Editing July 9 (section)

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
*[[AD 118|118]] &ndash; [[Hadrian]], who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Legrand|title=Chronicle of the World|publisher=Ecam Publication|year=1989|page=228|isbn=0-13-133463-8}}</ref> 
* [[381]] &ndash; The end of the [[First Council of Constantinople|First Council]] of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman emperor [[Theodosius I]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heather |first1=P. J. |last2=Matthews |first2=John |title=Goths in the Fourth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/gothsfourthcentu00heat |url-access=limited |location=Liverpool |publisher=Liverpool University Press |year=1991 |isbn=0-85323-426-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/gothsfourthcentu00heat/page/n150 136] }}</ref>
* [[491]] &ndash; [[Odoacer]] makes a night assault with his [[Heruli]] guardsmen, engaging [[Theoderic the Great]] in Ad Pinetam. Both sides suffer heavy losses, but in the end Theodoric forces Odoacer back into [[Ravenna]].
* [[551]] &ndash; A [[551 Beirut earthquake|major earthquake]] strikes Beirut, triggering a devastating tsunami that affects the coastal towns of [[Phoenicia under Roman rule|Byzantine Phoenicia]], causing thousands of deaths.<ref name="Elias">{{cite journal|last=Elias|first=A.|author2=Tapponnier P.|author3=Singh S.C.|author4=King G.C.P.|author5=Briais A.|author6=Daëron M.|author7=Carton H.|author8=Sursock A.|author9=Jacques E.|author10=Jomaa R.|author11=Klinger Y.|year=2007|title=Active thrusting offshore Mount Lebanon: Source of the tsunamigenic A.D. 551 Beirut-Tripoli earthquake|journal=Geology|volume=35|issue=8|pages=755–758|doi=10.1130/G23631A.1|url=http://www.ipgp.fr/~klinger/page_web/biblio/publication/elias%20et%20al%20final%20proof.pdf|access-date=2 March 2011|bibcode=2007Geo....35..755E|archive-date=12 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312125200/http://www.ipgp.fr/~klinger/page_web/biblio/publication/elias%20et%20al%20final%20proof.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[660]] &ndash; Korean forces under general [[Kim Yu-sin]] of Silla defeat the army of [[Baekje]] in the [[Battle of Hwangsanbeol]].
* [[869]] &ndash; The 8.4–9.0 {{M|w}}[[869 Sanriku earthquake|Sanriku earthquake]] strikes the area around [[Sendai]] in northern [[Honshu]], Japan. Inundation from the tsunami extended several kilometers inland.
* [[969]] &ndash; The [[Fatimid]] general [[Jawhar (general)|Jawhar]] leads the [[Friday prayer]] in [[Fustat]] in the name of Caliph [[al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah]], thereby symbolically completing the [[Fatimid conquest of Egypt]].<ref>{{cite book | chapter = The Ismāʿīlī Daʿwa and the Fāṭimid caliphate | first = Paul E. | last = Walker | title = Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume One: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | editor-last = Petry | editor-first = Carl F. | location = Cambridge | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-521-47137-4 | pages = 120–150 | chapter-url = {{Google Books|y3FtXpB_tqMC|page=120|plainurl=y}} }}</ref>
*[[1357]] &ndash; [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles IV]] assists in laying the [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] of [[Charles Bridge]] in [[Prague]].
*[[1386]] &ndash; The [[Old Swiss Confederacy]] makes great strides in [[Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy|establishing control over its territory]] by soundly defeating the [[Duchy of Austria]] in the [[Battle of Sempach]].
*[[1401]] &ndash; [[Timur]] attacks the [[Jalairid Sultanate]] and destroys Baghdad.
*[[1540]] &ndash; King [[Henry VIII]] of England annuls his marriage to his fourth wife, [[Anne of Cleves]].
*[[1572]] &ndash; [[Martyrs of Gorkum|Nineteen Catholics]] suffer martyrdom for their beliefs, in the Dutch town of [[Gorinchem|Gorkum]].

===1601–1900===
*[[1609]] &ndash; [[Bohemia]] is granted [[freedom of religion]] through the [[Letter of Majesty]] by the Holy Roman Emperor, [[Rudolf II]].
*[[1701]] &ndash; A [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] force under [[Nicolas Catinat]] withdraws from a smaller [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] force under [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]] in the [[Battle of Carpi]].
