Editing Karlsruhe (section)

==Geography==
[[File:49th Parallel Karlsruhe.JPG|thumb|left|The [[49th parallel north]] in the Karlsruhe Stadtgarten]]
Karlsruhe lies completely to the east of the [[Rhine]], and almost completely on the [[Upper Rhine Plain]]. It contains the [[Turmberg]] in the east, and also lies on the borders of the [[Kraichgau]] leading to the [[Northern Black Forest]].

The Rhine, one of the world's most important shipping routes, forms the western limits of the city, beyond which lie the towns of [[Maximiliansau]] and [[Wörth am Rhein]] in the German state of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]. The city centre is about {{convert|7.5|km|abbr=on}} from the river, as measured from the Marktplatz (Market Square). Two tributaries of the Rhine, the [[Alb (Upper Rhine)|Alb]] and the [[Pfinz]], flow through the city from the Kraichgau to eventually join the Rhine.

The city lies at an altitude of between {{Convert|100 and 322|m|ft|abbr=on}}, the higher figure being near the communications tower in the suburb of Grünwettersbach. Its geographical coordinates are {{Coord|49|00|N|8|24|E|type:city(282595)_region:DE-BW}}; the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]] runs through the city centre, which puts it at the same latitude as much of the [[Canada–United States border]] and the cities of [[Vancouver]] (Canada), [[Paris]] (France), [[Regensburg]] (Germany), and [[Hulunbuir]] (China). Its course is marked by a stone and painted line in the ''Stadtgarten'' (municipal park). The total area of the city is {{convert|173.46|km2|abbr=on}},  hence it is the 30th largest city in Germany measured by land area. The longest north–south distance is {{convert|16.8|km|abbr=on}} and {{convert|19.3|km|abbr=on}} in the east–west direction.

Karlsruhe is part of the urban area of Karlsruhe/Pforzheim, to which certain other towns in the [[Karlsruhe (district)|district of Karlsruhe]], such as [[Bruchsal]], [[Ettlingen]], [[Stutensee]], and [[Rheinstetten]], as well as the city of [[Pforzheim]], belong.

[[File:MiRO8.jpg|thumb|MiRO oil refinery]]

The city was planned with the palace tower (''Schloss'') at the center and 32&nbsp;streets radiating out from it like the [[spokes]] of a wheel, or the ribs of a [[fan (implement)|folding fan]], so that one [[nickname]] for Karlsruhe in German is the "fan city" (''Fächerstadt''). Almost all of these streets survive to this day. Because of this city layout, in [[metric geometry]], [[Karlsruhe metric]] refers to a measure of distance that assumes travel is only possible along radial streets and along circular avenues around the centre.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rashid Bin Muhammad |url=http://www.personal.kent.edu/~rmuhamma/Compgeometry/MyCG/CG-Applets/VoroKarlsruhe/karlcli.htm |title=Karlsruhe-Metric Voronoi Diagram |publisher=Personal.kent.edu |access-date=2011-04-07}}</ref>

The city centre is the oldest part of town and lies south of the palace in the quadrant defined by nine of the radial streets. The central part of the palace runs east–west, with two wings, each at a 45°&nbsp;angle, directed southeast and southwest (i.e.,&nbsp;parallel with the streets marking the boundaries of the quadrant defining the city center).

The [[market square]] lies on the street running south from the palace to [[Ettlingen]]. The market square has the [[town hall]] (''Rathaus'') to the west, the main [[Lutheran]] church (''Evangelische Stadtkirche'') to the east, and the tomb of [[Charles III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach|Margrave Charles III William]] in [[Karlsruhe Pyramid|a pyramid]] in the buildings, resulting in Karlsruhe being one of only three large cities in Germany where buildings are laid out in the [[neoclassicism|neoclassical]] style.

The area north of the palace is a park and forest. Originally the area to the east of the palace consisted of gardens and forests, some of which remain, but the [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]] (founded in 1825), [[Wildparkstadion]] football stadium, and residential areas have been built there. The area west of the palace is now mostly residential.

[[File:Karlsruhe 180 panorama.JPG|thumb|centre|700 px|Panorama of Karlsruhe, looking south from the palace tower: The Institute of Technology is on the left, the market square in the centre, the Federal Constitutional Court on the right. Wings of the palace align with streets, all radiating out from the centre of town, i.e.,&nbsp;the palace tower.]]

