Editing Karakuri puppet (section)

== History ==
[[Image:TeaAutomatAndMechanism.jpg|thumb|200px|Tea-serving {{transliteration|ja|karakuri}}, with mechanism, 19th century. [[National Museum of Nature and Science]], [[Tokyo]].]]
[[Image:Tokugawaendashizoroe1.JPG|thumb|200px|{{transliteration|ja|Dashi karakuri}} of the {{transliteration|ja|Tsutsui-chō/Dekimachi tennōsai}} in [[Nagoya]]]]
One of the earliest recorded references in Japan to similar automata devices is found in the {{transliteration|ja|[[Nihon Shoki]]}}, which references a mechanism known as a [[south-pointing chariot]] appearing during the reign of [[Empress Kōgyoku]], in 658 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |via=[[wikisource:|Wikisource]] |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nihongi:_Chronicles_of_Japan_from_the_Earliest_Times_to_A.D._697/Book_XXVI|title=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2, Book XXVI }}</ref>

{{transliteration|ja|Karakuri}} were further developed in Japan after the introduction of European clock-making technology sometime in the early 17th century, during the [[Sengoku period]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Robots that Talk and Listen: Technology and Social Impact|last=Markowitz|first=Judith|date=2014|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|isbn=9781614516033|location=Berlin|pages=33}}</ref> The gears and [[Camshaft|cams]] used in clock-making were used to create moving dolls. The country embraced the mechanized puppet performance as a form of entertainment, and it became popular during the [[Edo period]], which was considered the golden age of {{transliteration|ja|karakuri}} construction and use.<ref name=":0"/>

{{transliteration|ja|Karakuri}} were initially only known to upper-class Japanese, such as {{transliteration|ja|[[kuge]]}} and {{transliteration|ja|[[daimyo]]}}, as the only members of society wealthy enough to afford them. However, {{transliteration|ja|karakuri}} gained widespread popularity through their use as part of floats during street festivals, such as the Toshogu Matsuri in [[Nagoya]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=東海の山車祭り～生き続ける１９世紀の都市文化|url=https://dashi-matsuri.com/series/tokainodashi/tk403.htm|access-date=2020-06-05|website=dashi-matsuri.com}}</ref>

In 1662, clockmaker Takeda Omi completed the first {{transliteration|ja|butai karakuri}}, {{transliteration|ja|karakuri}} designed for stage performances, in the [[Dōtonbori]] neighborhood of [[Osaka]].<ref name=":0" /> He then built several of these large puppets for theatrical exhibitions, and the theatre was passed down through several generations of his family.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=karakuri.info|url=http://karakuri.info/butai/index.html|access-date=2020-06-05|website=karakuri.info|archive-date=2020-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119103056/http://www.karakuri.info/butai/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the 19th century, [[Tanaka Hisashige]], the founder of [[Toshiba]], gained a reputation by making technically sophisticated {{transliteration|ja|karakuri}} puppets. His masterpieces are {{nihongo3|arrow-shooting boy||Yumi-hiki-doji}} and {{transliteration|ja|Moji-kaki}} doll (letter-writing doll). In the case of {{transliteration|ja|Yumi-hiki}}, using mechanical power, a puppet shoots a target with a bow and arrow, and in the case of {{transliteration|ja|Moji-kaki}}, a puppet dips a brush into ink and writes characters on paper.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210704150604/https://museum.seiko.co.jp/en/knowledge/inventors_04/ Hisashige Tanaka (1799-1881).] The Seiko Museum Ginza.</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" heights="200" perrow="3">
File:弓曳き童子正面.jpg|{{transliteration|ja|Yumi-Hiki Doji}} made by [[Tanaka Hisashige]].
File:文字書き人形.jpg|{{transliteration|ja|Moji-kaki doll}} made by Tanaka Hisashige.
</gallery>

According to Kirsty Boyle, a student of one of the last {{transliteration|ja|karakuri}} puppet masters in Japan, the {{transliteration|ja|karakuri}} tradition focuses on the art of concealing technology with the belief that it would evoke feelings and emotions more effectively.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cheok|first1=Adrian David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MOHDwAAQBAJ&q=karakuri+puppet&pg=PA2|title=Human–Robot Intimate Relationships|last2=Zhang|first2=Emma Yann|date=2019|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-94729-7|location=Cham|pages=2}}</ref> It is also noted that, although the {{transliteration|ja|karakuri}} puppet resembles the human figure, it has a form of decisive movement that features rapid shifts that cannot be captured by the naked eye.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hendry|first1=Joy|title=Japan at Play|url=https://archive.org/details/japanatplay00hend|url-access=registration|last2=Raveri|first2=Massimo|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0203996569|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/japanatplay00hend/page/n92 74]}}</ref>