*[[1745]] &ndash; French victory in the [[Battle of Melle]] allows them to capture [[Ghent]] in the days after.
*[[1755]] &ndash; The [[Braddock Expedition]] is [[Battle of the Monongahela|soundly defeated]] by a smaller French and [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] force in its attempt to capture [[Fort Duquesne]] in what is now [[downtown Pittsburgh]].
*[[1762]] &ndash; [[Catherine the Great]] becomes Empress of Russia following the coup against her husband, [[Peter III of Russia|Peter III]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/russia/History/sub9_1b/entry-4938.html|title=CATHERINE THE GREAT {{!}} Facts and Details|last=Hays|first=Jeffrey|website=factsanddetails.com|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref> 
*[[1763]] &ndash; The [[Mozart family grand tour]] of Europe began, lifting the profile of son [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Wolfgang Amadeus]].<ref>{{cite book|author-link= Stanley Sadie|last= Sadie|first= Stanley|title= Mozart: The Early Years, 1756&ndash;1781|publisher= W.W. Norton & Co|location= New York|year= 2006|isbn= 0-393-06112-4|url= https://archive.org/details/mozartearlyyears00sadi|page=37}}</ref>
*[[1776]] &ndash; [[George Washington]] orders the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] to be read out to members of the [[Continental Army]] in [[Manhattan]], while thousands of British troops on [[Staten Island]] prepare for the [[Battle of Long Island]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Immerwahr |first1=Daniel |title=Did George Washington Burn New York? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/03/george-washington-burn-new-york-great-fire-1776/672780/ |access-date=16 February 2023 |magazine=The Atlantic |volume=331 |issue=2 |date=31 January 2023 |page=74|url-access=subscription |issn=1072-7825}}</ref>
*[[1789]] &ndash; In [[Versailles, Yvelines|Versailles]], the [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] reconstitutes itself as the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|National Constituent Assembly]] and begins preparations for a [[Constitution of France|French constitution]].
*[[1790]] &ndash; The [[Swedish Navy]] [[Battle of Svensksund|captures one third]] of the [[Russian Navy|Russian Baltic fleet]].
*[[1793]] &ndash; The [[Act Against Slavery]] in [[Upper Canada]] bans the importation of slaves and will free those who are born into slavery after the passage of the Act at 25 years of age.
*[[1795]] &ndash; Financier [[James Swan (financier)|James Swan]] pays off the $2,024,899 US national debt that had been accrued during the [[American Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofswansis00smal/page/52 |title=A History of Swan's Island, Maine |last=Small |first=Herman Wesley |year=1898 |via=Internet Archive |location=[[Ellsworth, Maine]] |publisher=Hancock County Publishing Co. |page=52 |oclc=1020004}}</ref>
*[[1807]] &ndash; The second [[Treaties of Tilsit|Treaty of Tilsit]] is signed between [[First French Empire|France]] and [[Prussia]], ending the [[War of the Fourth Coalition]].
*[[1810]] &ndash; [[Napoleon]] annexes the [[Kingdom of Holland]] as part of the First French Empire.
*[[1811]] &ndash; Explorer [[David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson]] posts a sign near what is now [[Sacajawea State Park]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington state]], claiming the [[Columbia District]] for the United Kingdom.
*[[1815]] &ndash; [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord]] becomes the first [[Prime Minister of France]].
*[[1816]] &ndash; [[Argentina]] [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declares independence]] from Spain.
*[[1821]] &ndash; Four hundred and seventy prominent [[Cyprus|Cypriots]] including Archbishop [[Kyprianos]] are executed in response to Cypriot aid to the [[Greek War of Independence]].
*[[1850]] &ndash; U.S. President [[Zachary Taylor]] dies after eating raw fruit and iced milk; he is succeeded in office by Vice President [[Millard Fillmore]].
*  1850   &ndash; Persian prophet [[Báb]] is executed in [[Tabriz]], [[Iran|Persia]].
*[[1863]] &ndash; [[American Civil War]]: The [[Siege of Port Hudson]] ends in a [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] victory and, along with the [[Siege of Vicksburg|fall of Vicksburg]] five days earlier, gives the Union complete control of the [[Mississippi River]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Siege of Port Hudson: "Forty Days and Nights in the Wilderness of Death" (Teaching with Historic Places)|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-siege-of-port-hudson-forty-days-and-nights-in-the-wilderness-of-death-teaching-with-historic-places.htm|publisher=National Park Service|date=May 8, 2023|access-date=May 17, 2024}}</ref>
*[[1868]] &ndash; The [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|14th Amendment to the United States Constitution]] is ratified, guaranteeing [[African Americans]] full citizenship and all persons in the United States [[due process]] of law.
