Editing July 16 (section)

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
* [[622]] &ndash; The [[Hijrah]] of [[Muhammad]] begins, marking the beginning of the [[Islamic calendar]].
* [[997]] &ndash; [[Battle of Spercheios]]: Bulgarian forces of Tsar [[Samuel of Bulgaria|Samuel]] are defeated by a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] army under general [[Nikephoros Ouranos]] at the [[Spercheios|Spercheios River]] in Greece.
*[[1054]] &ndash; Three Roman [[Papal legate|legates]] break relations between [[Western Christianity|Western]] and [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christian churches]] through the act of placing a [[papal bull]] (of doubtful validity) of [[excommunication]] on the altar of [[Hagia Sophia]] during Saturday afternoon divine liturgy. Historians frequently describe the event as the formal start of the [[East–West Schism]].
*[[1212]] &ndash; [[Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa]]: After [[Pope Innocent III]] calls European knights to a [[Crusades|crusade]], the forces of kings [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]], [[Sancho VII of Navarre]], [[Peter II of Aragon]] and [[Afonso II of Portugal]] defeat those of the [[Berbers|Berber]] Muslim leader [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]], thus marking a significant turning point in the ''[[Reconquista]]'' and in the [[Spain in the Middle Ages|medieval history of Spain]].
*[[1228]] &ndash; The [[canonization]] of [[Saint Francis of Assisi]]
*[[1232]] &ndash; The Spanish town of [[Arjona, Spain|Arjona]] declares independence and names its native [[Muhammad I of Granada|Muhammad ibn Yusuf]] as ruler. This marks the Muhammad's first rise to prominence; he later established the [[Nasrid dynasty|Nasrid]] [[Emirate of Granada]], the last independent Muslim state in Spain.
*[[1251]] &ndash; Celebrated by the [[Carmelite Order]]–but doubted by modern historians–as the day when Saint [[Simon Stock]] had a vision of the [[Virgin Mary]].<ref>''Carmel, Its History, Spirit, and Saints.'' New York: P.J. Kennedy & Sons, 1927. pp 218–226. [http://bronxvilleocds.x10hosting.com/scapular.htm The Brown Scapular] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200042/http://bronxvilleocds.x10hosting.com/scapular.htm |date=2016-03-03 }} – Book excerpt found at the web link contains extensive quotes from the 17th century forged letter purportedly written in the 13th century by Saint Simon Stock's secretary "Peter Swanington". Many older sources surprisingly accepted the Swanington letter without question.</ref><ref>Herbert Thurston, S.J., [https://books.google.com/books?id=RAUQAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22peter+swanyngton%22+scapular+ecclesiastical&pg=PA59 "The Origin of the Scapular – A Criticism."] ''The Irish Ecclesiastical Record'' Vol XVI July–December 1904. pp. 59–75. Dublin: Browne & Nolan, Limited. – well researched 1904 journal article demonstrates the falsity of the Swanington letter as well as the forged papal bull that was the basis of the "Sabbatine privilege", discusses Carmelite history and the facts about the evolution of the scapular devotion etc.</ref>
*[[1377]] &ndash; King [[Richard II of England]] is crowned.<ref>{{cite book|author=James Sherborne|title=War, Politics and Culture in 14th Century England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uu_UAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|date=1 January 1994|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-85285-086-9|pages=187–}}</ref>
*[[1536]] &ndash; [[Jacques Cartier]], navigator and explorer, returns home to St. Malo after claiming Stadacona (Quebec), Hochelaga (Montereal) and the River of Canada (St. Lawrence River) region for France.<ref>{{cite book|first=Clifton|last=Daniel|title=Chronicle of America|publisher=Chronicle publication|year=1989|page=26|isbn=0-13-133745-9}}</ref>

===1601–1900===
*[[1661]] &ndash; The first [[banknote]]s in Europe are issued by the Swedish bank [[Stockholms Banco]].
*[[1683]] &ndash; Manchu [[Qing dynasty]] naval forces under commander [[Shi Lang]] defeat the [[Kingdom of Tungning]] in the [[Battle of Penghu]] near the [[Penghu|Pescadores Islands]].
