Editing Joe Profaci (section)

==Biography==

===Early life===
Giuseppe Profaci was born in [[Villabate]], in the [[Province of Palermo]], [[Sicily]], on October 2, 1897. In 1920, Profaci spent one year in prison in Palermo on theft charges.<ref name=Critchley /><ref name=Harrell>{{cite book|last=Harrell|first=G.T.|title=For members only : the story of the mob's secret judge : a true story|year=2008|publisher=AuthorHouse|location=Bloomington, IN|isbn=978-1-4389-1388-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8pP80RjPgIC&q=%22Joseph+Profaci%22&pg=PA94}}</ref>

===Family ties===
Profaci's sons were Frank Profaci and John Profaci Sr. Frank eventually joined the Profaci crime family while John Sr. followed legitimate pursuits.<ref name=godmother>{{cite news|last=Goldstein|first=Joseph|title=Godmother of real estate|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/staten_island/godmother_of_real_estate_rgmkj9KRuPi4gILwSpiTrI|access-date=24 October 2011|newspaper=New York Post|date=December 12, 2010}}</ref> Two of Profaci's daughters married the sons of [[Detroit Partnership]] mobsters [[William Tocco]] and [[Joseph Zerilli]].<ref name=Abadinsky />

Profaci's brother was Salvatore Profaci, who served as his ''[[consigliere]]'' for years, and is known to have been heavily into dealing of pornographic materials. One of Profaci's brothers-in-law was [[Joseph Magliocco]], who would eventually become Profaci's underboss. Profaci's niece Rosalie Profaci was married to [[Salvatore Bonanno]], the son of [[Bonanno crime family]] boss [[Joseph Bonanno]].  Profaci was the uncle of Salvatore Profaci Jr., also a member of the [[Profaci crime family]].<ref name=Abadinsky />

Rosalie Profaci offered the following description of her uncle:

<blockquote>He was a flamboyant man who smoked big cigars, drove big black [[Cadillac]]s,  and did things like buy tickets to a [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] play for us cousins. But he didn't buy two or three or even four seats, he bought a whole row.<ref name=Rosenblum /> </blockquote>

Released from prison in 1921, Profaci emigrated to the United States, arriving in New York City on September 4. Profaci settled in [[Chicago]], where he opened a grocery store and bakery. However, the business was unsuccessful, and in 1925, Profaci relocated to New York, where he entered the olive oil import business.<ref name=Critchley />  On September 27, 1927, Profaci became a United States citizen.<ref name=Harrell />  At some point after his move to Brooklyn, Profaci became involved with local gangs.

===Rise to family boss===
On December 5, 1928, Profaci attended a mob meeting in [[Cleveland, Ohio]]. The agenda of the meeting included resolving conflicts arising from assassinations, and a vote on recognition of the Profaci crime family in Brooklyn. The 1963 [[McClellan hearings]] introduced some erroneous facts about the origins of the Profaci family, one being that it was an offshoot of Maranzano's crime family.<ref name=Critchley>{{cite book|last=Critchley|first=David|title=The origin of organized crime in America : the New York City Mafia, 1891-1931|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-99030-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wq1QreSSoC&q=%22Joseph+Profaci%22&pg=PA160}}</ref> His brother-in-law, Joe Magliocco, was Profaci's second-in-command.

Given Profaci's lack of experience in organized crime, it is unclear why the New York gangs gave him power in Brooklyn. Some speculated that Profaci received this position due to his family's status in Sicily, where they may have belonged to the Villabate Mafia. Profaci may have also benefited from contacts made through his olive oil business.<ref name=Critchley />  Cleveland police eventually raided the meeting and expelled the mobsters from Cleveland, but Profaci's business was accomplished.

By 1930, Profaci was controlling numbers, prostitution, [[loansharking]], and narcotics trafficking in Brooklyn. In 1930, the [[Castellammarese War]] broke out in New York City. Some sources say that Profaci remained neutral, while others say that Profaci was firmly aligned with Castellammarese boss [[Salvatore Maranzano]].<ref name=Harrell />  When the war finally ended in 1931, top mobster [[Lucky Luciano|Charles "Lucky" Luciano]] reorganized the New York gangs into five organized crime families. At this point, Profaci was recognized as boss of what was now the Profaci crime family, with Magliocco as [[underboss]] and Salvatore Profaci as ''consigliere''.

When Luciano created the [[National Crime Syndicate]], also known as the [[The Commission (mafia)|Mafia Commission]], he gave Profaci a seat on the governing board. Profaci's closest ally on the board was Bonanno, who would cooperate with Profaci over the next 30 years. Profaci was also allied with [[Stefano Magaddino]], the boss of the [[Buffalo crime family]].

