Editing July 25 (section)

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
* [[306]] &ndash; [[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]] is proclaimed [[Roman Empire|Roman]] emperor by his troops.
* [[315]] &ndash; The [[Arch of Constantine]] is completed near the [[Colosseum]] in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over [[Maxentius]] at the [[Ponte Milvio|Milvian Bridge]]. 
* [[677]] &ndash; Climax of the [[Siege of Thessalonica (676–678)|Siege of Thessalonica]] by the Slavs in a three-day assault on the city walls.
* [[864]] &ndash; The [[Edict of Pistres]] of [[Charles the Bald]] orders defensive measures against the [[Vikings]].
* [[918]] &ndash; [[Wang Geon]] becomes King of [[Goryeo]] after overthrowing [[Gung Ye]] in a coup the previous day<ref name="Kang">{{cite thesis |last= Kang |first= Hi-Woong |date= 1964 |title=The development of the Korean ruling class from late Silla to early Koryo |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/302110231 |degree= PhD |chapter= The Eclipse of the Silla Aristocracy |publisher= University of Washington |access-date= 18 July 2023 |id= {{ProQuest|302110231}}}}</ref> 
*[[1137]] &ndash; [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] marries Prince Louis, later King [[Louis VII of France]], at the [[Bordeaux Cathedral|Cathedral of Saint-André in Bordeaux]].
*[[1139]] &ndash; [[Battle of Ourique]]: The [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravids]], led by [[Ali ibn Yusuf]], are defeated by Prince [[Afonso I of Portugal|Afonso Henriques]] who is proclaimed King of Portugal.
*[[1261]] &ndash; The city of [[Constantinople]] is [[Reconquest of Constantinople|recaptured]] by [[Empire of Nicaea|Nicaean]] forces under the command of [[Alexios Strategopoulos]], re-establishing the [[Byzantine Empire]].
*[[1278]] &ndash; The naval [[Battle of Algeciras (1278)|Battle of Algeciras]] takes place in the context of the [[Spanish Reconquista]] resulting in a victory for the [[Emirate of Granada]] and the Maranid Dynasty over the [[Kingdom of Castile]].
*[[1467]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Molinella]]: The first battle in Italy in which firearms are used extensively.
*[[1536]] &ndash; [[Sebastián de Belalcázar]] on his search of [[El Dorado]] founds the city of [[Cali|Santiago de Cali]].
*[[1538]] &ndash; The city of [[Guayaquil]] is founded by the Spanish [[Conquistador]] [[Francisco de Orellana]] and given the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil.
*[[1547]] &ndash; [[Henry II of France]] is [[Coronation|crowned]].
*[[1554]] &ndash; [[Wedding of Mary I of England and Philip of Spain|The royal wedding]] of [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] and [[Philip II of Spain]] celebrated at [[Winchester Cathedral]].<ref>Alexander Samson, ''Mary and Philip: The marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain'' (Manchester, 2020), p. 110.</ref>
*[[1567]] &ndash; Don Diego de Losada founds the city of Santiago de Leon de Caracas, modern-day [[Caracas]], the capital city of [[Venezuela]]. 
*[[1591]] &ndash; The [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma|Duke of Parma]] is [[Siege of Knodsenburg|defeated]] near the Dutch city of [[Nijmegen]] by an Anglo-Dutch force led by [[Maurice of Orange]].<ref name="Wat">{{cite book|last1=Watson|title=The history of the reign of Philip the Second, king of Spain|date=1839|publisher=Tegg|pages=474–75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rU71KMHN4V8C}}</ref>
*[[1593]] &ndash; [[Henry IV of France]] publicly converts from [[Protestantism]] to [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]ism.

===1601–1900===
*[[1603]] &ndash; [[James VI and I]] and [[Anne of Denmark]] are [[coronation of James I|crowned]] in [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref>[[Jemma Field]], 'Anna of Denmark', Aidan Norrie, Carolyn Harris, [[J. L. Laynesmith]], Danna R. Messer, Elena Woodacre, ''Tudor and Stuart Consorts: Power, Influence, and Dynasty'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2022), p. 214.</ref>
*[[1609]] &ndash; The English ship ''[[Sea Venture]]'', en route to [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]], is deliberately driven ashore during a storm at [[Bermuda]] to prevent its sinking; the survivors go on to found a new colony there.