*[[1769]] &ndash; Father [[Junípero Serra]] founds [[California]]'s first mission, [[Mission San Diego de Alcalá]]. Over the following decades, it evolves into the city of [[San Diego|San Diego, California]].
*[[1779]] &ndash; [[American Revolutionary War]]: [[Light infantry]] of the [[Continental Army]] seize a fortified [[British Army]] position in a midnight bayonet attack at the [[Battle of Stony Point]].
*[[1790]] &ndash; The [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] is established as the capital of the United States after signature of the [[Residence Act]].
*[[1809]] &ndash; The city of [[La Paz]], in what is today [[Bolivia]], declares its independence from the [[Monarchy of Spain|Spanish Crown]] during the [[La Paz revolution]] and forms the Junta Tuitiva, the first independent government in Spanish America, led by [[Pedro Domingo Murillo]].
*[[1849]] &ndash; [[Antonio María Claret y Clará]] founds the Congregation of the Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, popularly known as the [[Claretians]] in [[Vic, Spain|Vic]], in the province of [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain.
*[[1858]] &ndash; The last [[Lourdes apparitions|apparition]] of the Blessed Virgin Mary to [[Bernadette Soubirous]] in Lourdes, France.<ref>{{cite book|author=William J. Collinge|title=Historical Dictionary of Catholicism|date=15 August 2021|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781538130186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAo0EAAAQBAJ&q=16+july+apparition+Lourdes&pg=PA276}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lourdes-france.org/en/expliquez-moi-les-apparitions/|title=Friday 16th July 1858 The 18th and final apparition|website=www.lourdes-france.org}}</ref>
*[[1861]] &ndash; [[American Civil War]]: At the order of President [[Abraham Lincoln]], Union troops begin a 25-mile [[Manassas campaign|march]] into [[Virginia]] for what will become the [[First Battle of Bull Run]], the first major land battle of the war.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edward G. Longacre|title=The Early Morning of War: Bull Run, 1861|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0nUCBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA535|date=22 October 2014|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-4761-1|pages=535}}</ref>
*[[1862]] &ndash; American Civil War: [[David Farragut]] is promoted to [[rear admiral]], becoming the first officer in [[United States Navy]] to hold an admiral rank.

===1901–present===
*[[1909]] &ndash; [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]]: [[Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar]] is forced out as Shah of Persia and is replaced by his son [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ahmad Hasan Dani|author2=Unesco|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ckDZStRFfEC|year=1992|publisher=Unesco|isbn=978-92-3-103985-0|page=476}}</ref>
*[[1910]] &ndash; [[John Robertson Duigan]] makes the first flight of the [[Duigan pusher biplane]], the first aircraft built in Australia.
*[[1915]] &ndash; [[Henry James]] becomes a British citizen to highlight his commitment to Britain during the first World War.
*  1915   &ndash; At Treasure Island on the [[Delaware River]] in the United States, the First [[Order of the Arrow]] ceremony takes place and the Order of the Arrow is founded to honor American Boy Scouts who best exemplify the Scout Oath and Law.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Dick|last=Pryce|title=Return to Treasure Island|magazine=Boys' Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA24|date=May 1981|publisher=Boy Scouts of America|pages=24|issn=0006-8608}}</ref>
*[[1927]] &ndash; [[Augusto César Sandino]] leads a raid on U.S. Marines and Nicaraguan Guardia Nacional that had been sent to apprehend him in the village of [[Ocotal]], but is repulsed by one of the first [[Dive bomber|dive-bombing]] attacks in history.
*[[1931]] &ndash; [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Emperor]] [[Haile Selassie]] signs the [[1931 Constitution of Ethiopia|first constitution of Ethiopia]].
*[[1935]] &ndash; The world's first [[parking meter]] is installed in [[Oklahoma City|Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]].
*[[1941]] &ndash; [[Joe DiMaggio]] hits safely for the [[Joe DiMaggio's 56-game hitting streak|56th consecutive game]], a streak that still stands as an [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] record.
