Editing Joint injection (section)

==Efficacy in osteoarthritis==
In [[osteoarthritis]], joint injection of [[glucocorticoid]]s (such as [[hydrocortisone]]) leads to short term pain relief that may last between a few weeks and a few months.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Arroll B, Goodyear-Smith F | title = Corticosteroid injections for osteoarthritis of the knee: meta-analysis | journal = BMJ | volume = 328 | issue = 7444 | pages = 869 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15039276 | pmc = 387479 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.38039.573970.7C }}</ref> Injections of [[hyaluronic acid]] have not produced improvement compared to placebo for knee arthritis,<ref name=Rutjes12>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rutjes AW, Jüni P, da Costa BR, Trelle S, Nüesch E, Reichenbach S | title = Viscosupplementation for osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 157 | issue = 3 | pages = 180–91 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22868835 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-157-3-201208070-00473 | s2cid = 5660398 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jevsevar D, Donnelly P, Brown GA, Cummins DS | title = Viscosupplementation for Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Systematic Review of the Evidence | journal = The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume | volume = 97 | issue = 24 | pages = 2047–60 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26677239 | doi = 10.2106/jbjs.n.00743 }}</ref> but did increase risk of further pain.<ref name=Rutjes12/> In ankle osteoarthritis, evidence is unclear.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Witteveen AG, Hofstad CJ, Kerkhoffs GM | title = Hyaluronic acid and other conservative treatment options for osteoarthritis of the ankle | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2015 | issue = 10 | pages = CD010643 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26475434 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010643.pub2 | pmc = 9254328 | quote = It is unclear if there is a benefit or harm for HA as treatment for ankle OA }}</ref> The effectiveness of injections of [[platelet-rich plasma]] is unclear; there are suggestions that such injections improve function but not pain, and are associated with increased risk.{{vague|date=May 2015}}<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khoshbin A, Leroux T, Wasserstein D, Marks P, Theodoropoulos J, Ogilvie-Harris D, Gandhi R, Takhar K, Lum G, Chahal J | title = The efficacy of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review with quantitative synthesis | journal = Arthroscopy | volume = 29 | issue = 12 | pages = 2037–48 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 24286802 | doi = 10.1016/j.arthro.2013.09.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodriguez-Merchan EC | title = Intraarticular Injections of Platelet-rich Plasma (PRP) in the Management of Knee Osteoarthritis | journal = The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–8 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 25207275 | pmc = 4151401 }}</ref>

<!--Intra-articular steroid, reviews and side effects-->
A 2015 Cochrane review found that intra-articular corticosteroid injections of the knee did not benefit quality of life and had no effect on knee joint space; clinical effects one to six weeks after injection could not be determined clearly due to poor study quality.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jüni P, Hari R, Rutjes AW, Fischer R, Silletta MG, Reichenbach S, da Costa BR | title = Intra-articular corticosteroid for knee osteoarthritis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 10 | pages = CD005328 | date = October 2015 | volume = 2015 | pmid = 26490760 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005328.pub3 | pmc = 8884338 | url = http://boris.unibe.ch/73451/1/J%C3%BCni%20CochraneSystRev%202015.pdf }}</ref> Another 2015 study reported negative effects of intra-articular corticosteroid injections at higher doses,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wernecke C, Braun HJ, Dragoo JL | title = The Effect of Intra-articular Corticosteroids on Articular Cartilage: A Systematic Review | journal = Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 3 | issue = 5 | pages = 2325967115581163 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 26674652 | pmc = 4622344 | doi = 10.1177/2325967115581163 }}</ref> and a 2017 trial showed reduction in cartilage thickness with intra-articular [[triamcinolone]] every 12 weeks for 2 years compared to placebo.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McAlindon TE, LaValley MP, Harvey WF, Price LL, Driban JB, Zhang M, Ward RJ | title = Effect of Intra-articular Triamcinolone vs Saline on Knee Cartilage Volume and Pain in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial | journal = JAMA | volume = 317 | issue = 19 | pages = 1967–1975 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28510679 | pmc = 5815012 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2017.5283 }}</ref> A 2018 study found that intra-articular triamcinolone is associated with an increase in [[intraocular pressure]].<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Taliaferro K, Crawford A, Jabara J, Lynch J, Jung E, Zvirbulis R, Banka T|title=Intraocular Pressure Increases After Intraarticular Knee Injection With Triamcinolone but Not Hyaluronic Acid|journal=[[Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research]]|volume=476|issue=7|pages=1420–1425|type=[[Levels of evidence|Level-II]] therapeutic study|date=9 March 2018|doi=10.1007/s11999.0000000000000261|issn=1528-1132|lccn= 53007647|oclc=01554937|pmid=29533245|pmc=6437574}}</ref>