*[[1668]] &ndash; A [[1668 Shandong earthquake|magnitude 8.5 earthquake]] strikes eastern China, killing over 43,000 people.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=CHINA: SHANDONG PROVINCE|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/1054|access-date=9 Dec 2020|website=NGDC}}</ref>
*[[1693]] &ndash; Ignacio de Maya founds the Real Santiago de las Sabinas, now known as [[Sabinas Hidalgo, Nuevo León]], Mexico.
*[[1718]] &ndash; At the behest of Tsar [[Peter the Great]], the construction of [[Kadriorg Palace]], dedicated to his wife [[Catherine I of Russia|Catherine]], begins in [[Tallinn]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spottinghistory.com/view/410/kadriorg-palace/|title=Kadriorg Palace – Tallinn, Estonia|website=Spotting History|access-date=September 29, 2021}}</ref>
*[[1722]] &ndash; [[Dummer's War]] begins along the [[Maine]]-[[Massachusetts]] border.
*[[1755]] &ndash; [[British Empire|British]] governor [[Charles Lawrence (British Army officer)|Charles Lawrence]] and the [[Nova Scotia]] Council order the [[Expulsion of the Acadians|deportation]] of the [[Acadians]].
*[[1759]] &ndash; [[French and Indian War]]: In [[Western New York]], British forces capture [[Fort Niagara]] from the French, who subsequently abandon [[Fort Rouillé]]. 
*[[1783]] &ndash; [[American Revolutionary War]]: The war's last action, the [[Siege of Cuddalore]], is ended by a preliminary peace agreement.
*[[1788]] &ndash; [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] completes his [[Symphony No. 40 (Mozart)|Symphony No. 40 in G minor]] (K550).
*[[1792]] &ndash; The [[Brunswick Manifesto]] is issued to the population of Paris promising vengeance if the French royal family is harmed.
*[[1797]] &ndash; [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Horatio Nelson]] loses more than 300 men and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of [[Tenerife]] (Spain).
*[[1799]] &ndash; [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] defeats a numerically superior Ottoman army under [[Mustafa Pasha (Egypt)|Mustafa Pasha]] at the [[Battle of Abukir (1799)|Battle of Abukir.]]
*[[1814]] &ndash; [[War of 1812]]: An [[Battle of Lundy's Lane|American attack on Canada]] is repulsed.
*[[1824]] &ndash; [[Costa Rica]] annexes [[Guanacaste Province|Guanacaste]] from [[Nicaragua]].
*[[1835]] &ndash; [[James Bowman Lindsay]] demonstrates a constant [[Incandescent light bulb|electric light]] at a public meeting in [[Dundee|Dundee, Scotland]].<ref name="Challoner">{{cite book |last=Challoner |first=Jack |title=1001 Inventions That Changed The World |publisher=Barrons Educational Series |year=2009 |isbn=978-1844036110 |location=Hauppauge NY |page=305 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=James Bowman Lindsay - Local History Centre, Leisure and Culture Dundee |url=https://www.leisureandculturedundee.com/localhistory/jbl |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=Leisure and Culture Dundee}}</ref>
*[[1837]] &ndash; The first commercial use of an [[electrical telegraph]] is successfully demonstrated in London by [[William Fothergill Cooke|William Cooke]] and [[Charles Wheatstone]].
*[[1853]] &ndash; [[Joaquin Murrieta]],  the famous [[Californio]] bandit known as the "Robin Hood of El Dorado", is killed. 
*[[1861]] &ndash; [[American Civil War]]: The [[United States Congress]] passes the [[Crittenden–Johnson Resolution]], stating that the war is being fought to preserve the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] and not to end [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]], in the wake of the defeat at the [[First Battle of Bull Run]].
*[[1866]] &ndash; The United States Congress passes legislation authorizing the [[Military rank|rank]] of [[General of the Army (United States)|General of the Army]]. [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]] becomes the first to be promoted to this rank.
*[[1868]] &ndash; The [[Wyoming Territory]] is established.