*[[1875]] &ndash; The [[Herzegovina Uprising (1875–77)|Herzegovina Uprising]] against [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule begins, which would last until 1878 and have far-reaching implications throughout the Balkans.
*[[1877]] &ndash; The [[1877 Wimbledon Championship|inaugural]] [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon Championships]] begins.
*[[1893]] &ndash; [[Daniel Hale Williams]], American heart surgeon, performs the first successful open-heart surgery in United States without anesthesia.
*[[1896]] &ndash; [[William Jennings Bryan]] delivers his [[Cross of Gold speech]] advocating [[bimetallism]] at the [[1896 Democratic National Convention]] in [[Chicago]].
*[[1900]] &ndash; The [[Federation of Australia]] is given [[royal assent]].
*  1900   &ndash; The Governor of [[Shanxi]] province in [[North China]] orders the [[Taiyuan massacre|execution]] of 45 foreign Christian missionaries and local church members, including children.

===1901–present===
*[[1918]] &ndash; In [[Nashville, Tennessee]], an inbound local train [[Great Train Wreck of 1918|collides with an outbound express]], killing 101 and injuring 171 people, making it the deadliest rail accident in United States history.
*[[1922]] &ndash; [[Johnny Weissmuller]] swims the [[freestyle swimming|100 meters freestyle]] in 58.6 seconds breaking the world [[swimming (sport)|swimming]] record and the 'minute barrier'.
*[[1926]] &ndash; [[Chiang Kai-shek]] accepts the post of commander-in-chief of the [[National Revolutionary Army]], marking the beginning of the [[Northern Expedition]] to unite [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]] under the rule of the [[Nationalist government]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilbur|first=C. Martin|title=The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923-1928|date=1983|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=[[Cambridge]], England |isbn=9780521318648|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHrQKIKvZK8C |page=56}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThUXZA0ehXoC |title=Warlord Politics in China: 1916 – 1928 |last=Hsi-Sheng |first=Ch'I |date=1976 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, California |isbn=9780804766197|page=225}}</ref>
*[[1932]] &ndash; The state of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] revolts against the [[Brazil]]ian Federal Government, starting the [[Constitutionalist Revolution]].
*[[1937]] &ndash; The silent film archives of [[Fox Film Corporation]] are destroyed by the [[1937 Fox vault fire]].
*[[1943]] &ndash; [[World War II]]: The [[Allied invasion of Sicily]] begins, leading to the [[25 Luglio|downfall of Mussolini]] and forcing [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] to break off the [[Battle of Kursk]].
*[[1944]] &ndash; World War II: American forces [[Battle of Saipan|take Saipan]], bringing the [[Japanese archipelago]] within range of [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29]] raids, and causing the downfall of the [[Hideki Tojo|Tojo government]].
*  1944   &ndash; World War II: [[Continuation War]]: Finland wins the [[Battle of Tali–Ihantala]], the largest battle ever fought in [[northern Europe]]. The [[Red Army]] withdraws its troops from Ihantala and digs into a defensive position, thus ending the [[Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive]].
*[[1955]] &ndash; The [[Russell–Einstein Manifesto]] calls for a reduction of the risk of [[nuclear warfare]].
*[[1956]] &ndash; The 7.7 {{M|w}} [[1956 Amorgos earthquake|Amorgos earthquake]] shakes the [[Cyclades]] island group in the [[Aegean Sea]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of IX (''Violent''). The shaking and the destructive tsunami that followed left fifty-three people dead. A damaging M7.2 aftershock occurred minutes after the mainshock.
*[[1958]] &ndash; A 7.8 {{M|w}} strike-slip [[1958 Lituya Bay, Alaska earthquake and megatsunami|earthquake in Alaska]] causes a [[landslide]] that produces a [[megatsunami]]. The runup from the waves reached {{convert|525|m|abbr=on}} on the rim of [[Lituya Bay]]; five people were killed.