*[[1942]] &ndash; [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]]: [[Vel' d'Hiv Roundup]] (''Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv''): The government of [[Vichy France]] orders the [[mass arrest]] of 13,152 Jews who are held at the [[Vélodrome d'Hiver]] in Paris before deportation to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]].
*[[1945]] &ndash; [[Manhattan Project]]: The [[Atomic Age]] begins when the United States [[Trinity (nuclear test)|successfully detonates]] a [[plutonium]]-based test [[nuclear weapon]] near [[Alamogordo, New Mexico]].
*  1945   &ndash; World War II: The [[heavy cruiser]] {{USS|Indianapolis|CA-35|6}} leaves San Francisco with parts for the atomic bomb "[[Little Boy]]" bound for [[Tinian|Tinian Island]].
*[[1948]] &ndash; Following token resistance, the city of [[Nazareth]], revered by Christians as the hometown of [[Jesus]], capitulates to [[Israel]]i troops during [[Operation Dekel]] in the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]].
*  1948   &ndash; The storming of the cockpit of the ''[[Miss Macao]]'' passenger seaplane, operated by a subsidiary of the [[Cathay Pacific]] Airways, marks the first [[aircraft hijacking]] of a commercial plane.
*[[1950]] &ndash; [[Chaplain–Medic massacre]]: American POWs are massacred by North Korean Army.
*1950 &ndash; [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]] beats [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] [[Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)|2–1]], to win the [[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950 World Cup]] hat has been dubbed the [[Maracanazo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soccerphile.com/soccerphile/news/greatest-upsets.html |title=Football's 20 Greatest Upsets |work=Soccerphile |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113142039/http://www.soccerphile.com/soccerphile/news/greatest-upsets.html |archivedate=13 November 2006 }}</ref>
*[[1951]] &ndash; King [[Leopold III of Belgium]] abdicates in favor of his son, [[Baudouin of Belgium]].
*  1951   &ndash; [[J. D. Salinger]] publishes his popular yet controversial novel, ''[[The Catcher in the Rye]]''.<ref name="burgernyt">{{cite news|last=Burger|first=Nash K.|date=July 16, 1951|title=Books of The Times|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/13/specials/salinger-rye02.html|access-date=March 18, 2009}}</ref>
*[[1956]] &ndash; [[Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus]] closes its last "Big Tent" show in [[Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]; due to changing economics, all subsequent circus shows will be held in arenas.
*[[1957]] &ndash; [[KLM Flight 844]] crashes off the [[Schouten Islands]] in present day [[Indonesia]] (then [[Netherlands New Guinea]]), killing 58 people.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed L-1049C-55-81 Super Constellation PH-LKT Biak-Mokmer Airport (BIK)|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19570716-0|access-date=2021-07-15|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]]}}</ref>
*[[1965]] &ndash; The [[Mont Blanc Tunnel]] linking France and Italy opens.
*  1965   &ndash; [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam|South Vietnamese]] Colonel [[Phạm Ngọc Thảo]], a formerly undetected [[People's Army of Vietnam|communist spy and double agent]], is hunted down and killed by unknown individuals after being sentenced to death ''in absentia'' for a [[1965 South Vietnamese coup|February 1965 coup attempt]] against [[Nguyễn Khánh]].
* [[1969]] – The [[Apollo 11]] lunar landing mission is launched from [[Cape Canaveral|Cape Kennedy]] in Florida, USA.<ref>
* {{cite book
	| last = Mailer
	| first = Norman
	| author-link = Norman Mailer
	| date = 2014
	| orig-date = 1970
	| title = [[Of a Fire on the Moon|A Fire on the Moon]]
	| location = London
	| publisher = [[Penguin Classics]]
	| pages = 67–86, 166–176
	| isbn = 978-0-141-39496-1
}}
* {{cite book
	| last = Collins 
	| first = Michael
	| author-link = Michael Collins (astronaut)
	| date = 2019
	| orig-date = 1974
	| title = [[Carrying the Fire]]
	| location = New York
	| publisher = [[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]
	| pages = 355–366
	| isbn = 978-0-374-53776-0
}}</ref>
*[[1979]] &ndash; [[President of Iraq|Iraqi President]] [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]] resigns and is replaced by [[Saddam Hussein]].