*[[1869]] &ndash; The Japanese ''[[daimyō]]s'' begin returning their land holdings to the [[Emperor of Japan|emperor]] as part of the [[Meiji Restoration]] reforms. (Traditional [[Japanese calendar|Japanese Date]]: June 17, 1869).
*[[1894]] &ndash; The [[First Sino-Japanese War]] begins when the Japanese fire upon a Chinese warship.
*[[1897]] &ndash; American author [[Jack London]] embarks on a sailing trip to take part in the [[Klondike, Yukon|Klondike]]'s [[gold rush]], from which he wrote his first successful stories.<ref>Peter Lourie: ''Jack London and the Klondike Gold Rush''. Henry Holt, 2017. ISBN 978-0805097573.</ref>
*[[1898]] &ndash; [[Spanish–American War]]: The American invasion of Spanish-held [[Puerto Rico]] begins, as [[United States Army]] troops under General [[Nelson A. Miles]] land and secure the port at [[Guánica, Puerto Rico|Guánica]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Marley|first=David|title=Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the Present|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2008|isbn=9781598841008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DkgGVTOr2EsC|page=604}}</ref>

===1901–present===
*[[1908]] &ndash; [[Ajinomoto]] is founded. [[Kikunae Ikeda]] of the [[University of Tokyo|Tokyo Imperial University]] discovers that a key ingredient in [[kombu]] soup stock is [[monosodium glutamate]] (MSG), and patents a process for manufacturing it. 
*[[1909]] &ndash; [[Louis Blériot]] makes the first flight across the [[English Channel]] in a [[Blériot XI|heavier-than-air machine]] from [[Calais]] to [[Dover|Dover, England, United Kingdom]] in 37 minutes.
*[[1915]] &ndash; [[Royal Flying Corps|RFC]] Captain [[Lanoe Hawker]] becomes the first British [[Fighter aircraft|pursuit]] aviator to earn the [[Victoria Cross]].
*[[1917]] &ndash; Sir [[Robert Borden]] introduces the first [[Income taxes in Canada|income tax in Canada]] as a "temporary" measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%).
*[[1925]] &ndash; [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union]] (TASS) is established.
*[[1934]] &ndash; The [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] assassinate Austrian Chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] in a failed coup attempt. 
*[[1940]] &ndash; General [[Henri Guisan]] orders the [[Swiss Army]] to resist German invasion and makes surrender illegal.
*[[1942]] &ndash; The [[Norwegian resistance movement|Norwegian Manifesto]] calls for nonviolent resistance to the German occupation.
*[[1943]] &ndash; [[World War II]]: [[Benito Mussolini]] [[25 Luglio|is forced out of office]] by the King (encouraged by the [[Grand Council of Fascism]]) and is replaced by [[Pietro Badoglio]].
*[[1943]] &ndash; World War II: 136 Greek civilians are [[Massacres of Mousiotitsa|murdered]] by soldiers of the German [[1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)|1st Mountain Division]] in the village of [[Mousiotitsa]], Greece.<ref name="Meyer">{{cite book|last=Meyer|first=Hermann Frank|title=Blutiges Edelweiss. Die 1. Gebirgs-Division im Zweiten Weltkrieg|trans-title=Bloodstained Edelweiss. The 1st Mountain-Division in the Second World War|year=2007|publisher=Ch. Links-Verlag|isbn=978-3861534471}}</ref>
*[[1944]] &ndash; World War II: [[Operation Spring]] is one of the bloodiest days for the [[First Canadian Army]] during the war.
*[[1946]] &ndash; The [[Operation Crossroads#Test Baker|Crossroads Baker]] device is the first underwater nuclear weapon test.
*[[1956]] &ndash; Forty-five miles south of [[Nantucket|Nantucket Island]], the Italian [[ocean liner]] {{SS|Andrea Doria}} collides with the {{ship|MS|Stockholm|1948|6}} in heavy fog and sinks the next day, killing 51.
*[[1957]] &ndash; The Tunisian King [[Muhammad VIII al-Amin]] is replaced by President [[Habib Bourguiba]].
*[[1958]] &ndash; The [[African Regroupment Party]] holds its first congress in [[Cotonou]].
