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Kaluga
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== History == Kaluga, founded in the mid-14th century as a border fortress on the southwestern borders of the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]], first appears in the historical record in chronicles in the 14th century as ''Koluga''; the name comes from Old Russian ''kaluga'' is "bog, quagmire".<ref>E.M. Pospelov, ''Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira'' (Moscow: Russkie slovari, 1998), p. 181.</ref> During the period of Tartar raids it was the western end of the Oka bank defense line. The [[Great stand on the Ugra River]] was fought just to the west. In the Middle Ages Kaluga was a minor settlement owned by the Princes [[Vorotynsky]]. The [[Vorotynsk, Peremyshlsky District, Kaluga Oblast|ancestral home]] of these princes lies southwest of the modern city. On 19 January 1777, the [[Kaluga Regional Drama Theatre|Kaluga drama theatre]] opened its first theatrical season, established with the direct participation of the Governor-General [[Mikhail Krechetnikov]].<ref>{{cite book| author = Ассонов В. И. | chapter = К истории театра в Калуге| chapter-url = http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/13501-vyp-xxi-1911#page/64/mode/inspect/zoom/6| format = | url = | title = Известия Калужской Ученой Архивной Комиссии. Выпуск XXI | orig-year = Извѣстія Калужской Ученой Архивной Комиссіи. Выпускъ XXI| agency = | edition = |location= Калуга |date = 1911 |publisher= Типография Е. Г. Архангельской |volume= | pages = 56–69| series = | isbn = }}</ref> Kaluga is connected to Moscow by a railway line and by the ancient roadway, the Kaluga Road (now partly within Moscow (as the Old Kaluga Highway), partly the [[Russian route A101|A101 road]]).<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Товарные знаки — тоже искусство|author=Сергей Алтухов|url=http://kbanda.ru/index.php/vystavki-festivali/19-vystavki-news/108-tovarnye-znaki-tozhe-iskusstvo|date=2011-09-13|ref=Товарные знаки — тоже искусство|accessdate=2018-12-06}}</ref> This road offered [[Napoleon]] his favored escape route from the Moscow trap in the fall of 1812. But General [[Mikhail Kutuzov|Kutuzov]] repelled Napoleon's advances in this direction and forced the retreating French army onto the [[Old Smolensk Road]], previously devastated by the French during their invasion of Russia. On several occasions during the Russian Empire Kaluga was the residence of political exiles and prisoners such as the last Crimean khan [[Şahin Giray]] (1786), the Kyrgyz sultan Arigazi-Abdul-Aziz (1828), the Georgian princess [[Princess Thecla of Georgia|Thecla]] (1834–1835), and the Avar leader [[Imam Shamil]] (1859–1868).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/325137/|title=Историки указали на стереотипность мнений про пленение Шамиля|author=|website=[[Caucasian Knot|Кавказский узел]]|date=8 September 2018|access-date=2023-02-13|archive-date=2023-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213204046/https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/325137/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Nazi-Germany|German]] [[Wehrmacht|army]] briefly occupied Kaluga during the climactic [[Battle of Moscow]], as part of [[Operation Barbarossa]]. The city was under full or partial German occupation from October 12 to December 30, 1941. In 1944, the Soviet Government used its local military buildings to intern hundreds of Polish prisoners of war — soldiers of the Polish underground [[Armia Krajowa|Home Army]] — whom the advancing Soviet front had arrested in the area around [[Vilnius]].
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