Editing Joint dislocation (section)

==Signs and Symptoms==
The following symptoms are common with any type of dislocation.<ref name=packard />
* Intense pain<ref name="McMahon_2021" />
* Joint instability<ref name="McMahon_2021" />
* Deformity of the joint area<ref name="McMahon_2021" />
* Reduced muscle strength<ref name="McMahon_2021" />
* Bruising or redness of the joint area<ref name="McMahon_2021" />
* Difficulty moving joint<ref name="McMahon_2021" />
* Stiffness<ref name="McMahon_2021" />

=== Complications ===
Joint dislocations can have associated injuries to surrounding tissues and structures, including muscle strains, ligament and tendon injuries, neurovascular injuries, and fractures.<ref name="Khiami S51–S57" /><ref name="Gómez-Bermúdez_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gómez-Bermúdez SJ, Vanegas-Isaza D, Herrera-Almanza L, Roldán-Tabares MD, Coronado-Magalhaes G, Fernández-Lopera JF, Martínez-Sánchez LM | title = [Vascular injury associated with knee dislocation] | journal = Acta Ortopedica Mexicana | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 226–235 | date = 2021 | pmid = 34731929 | doi = 10.35366/101872 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Heineman_2023" /><ref name="Borchers_2012" /> Depending on the location of the dislocation, there are different complications to consider.

In the shoulder, vessel and nerve injuries are rare, but can cause many impairments and requires a longer recovery process.<ref name="Khiami S51–S57">{{cite journal | vauthors = Khiami F, Gérometta A, Loriaut P | title = Management of recent first-time anterior shoulder dislocations | journal = Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery & Research | volume = 101 | issue = 1 Suppl | pages = S51–S57 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25596982 | doi = 10.1016/j.otsr.2014.06.027 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Knee dislocations are rare, but can be complicated by injuries to arteries and nerves, leading to limb-threatening complications.<ref name="Gómez-Bermúdez_2021" /> Degenerative changes following injury to the wrist are common, with many developing arthritis.<ref name="Heineman_2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Heineman N, Do DH, Golden A | title = Carpal dislocations | journal = The Journal of Hand Surgery, European Volume | volume = 48 | issue = 2_suppl | pages = 11S–17S | date = September 2023 | pmid = 37704022 | doi = 10.1177/17531934231183260 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Persistent nerve pain years after the initial trauma is not uncommon.<ref name="Heineman_2023" /> Most finger dislocations occur in the middle of the finger (PIP) and are complicated by ligamentous injury (volar plate).<ref name="Borchers_2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Borchers JR, Best TM | title = Common finger fractures and dislocations | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 85 | issue = 8 | pages = 805–810 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22534390 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22534390 }}</ref> Since most dislocations involving the joint near the fingertip (DIP joint) are due to trauma, there is often an associated fracture or tissue injury.<ref name="Borchers_2012" /> [[Hip dislocation]]s are at risk for osteonecrosis of the femoral head, [[femoral head fracture]]s, the development of [[osteoarthritis]], and [[sciatic nerve]] injury.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Masiewicz S, Mabrouk A, Johnson DE | chapter = Posterior Hip Dislocation |date=2025 | title = StatPearls | chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459319/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29083669 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Graber M, Marino DV, Johnson DE | chapter = Anterior Hip Dislocation |date=2025 | title = StatPearls | chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507814/ |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939591 }}</ref> Given the strength of ligaments in the foot and ankle, ankle dislocation-fractures can occur.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lawson KA, Ayala AE, Morin ML, Latt LD, Wild JR | title = Republication of "Ankle Fracture-Dislocations: A Review" | journal = Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 24730114231195058 | date = July 2023 | pmid = 37582190 | pmc = 10423454 | doi = 10.1177/24730114231195058 }}</ref>