Editing Kaiser roll (section)

==Origin==
[[File:Hoftafel mit Kaisersemmel.jpg|thumb|left|Kaiser rolls at a court banquet of [[Maria Theresa]] about 1760, detail from a painting by {{lang|de|[[Martin van Meytens]]|italic=no}}]]
It is sometimes claimed that kaiser rolls were named to honor Emperor ({{lang|de|Kaiser}}) [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]] (born 1830, reigned 1848–1916); but the term appears as early as 1825.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussian |first=Raphael Ferdinand  |title=Anweisung zur Ernährung neugeborner Kinder: eine Schrift für besorgte Eltern |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgZaAAAAcAAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&dq=kaisersemmel&pg=PA178#v=onepage&q&f=false|access-date=2025-02-26}}</ref> There is also the theory that the name stems at least in part from a baker family called Kayzer in Opatów in Galicia which had been occupied by the [[Habsburg monarchy|Austrian monarchy]] in the [[First Partition of Poland]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radoslaw |first=Kubicki |title=The city of Opatow and Opatöw landed estates under Austrian rule (1794 - 1809) |url=https://shron2.chtyvo.org.ua/Zbirnyk_statei/Die_galizische_Grenze_1772-1867_Kommunikation_oder_Isolation7_nim.pdf |access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref> In the 18th century a law fixed retail prices of {{lang|de|Semmeln}} (bread rolls) in the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. Another claim is that the name {{lang|de|Kaisersemmel}} came into general use after the bakers' guild sent a delegation in 1789 to [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Joseph II]] ({{abbr|b.|born}} 1741, {{abbr|r.|reigned}} 1765–1790) and persuaded him to deregulate the price of bread rolls.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

With its monarchical connotation, Kaiser rolls stood out against common rolls known as {{lang|de|Mundsemmeln}} ("mouth rolls") or {{lang|de|Schustersemmeln}} ("cobbler's rolls"). They are traditionally found in Austria, but have also become popular in other countries of the former Austrian Habsburg Empire, such as the [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia]] region in [[Poland]] and later the whole country (where it is known as {{lang|pl|kajzerka}}), [[Croatia]], [[Slovenia]], and [[Serbia]] ({{lang|sh|kajzerica}}), [[Hungary]] ({{lang|hu|császárzsemle}}), the [[Czech Republic]] (císařská žemle, císařská houska,<ref>HUGO, Jan. Slovník nespisovné češtiny: argot, slangy a obecná mluva od nejstarších dob po současnost : historie a původ slov. Praha: Maxdorf, c2006, s. 160; HUGO, Jan. Slovník nespisovné češtiny: argot, slangy a obecná mluva od nejstarších dob po současnost : historie a původ slov. Praha: Maxdorf, c2009, s. 184; Příruční slovník německo-český = Deutsch-tschechisches Handwörterbuch, Janko Josef a Siebenschein Hugo, V Praze: Státní nakladatelství, 1939-1940, s. 508; Příruční slovník jazyka českého. V Praze: Státní nakladatelství, 1935-1957, s. 258.</ref> kaiserka) and [[Slovakia]] ({{lang|cs|kaiserka}}), as well as in Germany, the [[United States]], and [[Canada]]. During [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia|Austrian rule in Lombardy]], [[Italy|Italian]] bakers produced a hollow version known as {{lang|it|[[michetta]]}} or {{lang|it|rosetta}}.