Editing Jet stream (section)

==Discovery==
The first indications of this phenomenon came from American professor [[Elias Loomis]] (1811–1889), when he proposed the hypothesis of a powerful air current in the upper air blowing west to east across the United States as an explanation for the behaviour of major storms.<ref>''Sunny Intervals and Showers: our changing weather'', p.142; Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1992.</ref> After the [[1883 eruption of Krakatoa|1883 eruption of the Krakatoa volcano]], weather watchers tracked and mapped the effects on the sky over several years. They labelled the phenomenon the "equatorial smoke stream".<ref>{{Cite news | last =Winchester | first =Simon | author-link =Simon Winchester | title =A Tale of Two Volcanos | newspaper =[[The New York Times]] | date =15 April 2010 | url =https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/16/opinion/16winchester.html | access-date =25 February 2017 | archive-date =20 October 2023 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20231020194435/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/16/opinion/16winchester.html | url-status =live }}</ref><ref>See:
# Bishop, Sereno E. (17 January 1884) "Letters to the Editor: The remarkable sunsets," ''Nature'', '''29''': 259–260; on [https://books.google.com/books?id=IscKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260 page 260], Bishop speculates that a rapid current in the upper atmosphere was carrying the dust from the eruption of Krakatau westward around the equator.
# Bishop, S.E. (May 1884) [https://books.google.com/books?id=vLYx_8gCXq0C&pg=PA106 "The equatorial smoke-stream from Krakatoa,"] ''The Hawaiian Monthly'', vol. 1, no. 5, pages 106–110.
# Bishop, S.E. (29 January 1885) [https://books.google.com/books?id=9OLp4UZFtqYC&pg=PA288 "Letters to the Editor: Krakatoa,"] ''Nature'', vol. 31, pages 288–289.
# Rev. Sereno E. Bishop (1886) "The origin of the red glows," ''American Meteorological Journal'', vol. 3, pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=UcowAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA127 127–136], [https://books.google.com/books?id=UcowAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA193 193–196]; on pages 133–136, Bishop discusses the "equatorial smoke stream" that was produced by the eruption of Krakatau.
# Hamilton, Kevin (2012) [http://iprc.soest.hawaii.edu/users/kph/K.pdf "Sereno Bishop, Rollo Russell, Bishop's Ring and the discovery of the "Krakatoa easterlies","] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022072917/http://iprc.soest.hawaii.edu/users/kph/K.pdf |date=22 October 2012 }} ''Atmosphere-Ocean'', vol. 50, no. 2, pages 169–175.
# Krakatoa Committee of the Royal Society [of London], ''The Eruption of Krakatoa and Subsequent Phenomena'' (London, England: Harrison and Sons, 1888). Evidence of an equatorial high-speed, high-altitude current (the [[quasi-biennial oscillation]]) is presented in the following sections:
::* Part IV., Section II. General list of dates of first appearance of all the optical phenomena. By the Hon. Rollo Russell., [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk8PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA263 pages 263–312].
::* Part IV., Section III. (A). General geographic distribution of all the optical phenomena in space and time; including also velocity of translation of smoke stream. By the Hon. Rollo Russell., [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk8PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA312 pages 312–326].
::* Part IV., Section III. (B). The connection between the propagation of the sky haze with its accompanying optical phenomena, and the general circulation of the atmosphere. By Mr. E. Douglas Archibald., [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk8PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA326 pages 326–334]; that Rev. S.E. Bishop of Honolulu first noticed a westward circulation of dust from Krakatau is acknowledged on page 333.
::* Part IV., Section III. (C). Spread of the phenomena round the world, with maps illustrative thereof. By the Hon. Rollo Russell., [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk8PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA334 pages 334–339]; after page 334 there are map inserts, showing the progressive spread, along the equator, of the dust from Krakatau.</ref> In the 1920s Japanese meteorologist [[Wasaburo Oishi]] detected the jet stream from a site near [[Mount Fuji]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lewis | first1 = John M. | year = 2003 | title = Oishi's Observation: Viewed in the Context of Jet Stream Discovery | journal = Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society | volume = 84 | issue = 3| pages = 357–369 | doi=10.1175/BAMS-84-3-357| bibcode = 2003BAMS...84..357L | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>Ooishi, W. (1926) ''Raporto de la Aerologia Observatorio de Tateno'' (in Esperanto). Aerological Observatory Report 1, Central Meteorological Observatory, Japan, 213 pages.</ref> He tracked [[pilot balloon]]s ("pibals"), used to measure wind speed and direction,<ref>{{cite web| title= Pilot Weather Balloon (Pibal) Optical Theodolites| date= 25 November 2009| website= Martin Brenner's, Pilot Balloon Resources| publisher= California State University Long Beach| url= https://home.csulb.edu/~mbrenner/balloon.htm| access-date= 24 July 2023| archive-date= 2 December 2023| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231202073736/https://home.csulb.edu/~mbrenner/balloon.htm| url-status= live}}</ref> as they rose in the air. Oishi's work largely went unnoticed outside Japan because it was published in [[Esperanto]], though chronologically he has to be credited for the scientific discovery of jet streams. American pilot [[Wiley Post]] (1898–1935), the first man to fly around the world solo in 1933, is often given some credit for discovery of jet streams. Post invented a pressurized suit that let him fly above {{convert|6200|m|ft}}. In the year before his death, Post made several attempts at a high-altitude transcontinental flight, and noticed that at times his ground speed greatly exceeded his air speed.<ref>{{cite web | title=Wiley Post: First to Fly Solo Around the World, in the Winnie Mae|first= Stephen|last=Sherman|date=January 2001|orig-date=Updated 27 June 2011|publisher=AcePilots| url=http://acepilots.com/post.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130809033421/http://acepilots.com/post.html | archive-date=9 August 2013 | url-status=live}}</ref>

German meteorologist [[Heinrich Seilkopf]] is credited with coining a special term, ''Strahlströmung'' (literally "[[jet (fluid)|jet]] current"), for the phenomenon in 1939.<ref>Seilkopf, H., ''Maritime meteorologie'', which is volume II of: R. Habermehl, ed., ''Handbuch der Fliegenwetterkunde'' [Handbook of Aeronautical Meteorology] (Berlin, Germany: Gebrüder Radetzke [Radetzke Brothers], 1939); Seilkopf coins the word "Strahlströmung" on page 142 and discusses the jet stream on pages 142–150.</ref><ref>''Arbeiten zur allgemeinen Klimatologie'' by Hermann Flohn [https://books.google.com/books?id=OlwLAQAAIAAJ&q=seilkopf+Strahlstr%C3%B6mung p. 47]</ref> Many sources credit real understanding of the nature of jet streams to regular and repeated flight-path traversals during [[World War II]]. Flyers consistently noticed westerly tailwinds in excess of {{convert|100|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}} in flights, for example, from the US to the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/basics_jetstreams.shtml|title=Weather Basics – Jet Streams |access-date=8 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829012128/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/basics_jetstreams.shtml |archive-date=29 August 2006}}</ref> Similarly in 1944 a team of American meteorologists in [[Guam]], including [[Reid Bryson]], had enough observations to forecast very high west winds that would slow bombers raiding Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.statesman.com/news/news/opinion/when-the-jet-stream-was-the-wind-of-war/nRxPD/ |title=When the jet stream was the wind of war |access-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160129055603/http://www.statesman.com/news/news/opinion/when-the-jet-stream-was-the-wind-of-war/nRxPD/ |archive-date=29 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}
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