Editing July 11 (section)

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
* [[813]] &ndash; Byzantine emperor [[Michael I Rangabe|Michael I]], under threat by conspiracies, abdicates in favor of his general [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo the Armenian]], and becomes a [[monk]] (under the name Athanasius).
*[[AD 911|911]] &ndash; Signing of the [[Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte]] between [[Charles the Simple]] and [[Rollo]] of Normandy.
*[[1174]] &ndash; [[Baldwin IV]], 13, becomes [[King of Jerusalem]], with [[Raymond III, Count of Tripoli]] as regent and [[William of Tyre]] as chancellor.
*[[1302]] &ndash; [[Battle of the Golden Spurs]] (''Guldensporenslag'' in Dutch): A coalition around the [[Flanders|Flemish]] cities defeats the king of France's royal army.
*[[1346]] &ndash; [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]], [[Count of Luxembourg]] and [[King of Bohemia]], is elected [[King of the Romans]].
*[[1405]] &ndash; [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] admiral [[Zheng He]] sets sail [[Ming treasure voyages|to explore the world]] for the first time.
*[[1410]] &ndash; [[Ottoman Interregnum]]: [[Süleyman Çelebi]] [[Battle of Edirne (1410)|defeats]] his brother [[Musa Çelebi]] outside the Ottoman capital, [[Edirne]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Kastritsis | first = Dimitris | title = The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402–13 | publisher = BRILL | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-90-04-15836-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=u_evCQAAQBAJ | pages=152–153}}</ref>
*[[1476]] &ndash; [[Pope Julius II|Giuliano della Rovere]] is appointed bishop of [[Coutances]].
*[[1576]] &ndash; While exploring the [[Atlantic Ocean#Northern Atlantic|North Atlantic Ocean]] in an attempt to find the [[Northwest Passage]], [[Martin Frobisher]] sights [[Greenland]], mistaking it for the hypothesized (but non-existent) island of "Frisland".<ref>{{cite book|last=McGhee|first=Robert|title=The Arctic Voyages of Martin Frobisher: An Elizabethan Adventure|location=Montréal|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|date=2006|isbn=9780773531550|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mVg8wU_TsgC|pages=42–43}}</ref>

===1601–1900===
*[[1616]] &ndash; [[Samuel de Champlain]] returns to [[Quebec]].
*[[1735]] &ndash; Mathematical calculations suggest that it is on this day that [[dwarf planet]] [[Pluto]] moved inside the orbit of [[Neptune]] for the last time before 1979.
*[[1789]] &ndash; [[Jacques Necker]] is dismissed as France's Finance Minister sparking the [[Storming of the Bastille]].
*[[1796]] &ndash; The United States takes possession of [[Detroit]] from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] under terms of the [[Jay Treaty]].
*[[1798]] &ndash; The [[United States Marine Corps]] is re-established; they had been disbanded after the [[American Revolutionary War]].
*[[1801]] &ndash; French astronomer [[Jean-Louis Pons]] makes his first [[comet]] discovery. In the next 27 years he discovers another 36 comets, more than any other person in history.
*[[1804]] &ndash; [[Burr–Hamilton duel|A duel occurs]] in which the [[Vice President of the United States]] [[Aaron Burr]] mortally wounds former [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] [[Alexander Hamilton]].
*[[1833]] &ndash; [[Noongar]] [[Indigenous Australians|Australian aboriginal]] warrior [[Yagan]], wanted for the murder of white colonists in Western Australia, is killed.
*[[1836]] &ndash; ''[[The Fly-fisher's Entomology]]'' is published by [[Alfred Ronalds]]. The book transformed the sport and went to many editions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ronalds |first=B.F. |title=Alfred Ronalds: Angler, Artisan and Australian Pioneer |publisher=Medlar Press |year=2022}}</ref>
*[[1848]] &ndash; [[London Waterloo station|Waterloo]] railway station in London opens.
*[[1864]] &ndash; [[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Fort Stevens]]; [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] forces attempt to invade Washington, D.C.
*[[1882]] &ndash; The British [[Mediterranean Fleet]] begins the [[Bombardment of Alexandria]] in Egypt as part of the [[Anglo-Egyptian War]].