*[[1961]] &ndash; [[Cold War]]: In a speech [[John F. Kennedy]] emphasizes that any attack on Berlin is an attack on [[NATO]].
*[[1965]] &ndash; [[Bob Dylan]] [[Electric Dylan controversy|goes electric]] at the [[Newport Folk Festival]], signaling a major change in folk and rock music.
*[[1969]] &ndash; [[Vietnam War]]: [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Richard Nixon]] declares the [[Nixon Doctrine]], stating that the United States now expects its Asian allies to take care of their own military defense. This is the start of the "[[Vietnamization]]" of the war.
*[[1971]] &ndash; The [[Sohagpur massacre]] is perpetrated by the Pakistan Army.<ref name=kafir>{{cite news|url=https://www.jaijaidinbd.com/wholecountry/184416|title=আজ শেরপুরের সোহাগপুর গণহত্যা দিবস|trans-title=Today is Sohagpur Genocide Day in Sherpur|date=25 July 2021|newspaper=[[Jaijaidin]]|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref>
*[[1973]] &ndash; [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] ''[[Mars program|Mars 5]]'' space probe is launched.
*[[1976]] &ndash; [[Viking program]]: ''[[Viking 1]]'' takes the famous [[Cydonia (region of Mars)|Face on Mars]] photo.
*[[1978]] &ndash; [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] police shoot two nationalists in the [[Cerro Maravilla murders]].
*  1978   &ndash; Birth of [[Louise Brown|Louise Joy Brown]], the first human to have been born after conception by [[in vitro fertilisation]], or IVF.<ref name="First hIVF birth">{{cite news |last1=Hutchinson |first1=Martin |title=I helped deliver Louise |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3077913.stm |access-date=18 July 2020 |work=BBC News |date=24 July 2003}}</ref>
*[[1979]] &ndash; In accord with the [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty]], Israel begins its withdrawal from the [[Sinai Peninsula]].
*[[1983]] &ndash; [[Black July]]: Thirty-seven [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Tamil]] political prisoners at the Welikada high security prison in [[Colombo]] are [[Welikada prison massacre|massacred]] by the fellow [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] prisoners.
*[[1984]] &ndash; ''[[Salyut 7]]'' [[Astronaut|cosmonaut]] [[Svetlana Savitskaya]] becomes the first woman to perform a [[extravehicular activity|space walk]].
*[[1993]] &ndash; Israel launches a massive attack against [[Lebanon]] in what the Israelis call [[Operation Accountability]], and the Lebanese call the Seven-Day War.
*  1993   &ndash; The [[Saint James Church massacre]] occurs in Kenilworth, Cape Town, South Africa.
*[[1994]] &ndash; Israel and [[Jordan]] sign the [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty|Washington Declaration]], that formally ends the state of war that had existed between the nations since 1948.
*[[1995]] &ndash; A gas bottle [[1995 Paris Métro and RER bombings|explodes]] in ''Saint Michel'' station of line B of the [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]] (Paris regional train network). Eight are killed and 80 wounded.
*[[1996]] &ndash; In a [[1996 Burundian coup d'état|military coup in Burundi]], [[Pierre Buyoya]] deposes [[Sylvestre Ntibantunganya]].
*[[2000]] &ndash; [[Concorde]] [[Air France Flight 4590]] crashes outside of Paris shortly after taking off at [[Charles de Gaulle Airport]], killing 113 people.
*[[2007]] &ndash; [[Pratibha Patil]] is sworn in as India's first female president.
*[[2010]] &ndash; [[WikiLeaks]] publishes [[Afghan War documents leak|classified documents about the War in Afghanistan]], one of the largest leaks in U.S. military history.
*[[2018]] &ndash; [[2018 As-Suwayda attacks|As-Suwayda attacks]]: Coordinated attacks occur in Syria.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-44949823|title=Syria war: More than 200 dead in suicide attacks|work=BBC|date=25 July 2018|access-date=26 July 2018}}</ref>
*[[2019]] &ndash; National extreme heat records set this day in the UK, Belgium, The Netherlands and Germany during the [[July 2019 European heat wave]].