===Business and faith===
Profaci obtained most of his wealth through traditional illegal enterprises such as [[protection racket]]s and [[extortion]]. However, to protect himself from federal [[tax evasion]] charges, Profaci still maintained his original olive oil business, known as Mamma Mia Importing Company, leading to his nickname as "Olive Oil King".<ref name="profaci dies" />  As the demand for olive oil skyrocketed after [[World War II]], his business thrived. Profaci owned 20 other businesses that employed hundreds of workers in New York.<ref name=Abadinsky />

Profaci owned a large house in [[Bensonhurst, Brooklyn]], a home in [[Miami Beach, Florida]], and a {{convert|328|acre|km2|2|adj=on}} estate near [[Hightstown, New Jersey|Hightstown]], [[New Jersey]], which previously belonged to President [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. Profaci's estate had its own airstrip and a chapel with an altar that replicated one in [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in [[Rome]].<ref name=Rosenblum>{{cite book|last=Rosenblum|first=Mort|title=Olives : the life and lore of a noble fruit|year=1998|publisher=North Point Press|location=New York|isbn=0-86547-526-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmWY95Wc4BcC&q=profaci+rosary&pg=RA1-PA139|edition=1st paperback}}</ref>

Profaci was a devout Catholic who made generous cash donations to Catholic charities. A member of the [[Knights of Columbus]],  Profaci would invite priests to his estate to celebrate [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]. In May 1952, a thief stole valuable jeweled crowns from the [[Regina Pacis]] [[Votive]] shrine in Brooklyn. Profaci sent his men to recover the crowns and reportedly kill the thief. However, accounts of the thief being strangled with a [[rosary]] are unfounded.<ref name=Rosenblum /><ref name="mafia banned">{{cite news|last=Dunleavy|first=Steven|title=MAFIA BANNED MURDER - HALTED HITS UNDER HEAT |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/mafia_banned_murder_halted_hits_YquE1PAGtmxaw10gcJbwuJ|access-date=24 October 2011|newspaper=New York Post|date=July 12, 2004}}</ref>

In 1949, the Vatican received a petition from a group of New York Catholics to confer a knighthood on Profaci.  However, when the Brooklyn District Attorney complained about the move, the [[Holy See|Vatican]] denied the petition.<ref name=Sifakis>{{cite book|last=Sifakis|first=Carl|title=The Mafia encyclopedia|year=2005|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|isbn=0-8160-5694-3|pages=365|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgCpxTpPCPcC&q=profaci+knighthood&pg=PA365|edition=3.}}</ref>

===Legal problems===
In 1953, the U.S. [[Internal Revenue Service]] sued Profaci for over $1.5 million in unpaid income taxes.<ref name=Abadinsky>{{cite book|last=Abadinsky|first=Howard|title=Organized crime|year=2010|publisher=Wadsworth/Cengage Learning|location=Belmont, Calif.|isbn=978-0-495-59966-1|url=https://archive.org/details/organizedcrime00howa|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/organizedcrime00howa/page/101 101]|quote=profaci taxes.|edition=9th}}</ref> The taxes were still unpaid when Profaci died nine years later.<ref name="profaci dies" />

In 1954, the [[US Department of Justice]] moved to revoke Profaci's citizenship. The government claimed that when Profaci entered the United States in 1921, he lied to immigration officials about having no arrest record in Italy. In 1960, a U.S. [[Court of Appeals]] reversed Profaci's [[deportation]] order, ending the legal action.<ref name="US vs Proface">{{cite web|title=United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Joe Profaci|url=http://federal-circuits.vlex.com/vid/joe-profaci-giuseppe-36676868|work=VLEX|access-date=25 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809080928/http://federal-circuits.vlex.com/vid/joe-profaci-giuseppe-36676868|archive-date=9 August 2011}}</ref>

In 1956, law enforcement recorded a phone conversation between Profaci and [[Antonio Cottone]], a Sicilian [[Sicilian Mafia|mafioso]], about exporting Sicilian oranges to the United States. In 1959, [[US Customs]] agents intercepted one of those orange crates in New York. The crate contained 90 wax oranges containing a total {{convert|110|lb|kg}} of pure [[heroin]]. Smugglers in Sicily had filled the hollow oranges with heroin until they weighed as much as real oranges, then packed them in the crate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.drugwar.com/assassination.shtm |title=Covert Money, Power & Policy: Assassination |access-date=2007-05-07 |archive-date=2002-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020329201825/http://www.drugwar.com/assassination.shtm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Profaci was never prosecuted for this crime.

In 1957, Profaci attended the [[Apalachin Conference]], a national mob meeting, at the farm of mobster [[Joseph Barbara (mobster)|Joseph Barbara]] in [[Apalachin, New York]]. While the conference was in progress, [[New York State Troopers]] surrounded the farm and raided it. Profaci was one of over 60 mobsters arrested that day. On January 13, 1960, Profaci and 21 others were convicted of conspiracy and he was sentenced to five years in prison. However, on November 28, 1960, a United States [[Court of Appeals]] overturned the verdicts.<ref name="civil rights">{{cite news|last=Ranzal|first=Edward|title=Civil Rights Cited: Judges Find Evidence Not Sufficient to Prove Crime|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/11/29/99826640.pdf|access-date=26 November 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=November 29, 1960}}</ref>

