Florence, Italy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-27372773 |title=Codex Amiatinus Bible returns to its home in Jarrow |work=BBC News |date=15 May 2014 |access-date=2016-05-10 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005052747/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-27372773 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Originally three copies of the Bible were commissioned by [[Ceolfrid]] in 692.<ref name=":0" /> This date has been established as the double monastery of Wearmouth-Jarrow secured a grant of additional land to raise the 2000 head of cattle needed to produce the [[vellum]] for the Bible's pages. Saint Ceolfrid accompanied one copy (originally intended for Gregory I) on its journey to be presented to Gregory II, but he died en route to Rome.<ref name=Metzger>[[Bruce M. Metzger]], ''The Text of the New Testament'' (Oxford University Press 2005), p. 106.</ref> The book later appears in the ninth century in the Abbey of the Saviour, Monte Amiata in Tuscany (hence the description "Amiatinus"), where it remained until 1786 when it passed to the [[Laurentian Library]] in [[Florence]].

===19th century to present===
[[File:Council Offices, Grange Road, Jarrow (geograph 1967957).jpg|thumb|[[Jarrow Town Hall]], completed in 1904]]
[[File:HMS Queen Mary LOC 10459.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|The launch of the [[battlecruiser]] [[HMS Queen Mary|HMS ''Queen Mary'']] from Palmer's shipyard in 1912]]
Jarrow remained a small mid-Tyne town until the introduction of [[Heavy industry|heavy industries]] such as coal mining and [[shipbuilding]]. [[Sir Charles Palmer, 1st Baronet|Charles Mark Palmer]] established a shipyard – [[Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company|Palmer's Shipbuilding and Iron Company]] – in 1852 and became the first armour-plate manufacturer in the world.<ref name=midtyneCharlesPalmer/> ''John Bowes'', the first iron screw collier, revived the Tyne coal trade,<ref name=midtyneCharlesPalmer>{{cite news |last=Chronicle staff |title=Collier who steamed into North legend |newspaper=chroniclelive.co.uk |location=Newcastle |language=en |publisher=Chronicle |date=28 February 2013 |url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/collier-who-steamed-north-legend-1619012 |access-date=19 April 2018 |archive-date=31 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173220/https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/collier-who-steamed-north-legend-1619012 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Palmer's was also responsible for the first modern cargo ship,<ref name=midtyneCharlesPalmer/> as well as a number of notable warships.<ref name=midtyneCharlesPalmer/> Around 1,000 ships were built at the yard, they also produced small fishing boats to catch eel within the River Tyne, a delicacy at the time.<ref name=midtyneCharlesPalmer/> [[Jarrow Town Hall]] was erected in Grange Road and officially opened in 1904.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1299416|desc=Jarrow Town Hall |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref>

Palmer's employed as much as 80% of the town's working population until its closure in 1933<ref name="uk.news.yahoo.com">{{Cite web |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/on-this-day--jarrow-crusade-unemployment-march-begins-141522078.html |title=On This Day: Jarrow Crusade unemployment march begins |website=uk.news.yahoo.com |date=4 October 2013 |access-date=2016-05-10 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530005246/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/on-this-day--jarrow-crusade-unemployment-march-begins-141522078.html |url-status=live }}</ref> following purchase by [[National Shipbuilders Securities]] Ltd. (NSS). This organisation had been set up by [[Stanley Baldwin]]'s [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] government in the 1920s, but the first public statement had been made in 1930 whilst the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] was in office. The aim of NSS was to reduce capacity within the British shipyards. In fact Palmer's yard was relatively efficient and modern, but had serious financial problems.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Martin |title=Britain, 1846–1964: The Challenge of Change |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford UP |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0199133734 |page=218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gwc0Rlq8al4C&q=palmer%27s+yard+financial+problems&pg=RA1-PT172 |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005052746/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gwc0Rlq8al4C&q=palmer%27s+yard+financial+problems&pg=RA1-PT172 |url-status=live }}</ref> As from 1935, [[RMS Olympic|Olympic]], the sister ship of [[RMS Titanic]], was partially demolished at Jarrow,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shieldsgazette.com/news/local-news/titanic-sister-ship-s-jarrow-links-1-5024628 |title=Titanic sister ship's Jarrow links |website=www.shieldsgazette.com |access-date=2016-05-10 |archive-date=24 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324034751/http://www.shieldsgazette.com/news/local-news/titanic-sister-ship-s-jarrow-links-1-5024628 |url-status=live }}</ref> being towed in 1937 to [[Inverkeithing]], Scotland for final scrapping.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.whitestarhistory.com/olympic |title=RMS Olympic – White Star Line History Website (White Star History) |website=www.whitestarhistory.com |access-date=2016-05-10 |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303182303/https://www.whitestarhistory.com/olympic |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Great Depression]] brought so much hardship to Jarrow that the town was described by [[Life (magazine)|''Life'']] as "cursed."<ref>Life Magazine 14 December 1936, page 41</ref> The closure of the shipyard was responsible for one of the events for which Jarrow is best known. Jarrow is marked in history as the starting point in 1936 of the [[Jarrow March]] to London to protest against unemployment in Britain. Jarrow [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) [[Ellen Wilkinson]] wrote about these events in her book ''The Town That Was Murdered'' (1939). Some doubt has been cast by historians as to how effective events such as the Jarrow March actually were<ref>Lloyd, T.O. ''Empire to Welfare State'', 1970</ref> but there is some evidence that they stimulated interest in regenerating 'distressed areas'.<ref>[[Arthur Marwick|Marwick, Arthur]]. ''Britain in our Century'' 1984</ref> 1938 saw the establishment of a [[ship breaking]] yard and engineering works in the town, followed by the creation of a steelworks in 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwone/jarrow_01.shtml |title=BBC – History – British History in depth: The Jarrow Crusade |access-date=2016-05-10 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226144138/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwone/jarrow_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[St Bedes Junction rail crash|Jarrow rail disaster]] was a train collision that occurred on the 17 December 1915 at the Bede junction on a [[North Eastern Railway (UK)|North Eastern Railway]] line.<ref name=midtyneRailDisaster1915>{{cite news |last=Henderson |first=Tony |title=Jarrow rail disaster victims are give memorial on 100th anniversary of tragedy |newspaper=chroniclelive.co.uk |location=Newcastle |language=en |publisher=Chronicle |date=18 December 2015 |url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/jarrow-rail-disaster-victims-give-10617475 |access-date=19 April 2018 |archive-date=20 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420074024/https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/jarrow-rail-disaster-victims-give-10617475 |url-status=live }}</ref> The collision was caused by a signalman's error and seventeen people died in the collision.<ref name=midtyneRailDisaster1915/>

The Second World War revived the town's fortunes as the Royal Navy was in need of ships to be built. After 1945 the shipbuilding industries were nationalised. The last shipyard in the town closed in 1980.<ref name="uk.news.yahoo.com"/>

In August 2014 a group of mothers from [[Darlington]] organised a march from Jarrow to London to oppose the privatisation of the [[National Health Service (England)|NHS]]. The march took place in September 2014 and 3,000–5,000 people participated in the event.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-29094093 |title='Jarrow March' ends in pro-NHS rally in London |work=BBC News |date=6 September 2014 |access-date=2016-05-10 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004002724/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-29094093 |url-status=live }}</ref>