*[[1889]] &ndash; [[Tijuana]], Mexico, is founded.
*[[1893]] &ndash; The first cultured [[pearl]] is obtained by [[Mikimoto Kōkichi|Kōkichi Mikimoto]].
*  1893   &ndash; A [[revolution]] led by the liberal general and politician [[José Santos Zelaya]] takes over state power in [[Nicaragua]].
*[[1897]] &ndash; [[Salomon August Andrée]] leaves [[Spitsbergen]] to attempt to reach the [[North Pole]] by [[balloon]].
*[[1899]] &ndash; [[Fiat Automobiles|Fiat]] founded by [[Giovanni Agnelli]] in [[Turin, Italy]].

===1901–present===
*[[1906]] &ndash; [[Murder of Grace Brown]] by [[Chester Gillette]] in the United States, inspiration for [[Theodore Dreiser]]'s ''[[An American Tragedy]]''.
*[[1914]] &ndash; [[Babe Ruth]] makes his debut in [[Major League Baseball]].
*  1914   &ndash; The US Navy launches the {{USS|Nevada|BB-36}} as its first [[standard-type battleship]].
*[[1919]] &ndash; The [[eight-hour day]] and free Sunday become law for workers in the Netherlands.
*[[1920]] &ndash; In the [[East Prussian plebiscite]] the local populace decides to remain with [[Weimar Republic|Weimar Germany]].
*[[1921]] &ndash; A truce in the [[Irish War of Independence]] comes into effect.
*  1921   &ndash; The [[Red Army]] captures [[Mongolia]] from the [[White movement#Structure|White Army]] and establishes the [[Mongolian People's Republic]].
*  1921   &ndash; Former [[president of the United States]] [[William Howard Taft]] is sworn in as 10th [[Chief Justice of the United States|chief justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]], becoming the only person ever to hold both offices.
*[[1922]] &ndash; The [[Hollywood Bowl]] opens.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Hollywood Bowl: The Story of an L.A. Icon {{!}} Discover Los Angeles|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/the-hollywood-bowl-the-story-of-an-la-icon|access-date=2021-07-13|website=www.discoverlosangeles.com|language=en}}</ref>
*[[1924]] &ndash; [[Eric Liddell]] won the gold medal in 400m at the 1924 Paris Olympics, after refusing to run in the heats for 100m, his favoured distance, on a Sunday.
*[[1934]] &ndash; [[Engelbert Zaschka]] of Germany flies his large [[human-powered aircraft]], the ''Zaschka Human-Power Aircraft'', about 20 meters at [[Berlin Tempelhof Airport]] without [[assisted take-off]].
*[[1936]] &ndash; The [[Triborough Bridge]] in New York City is opened to traffic.
*[[1940]] &ndash; [[World War II]]: [[Vichy France]] regime is formally established. [[Philippe Pétain]] becomes Chief of the French State.
*[[1941]] &ndash; The [[Northern Rhodesian Labour Party]] holds its first congress in [[Nkana]].
*[[1943]] &ndash; [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]] by the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] within the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]] ([[Volhynia]]) peak.
*  1943   &ndash; World War II: [[Allied invasion of Sicily]]: [[Nazi Germany|German]] and Italian troops launch a [[Battle of Gela (1943)|counter-attack]] on [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] in [[Sicily]].
*[[1947]] &ndash; The ''[[SS Exodus|Exodus 1947]]'' heads to Palestine from France.
*[[1950]] &ndash; [[Pakistan]] joins the [[International Monetary Fund]] and the International Bank.
*[[1957]] &ndash; Prince Karim Husseini [[Aga Khan IV]] inherits the office of Imamat as the 49th Imam of Shia Imami [[Isma'ilism|Ismai'li]] worldwide, after the death of Sir Sultan Mahommed Shah [[Aga Khan III]].
*[[1960]] &ndash; France legislates for the independence of [[Republic of Dahomey|Dahomey]] (later [[Benin]]), [[Republic of Upper Volta|Upper Volta]] (later [[Burkina Faso]]) and [[Niger]].