===First Colombo war===
In contrast to Profaci's generosity to his relatives and the church, many of his men considered him miserly and mean with money. One reason for their rancor was that Profaci required each family member to pay him a $25 a month tithe, an old Sicilian gang custom. The money, which amounted to approximately $50,000 a month, was meant to support the families of mobsters in prison. However, most of this money stayed with Profaci. In addition, Profaci did not tolerate any dissent from his policies, and people who expressed discontent were murdered.<ref name=Harrell />

On February 27, 1961, the Gallos, led by [[Joe Gallo]], kidnapped four of Profaci's top men: underboss Magliocco, Frank Profaci (Joe Profaci's brother), capo Salvatore Musacchia and soldier John Scimone.<ref name="New York Magazine">Cage, Nicholas (July 17, 1972) [https://books.google.com/books?id=yuYCAAAAMBAJ&dq=Joseph+Magliocco+kidnapped&pg=PA27  "Part II The Mafia at War"] ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' pp.27-36</ref> Profaci himself eluded capture and flew to sanctuary in Florida.<ref name="New York Magazine" /> While holding the hostages, Larry and Albert Gallo sent Joe Gallo to [[California]]. The Gallos demanded a more favorable financial scheme for the hostages' release. Gallo wanted to kill one hostage and demand $100,000 before negotiations, but his brother Larry overruled him. After a few weeks of negotiation, Profaci made a deal with the Gallos.<ref name= adealwiththemSifakis>{{cite book|last=Sifakis|first=Carl|title=The Mafia encyclopedia|year=2005|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|isbn=0-8160-5694-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgCpxTpPCPcC&pg=PA179|edition=3.}}</ref> Profaci's consigliere Charles "the Sidge" LoCicero negotiated with the Gallos and all the hostages were released peacefully.<ref name="Capeci pg.303">Capeci (2001), p.303</ref> However, Profaci had no intention of honoring this peace agreement. On August 20, 1961, Joseph Profaci ordered the murder of Gallo members Joseph "Joe Jelly" Gioielli and Larry Gallo. Gunmen allegedly murdered Gioielli after inviting him to go fishing.<ref name="New York Magazine" /> Larry Gallo survived a strangulation attempt in the Sahara club of [[East Flatbush]] by [[Carmine Persico]] and Salvatore "Sally" D'Ambrosio after a police officer intervened.<ref name="New York Magazine" /><ref name="Raab pg.321-324">Raab (2006), pp.321-324</ref> The Gallo brothers had been previously aligned with Persico against Profaci and his loyalists;<ref name="New York Magazine" /><ref name="Raab pg.321-324" /> The Gallos then began calling Persico ''"The Snake"'' after he had betrayed them.<ref name="Raab pg.321-324" /> the war continued on resulting in nine murders and three disappearances.<ref name="Raab pg.321-324" /> With the start of the gang war, the Gallo crew retreated to the Dormitory.<ref name="robin hoods">{{cite news|last=Cook|first=Fred J.|title=Robin Hoods or Real Tough Boys:Larry Gallo, Crazy Joe, and Kid Blast|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1966/10/23/90235682.pdf |newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 23, 1966 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref>

===Mob standoff===
By 1962, Profaci's health was failing. In early 1962, [[Carlo Gambino]] and [[Lucchese crime family]] boss [[Tommy Lucchese]] tried to convince Profaci to resign to end the gang war. However, Profaci strongly suspected that the two bosses were secretly supporting the Gallo brothers and wanted to take control of his family. Profaci vehemently refused to resign; furthermore, he warned that any attempt to remove him would spark a wider gang war. Gambino and Lucchese did not pursue their efforts.<ref name="olive oil" />

===Death===
On June 6, 1962, Profaci died in South Side Hospital in [[Bay Shore, New York]] of [[Hepatocellular carcinoma|liver cancer]].<ref name="profaci dies">{{cite news|title=Profaci Dies of Cancer; Led Feuding Brooklyn Mob|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/06/08/80394520.pdf|access-date=26 November 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=June 8, 1962}}</ref>  He is buried at [[St. John Cemetery, Queens, New York|Saint John Cemetery]] in the [[Middle Village, Queens|Middle Village]] section of Queens, in one of the largest [[mausoleum]]s in the cemetery.<ref name="resting place">{{cite news|last=Guart|first=Al|title=RESTING PLACES OF THE DONS|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/resting_places_of_the_dons_GrF59Uy2I2Do80fMlGFfWJ|access-date=24 October 2011|newspaper=New York Post|date=July 7, 2001}}</ref>

After Profaci's death, Magliocco succeeded him as head of the family.<ref name="olive oil">{{cite web|last=Bruno|first=Anthony|title=The Colombo Family: The Olive Oil King|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/colombo/3.html|work=TruTV Crime Library|access-date=26 November 2011}}</ref>  In late 1963, the Mafia Commission forced Magliocco out of office and installed [[Joseph Colombo]] as family boss.<ref name=trouble>{{cite web|last=Bruno|first=Anthony|title=TruTV Crime Library|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/colombo/4.html|work=The Colombo Family: Trouble and More Trouble|access-date=26 November 2011}}</ref>  At this point, the Profaci crime family became the [[Colombo crime family]].