Editing Jonathan Cape (section)

==Cape – biography==
===Early years===
[[File:Jonathan-cape.jpg|thumb|upright|Jonathan Cape in the late 1950s]]
Herbert Jonathan Cape was born in London on 15 November 1879, the youngest of the seven children of Jonathan Cape, a clerk from [[Ireby, Cumbria|Ireby]] in what is now [[Cumbria]], and his wife Caroline, ''née'' Page.<ref name=times>"Mr. Jonathan Cape", ''The Times'', 11 February 1960, p. 15.</ref><ref name=dnb>Hart-Davis, Rupert. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32282 "Cape, (Herbert) Jonathan (1879–1960)"], rev. Jonathan Rose, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004. Retrieved 24 April 2013 {{ODNBsub}}.</ref> He received a basic schooling; in his early teens, Cape was taken on by [[Hatchards]] bookshop in [[Piccadilly]] as an errand-boy.

Four years later, in 1899, Cape joined the London office of the American publishers [[Harper and Brothers]], where he worked, successively, as a clerk, general utility man and travelling salesman, first in the provinces and later in London.<ref name=times/><ref name=dnb/> In 1904 he joined the publishing house of [[Duckworth Overlook|Duckworth]] as London traveller, and from 1911 as manager.<ref name=dnb/> In 1914, on the outbreak of the [[First World War|Great War]], he took over the sole charge of the business when the proprietor, Gerald Duckworth, was absent on war duties. In 1915, Duckworth returned. In December of that year Cape joined the army, serving for the rest of the war.<ref>Howard, p. 21</ref>

Cape returned to Duckworth in 1918. In 1920, he was appointed manager of the [[Medici Society]], known mainly for publishing prints of paintings but with a small list of books.<ref name=dnb/> While in this post he met [[George Wren Howard]], 14 years his junior, who was learning the publishing trade at the Medici Society. 
Cape's biographer (and sometimes junior partner) [[Rupert Hart-Davis]] writes:
{{blockquote|Cape quickly saw that Howard had a fine sense of design in book production, as well as a good business head; the two became friends and allies. After some months they decided that there was no future for them where they were, and that they had better start a new firm of their own.|}}

===Independent publisher===
Howard was able to raise money from his family. Cape, with no such option, raised his share of the starting capital by selling cheap paperback reprints of novels by [[Elinor Glyn]]. Duckworth held the rights to her books, but did not wish to issue cut-price editions; Cape negotiated the rights in early 1920 and successfully issued the paperbacks under the imprint Page & Co.<ref>Howard, p. 54.</ref> With just enough starting capital, the firm of Jonathan Cape began trading on 1 January 1921 at 11 [[Gower Street, London|Gower Street]], [[Bloomsbury]].

Cape and Howard recruited [[Edward Garnett]] as their editor and [[Publisher's reader|reader]]. Garnett, described by ''[[The Times]]'' as "the prince of publisher's readers," remained with the firm until his death in 1937.<ref name=times/> Each of the three principals brought his own contribution to the firm's success: Cape was experienced in publishing; Howard ensured high quality design and production; and Garnett was given the freedom to foster talent and build up a fine publishing list. Hart-Davis credits Garnett's literary judgment and Howard's production with gaining the firm an "outstanding reputation for quality during the next two decades".<ref name=dnb/>

The firm's first publication was widely regarded as a gamble: Cape published a new two-volume edition, at the high price of nine [[guineas]], of [[Charles Montagu Doughty|C. M. Doughty]]'s ''[[Travels in Arabia Deserta]].'' The book, first published in 1888 with no success, had been out of print for 30 years. The Cape edition sold out and had to be reprinted several times. Among those who admired it was [[T. E. Lawrence]], who became friendly with Cape, and wrote an introduction to the firm's 1926 single-volume edition of the book.<ref>"Jonathan Cape Ltd", ''The Times'', 16 April 1926, p. 8.</ref> Jonathan Cape Ltd became Lawrence's publishers, issuing ''[[Revolt in the Desert]]'' (1927), ''[[Seven Pillars of Wisdom]]'' (1935), and ''[[The Mint (book)|The Mint]]'' (1955).<ref name=dnb/>

In 1922, Cape took over the small publishing house A. C. Fifield, acquiring the rights to works by such authors as [[H. G. Wells]], [[W. H. Davies]], [[Sidney Webb]] and [[Samuel Butler (novelist)|Samuel Butler]]. Cape was among the first British publishers to seek out American authors. Hart-Davis notes that the firm recruited three future [[Nobel Prize]]-winners – [[Sinclair Lewis]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], and [[Eugene O'Neill]] – as well as many other American writers including [[H. L. Mencken]], [[Robert Frost]], and [[Margaret Mead]].<ref name=dnb/> British and other European authors published by Cape included [[H. E. Bates]], [[Peter Fleming (writer)|Peter Fleming]], [[Robert Graves]], [[Christopher Isherwood]], [[James Joyce]],  [[Malcolm Lowry]], [[André Maurois]], [[Douglas Reed]],  and [[Henry Williamson]].<ref name=dnb/> The firm's best-sellers included  [[Arthur Ransome]]'s adventure books, [[Hugh Lofting]]'s [[Doctor Dolittle]]  stories, and most profitable of all, [[Ian Fleming]]'s [[James Bond]] series.

Cape opened an American publishing house in 1929, first in partnership with Harrison Smith and later with Robert Ballou. The firm was not successful and went bankrupt in 1932.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Gale Research Company| isbn = 0-8103-1724-9| volume = 46| pages = [https://archive.org/details/americanliterary0046unse/page/75 75–77] |editor=Peter Dzwonkoski | last = Murray| first = Timothy D.| title = American literary publishing houses, 1900-1980. edited by Peter Dzwonkoski.| chapter = Jonathan Cape and Harrison Smith| location = Detroit, Mich.| series = Dictionary of literary biography| date = 1986| chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/americanliterary0046unse/page/75}}</ref>

===Marriage and family===
[[File:St Peter's Church, Petersham, grave of Jonathan Cape, publisher.jpg|thumb|Jonathan Cape's grave at St Peter's Church, Petersham]]
Cape was three times married and three times widowed. In 1907 he married Edith Louisa Creak, with whom he had two daughters. Edith Cape died in 1919. In 1927 Cape married Olyve Vida James, with whom he had a son and a daughter; Olyve Cape died in 1931. In 1941 he married Kathleen Mary Webb, with whom he had a son; Kathleen Cape died in 1953.<ref name=dnb/>

Cape suffered two strokes in 1954, which impaired his speech, but he fought his way back to health. He was still running the firm when he celebrated his 80th birthday in November 1959. He died suddenly at his London flat on 10 February 1960.<ref name=times/> He was buried at [[St Peter's Church, Petersham]].<ref>Lyttelton, p. 25.</ref>