*[[1983]] &ndash; [[1983 British Airways Sikorsky S-61 crash|Sikorsky S-61 disaster]]: A helicopter crashes off the [[Isles of Scilly]], causing 20 fatalities.
*[[1990]] &ndash; The [[1990 Luzon earthquake|Luzon earthquake]] strikes the [[Philippines]] with an intensity of 7.7, affecting [[Benguet]], [[Pangasinan]], [[Nueva Ecija]], [[La Union]], [[Aurora (province)|Aurora]], [[Bataan]], [[Zambales]] and [[Tarlac]].
*  1990   &ndash; The [[Verkhovna Rada|Parliament of the Ukrainian SSR]] [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|declares state sovereignty]] over the territory of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]].
*[[1994]] &ndash; The comet [[Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9|Shoemaker-Levy 9]] is destroyed in a head-on collision with [[Jupiter]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=January 2018|first=Elizabeth Howell 24|title=Shoemaker-Levy 9: Comet's Impact Left Its Mark on Jupiter|url=https://www.space.com/19855-shoemaker-levy-9.html|access-date=2021-07-16|website=Space.com|date=24 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[1999]] &ndash; [[John F. Kennedy Jr.|John F. Kennedy Jr]]., his wife, [[Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy]], and her sister, Lauren Bessette, [[John F. Kennedy Jr. plane crash|die when the aircraft]] he is piloting crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Martha's Vineyard.
*[[2004]] &ndash; [[Millennium Park]], considered Chicago's first and most ambitious early 21st-century architectural project, is opened to the public by [[Mayor of Chicago|Mayor]] [[Richard M. Daley]].
*[[2005]] &ndash; An [[Antonov An-24]] [[2005 Equatorial Express Airlines An-24 crash|crashes]] near [[Baney]] in [[Bioko Norte]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], killing 60 people.<ref name="ASN">{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident Antonov An-24B 3C-VQR Baney |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20050716-0 |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref>
*[[2007]] &ndash; An [[2007 Chūetsu offshore earthquake|earthquake]] of magnitude 6.8 and 6.6 aftershock occurs off the [[Niigata (city)|Niigata]] coast of Japan killing eight people, injuring at least 800 and damaging a nuclear power plant.
*[[2009]] &ndash; [[Teoh Beng Hock]], an aide to a politician in [[Malaysia]] is found dead on the rooftop of a building adjacent to the offices of the [[Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission|Anti-Corruption Commission]], sparking an [[inquest]] that gains nationwide attention.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nazari|first=Tasneem|title=The Mysterious Death of Teoh Beng Hock: What We Know So Far {{!}} TRP|url=https://www.therakyatpost.com/2019/11/19/special-task-force-to-investigate-teoh-beng-hocks-death-case-recap/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=www.therakyatpost.com/|date=19 November 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[2013]] &ndash; As many as 27 children die and 25 others are hospitalized after [[Bihar school meal poisoning incident|eating lunch]] served at their school in eastern India.
*  2013   &ndash; [[Syrian civil war]]: The [[Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)|Battle of Ras al-Ayn]] resumes between the [[People's Protection Units]] (YPG) and Islamist forces, beginning the [[Rojava–Islamist conflict]].<ref>{{cite book|last= Lister|first=  Charles R.|title= The Syrian Jihad: Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State and the Evolution of an Insurgency|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=S6eKCwAAQBAJ|date= 2015|publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]|location= [[Oxford]]|isbn= 9780190462475|page=96}}</ref>
*[[2015]] &ndash; Four [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] and one gunman die in [[2015 Chattanooga shootings|a shooting spree]] targeting military installations in [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]].
*[[2019]] &ndash; A 100-year-old building in [[Mumbai]], India, collapses, killing at least 10 people and leaving many others trapped.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49001456|website=BBC News|title=India building collapse: Many trapped and 10 dead in Mumbai|date=2019-07-16}}</ref>