*[[1961]] &ndash; [[Greece]] becomes the first member state to join the [[European Economic Community]] by signing the Athens Agreement, which was suspended in 1967 during the [[Greek junta]].<ref>[https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/1999/1/1/61a2a7a5-39a9-4b06-91f8-69ae77b41515/publishable_en.pdf The accession of Greece ] cvce.eu</ref>
*[[1962]] &ndash; [[Starfish Prime]] tests the effects of a [[High-altitude nuclear explosion|nuclear test at orbital altitudes]].
*[[1977]] &ndash; The [[Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)|Pinochet dictatorship]] in Chile organises the youth event of [[Acto de Chacarillas]],<ref name="mercurio">{{cite web |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/20802967/Los-77-de-Chacarillas |title=La Juventud en Chacarillas |work=[[El Mercurio]] |date=July 9, 1977 |accessdate=January 5, 2015}}</ref> a ritualised act reminiscent of [[Francoist Spain]].<ref name=Yanko2015>{{cite journal |last1=González |first1=Yanko |date=2015 |title=El "Golpe Generacional" y la Secretaría Nacional de la Juventud: purga, disciplinamiento y resocialización de las identidades juveniles bajo Pinochet (1973–1980) |journal=[[Atenea]] |volume=512 |issue= 512|pages=10.4067/S0718–04622015000200006 |doi= 10.4067/S0718-04622015000200006|language=es |trans-title=The "Generational Putsch" and the National youth Office: Purge, disciplining and resocialization of youth identities under Pinochet (1973–1980) |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*[[1979]] &ndash; A car bomb destroys a [[Renault]] motor car owned by "[[Nazi hunter]]s" [[Serge Klarsfeld|Serge]] and [[Beate Klarsfeld]] outside their home in France in an unsuccessful assassination attempt.
*[[1982]] &ndash; [[Pan Am Flight 759]] crashes in [[Kenner, Louisiana]], killing all 145 people on board and eight others on the ground.
*[[1986]] &ndash; The [[New Zealand Parliament]] passes the [[Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986|Homosexual Law Reform Act]] [[LGBT rights in New Zealand|legalising homosexuality in New Zealand]].
*[[1993]] &ndash; The [[Parliament of Canada]] passes the Nunavut Act leading to the 1999 creation of [[Nunavut]], dividing the [[Northwest Territories]] into arctic ([[Inuit]]) and sub-arctic ([[Dene]]) lands based on a [[1982 Northwest Territories division plebiscite|plebiscite]].
*[[1995]] &ndash; The [[Navaly church bombing]] is carried out by the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]] killing 125 [[Tamil people|Tamil]] civilian refugees.
*[[1997]] &ndash; A [[Fokker 100]] from the Brazilian airline [[LATAM Brasil|TAM]] launches engineer [[LATAM Brasil#Incidents and accidents|Fernando Caldeira de Moura Campos]] into 2,400 meters of free fall after an explosion that depressurized the aircraft.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1997-07-09|title=Acidente com avião da TAM mata um em São Paulo|language=pt|work=Folha de S.Paulo|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fol/geral/ge09071.htm|access-date=2011-07-09}}</ref>
*[[1999]] &ndash; [[Iran student protests, July 1999|Days of student protests]] begin after [[Iran]]ian police and hardliners attack a student dormitory at the [[University of Tehran]].
*[[2002]] &ndash; The [[African Union]] is established in Addis Ababa, [[Ethiopia]], replacing the [[Organisation of African Unity]] (OAU). The organization's first chairman is [[Thabo Mbeki]], President of [[South Africa]].
*[[2004]] &ndash; The [[Senate Report on Iraqi WMD Intelligence]] is released by the [[United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]], casting doubt on the [[rationale for the Iraq War]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 9, 2004 |title=News Conference on Senate Intelligence Committee Report |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/09/politics/news-conference-on-senate-intelligence-committee-report.html |url-access=subscription |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412180850/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/09/politics/news-conference-on-senate-intelligence-committee-report.html |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[2006]] &ndash; One hundred and twenty-five people are killed when [[S7 Airlines Flight 778]], an [[Airbus A310]] passenger jet, veers off the runway while landing in wet conditions at [[International Airport Irkutsk|Irkutsk Airport]] in [[Siberia]].
*[[2011]] &ndash; [[South Sudan]] gains independence and secedes from [[Sudan]].
*  2011   &ndash; [[Bersih 2.0 rally|A rally takes place]] in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to call for fairer elections in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2011-07-09|title=Malaysia: Police fire tear gas at banned rally|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-14076424|access-date=2021-06-28}}</ref>