[[File:Karlsruher Schloss 180 degrees south panorama.jpg|thumb|center|700px|A 180-degree panorama from atop [[Karlsruhe Palace|the palace]] tower, facing north]]

===Climate===
Karlsruhe experiences an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb'') and its winter climate is milder, compared to most other German cities, except for the [[Rhine-Ruhr#Climate|Rhine-Ruhr]] area. Summers are hot with several days registering maximum temperatures between {{Convert|35 and 40|C}}. With an average of more than 2,000 sunshine hours a year, it is also one of the sunniest cities in Germany, like the [[Rhine Palatinate|Rhine-Palatinate]] area.

Precipitation occurs mainly during the winter, while in summer it is concentrated on single evening thunderstorms. In 2008, the weather station in Karlsruhe, which had been in operation since 1876, was closed; it was replaced by a weather station in [[Rheinstetten]], south of Karlsruhe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wetter.im-licht-der-natur.de/Wetterstation.htm |title=Die Wetterstationen in Karlsruhe |publisher=Wetter.im-licht-der-natur.de |access-date=2013-03-26}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location     = Karlsruhe normals 1991-10/2008, Rheinstetten normals 11/2008-2020, extremes 1948–2020
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 17.5
|Feb record high C = 22.0
|Mar record high C = 26.7
|Apr record high C = 30.4
|May record high C = 33.3
|Jun record high C = 37.3
|Jul record high C = 39.2
|Aug record high C = 40.2
|Sep record high C = 33.2
|Oct record high C = 29.5
|Nov record high C = 22.0
|Dec record high C = 19.2
|year record high C = 
| Jan avg record high C  = 13.2
| Feb avg record high C  = 15.6
| Mar avg record high C  = 20.3
| Apr avg record high C  = 25.9
| May avg record high C  = 29.5
| Jun avg record high C  = 33.3
| Jul avg record high C  = 35.2
| Aug avg record high C  = 34.4
| Sep avg record high C  = 28.7
| Oct avg record high C  = 23.9
| Nov avg record high C  = 17.3
| Dec avg record high C  = 13.5
| year avg record high C = 36.5
|Jan high C = 5.3
|Feb high C = 7.3
|Mar high C = 12.1
|Apr high C = 17.1
|May high C = 21.0
|Jun high C = 24.7
|Jul high C = 27.0
|Aug high C = 26.8
|Sep high C = 21.8
|Oct high C = 16.0
|Nov high C = 9.5
|Dec high C = 6.0
|year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 2.5
|Feb mean C = 3.5
|Mar mean C = 7.1
|Apr mean C = 11.2
|May mean C = 15.3
|Jun mean C = 18.9
|Jul mean C = 20.8
|Aug mean C = 20.4
|Sep mean C = 15.8
|Oct mean C = 11.1
|Nov mean C = 6.3
|Dec mean C = 3.3
|year mean C = 
|Jan low C = -0.3
|Feb low C = -0.0
|Mar low C = 2.5
|Apr low C = 5.3
|May low C = 9.4
|Jun low C = 13.0
|Jul low C = 15.0
|Aug low C = 14.6
|Sep low C = 10.7
|Oct low C = 7.1
|Nov low C = 3.2
|Dec low C = 0.6
|year low C = 
|Jan avg record low C=  -8.7
|Feb avg record low C=  -7.0
|Mar avg record low C= -3.8
|Apr avg record low C= -1.4
|May avg record low C= 2.8
|Jun avg record low C= 7.5
|Jul avg record low C= 10.2
|Aug avg record low C= 9.3
|Sep avg record low C= 5.0
|Oct avg record low C= 0.4
|Nov avg record low C= -3.3
|Dec avg record low C= -7.5
|year avg record low C= -11.3
|Jan record low C = -20.0
|Feb record low C = -15.9
|Mar record low C = -14.6
|Apr record low C = -5.3
|May record low C = -0.9
|Jun record low C = 3.6
|Jul record low C = 6.9
|Aug record low C = 6.3
|Sep record low C = 1.4
|Oct record low C = -4.1
|Nov record low C = -9.3
|Dec record low C = -18.7
|year record low C = 
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 57.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 52.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 52.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 45.2
|May precipitation mm = 75.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 70.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 77.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 62.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 54.8
|Oct precipitation mm = 66.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 64.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 72.0
|year precipitation mm = 
|Jan sun = 57.4
|Feb sun = 85.1
|Mar sun = 143.7
|Apr sun = 196.8
|May sun = 223.7
|Jun sun = 239.7
|Jul sun = 257.0
|Aug sun = 239.9
|Sep sun = 180.8
|Oct sun = 111.8
|Nov sun = 60.9
|Dec sun = 43.0
|year sun = 
|source 1 = Data derived from [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html|title=Wetter und Klima - Deutscher Wetterdienst - CDC (Climate Data Center)|website=www.dwd.de}}</ref>
 |date=20 January 2021
}}