*  1960   &ndash; [[Congo Crisis]]: The [[State of Katanga]] breaks away from the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].
*  1960   &ndash; ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' by [[Harper Lee]] is first published, in the United States.
*[[1962]] &ndash; First transatlantic [[satellite television]] transmission.
*  1962   &ndash; [[Project Apollo]]: At a press conference, [[NASA]] announces [[lunar orbit rendezvous]] as the means to land [[astronaut]]s on the Moon, and return them to Earth.
*[[1971]] &ndash; The [[Chilean nationalization of copper|nationalization]] of all large [[Copper mining in Chile|copper mines in Chile]] is completed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=La Nacionalización del Cobre |url=https://www.bcn.cl/historiapolitica/archivohales/colecciones/v/participacion-politica-y-membresias/la-nacionalizacion-del-cobre. |access-date=2025-05-29 |work=Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile: Archivo Alejandro Hales Jamarne |language=es}}</ref>
*[[1972]] &ndash; The first game of the [[World Chess Championship 1972]] between challenger [[Bobby Fischer]] and defending champion [[Boris Spassky]] starts.
*[[1973]] &ndash; [[Varig Flight 820]] crashes near [[Paris]] on approach to [[Orly Airport]], killing 123 of the 134 on board. In response, the [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] bans smoking in airplane lavatories.
*[[1977]] &ndash; [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], [[Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.|assassinated in 1968]], is awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]].
*[[1978]] &ndash; [[Los Alfaques disaster]]: A truck carrying liquid gas crashes and explodes at a coastal campsite in [[Tarragona]], Spain killing 216 tourists.
*[[1979]] &ndash; America's first space station, ''[[Skylab]]'', is destroyed as it re-enters the Earth's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean.
*[[1982]] &ndash; The [[Italy National Football Team]] defeats [[West Germany national football team results|West Germany]] at [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]] to capture the [[1982 FIFA World Cup Final|1982 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=1982 FIFA World Cup Spain™|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/origin1904-p.cxm.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/1982spain|access-date=2021-11-27|website=www.fifa.com|language=en}}</ref>
*[[1983]] &ndash; A [[TAME]] airline [[Boeing 737|Boeing 737–200]] [[1983 TAME Boeing 737 crash|crashes]] near [[Cuenca, Ecuador]], killing all 119 passengers and crew on board.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=1983070229-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-2V2 HC-BIG Cuenca|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|access-date=2019-07-06}}</ref>
*[[1990]] &ndash; [[Oka Crisis]]: [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] land dispute in [[Quebec]] begins.
*[[1991]] &ndash; [[Nigeria Airways Flight 2120]] crashes in [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia, killing all 261 passengers and crew on board.
*[[1995]] &ndash; [[Yugoslav Wars]]: [[Srebrenica massacre]] begins; lasts until 22 July.
*[[2006]] &ndash; [[2006 Mumbai train bombings|Mumbai train bombings]]: 209 people  are killed in a series of bomb attacks in [[Mumbai]], India.
*[[2010]] &ndash; The [[Islamism|Islamist]] militia group [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]] carries out [[2010 Kampala attacks|multiple suicide bombings]] in [[Kampala]], Uganda, killing 74 people and injuring 85 others.
*  2010   &ndash; [[Spanish National Football Team|Spain]] defeats the [[Netherlands National Football Team|Netherlands]] to win the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] in Johannesburg.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/2010south-africa | title=2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa }}</ref>
*[[2011]] &ndash; Ninety-eight containers of explosives [[Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion|self-detonate killing 13 people]] in [[Zygi]], Cyprus.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2011-07-11|title=Cyprus: Zygi naval base munitions blast kills 12|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-14102253|access-date=2021-07-13}}</ref>
*[[2015]] &ndash; [[Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán]] escapes from the maximum security [[Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1|Altiplano prison]] in Mexico, his second escape.
*[[2021]] &ndash; [[Richard Branson]] becomes the first civilian to be launched into space via his [[Virgin Galactic]] spacecraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/virgin-galactics-branson-ready-space-launch-aboard-rocket-plane-2021-07-11/ |title=Billionaire Branson soars to space aboard Virgin Galactic flight|website=Reuters|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref>