Editing Kawi script (section)

==History==
{{Disputed-section|date=August 2024}}
The Kawi script is related to the [[Nāgarī script|Nagari]] or old-Devanagari script in India. Also called the Prae-Nagari in Dutch publications after the classic work of F.D.K. Bosch on early Indonesian scripts, the early-Nagari form of script was primarily used in the Kawi script form to write southeast Asian [[Sanskrit]] and [[Old Javanese]] language in central and eastern Java.<ref name=DeCasparis/><ref>{{cite book|author=Avenir S. Teselkin|title=Old Javanese (Kawi)|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ1kAAAAMAAJ|year=1972|publisher=Cornell University Press|pages=9–14}}</ref> Kawi is the ancestor of traditional Indonesian scripts, such as [[Javanese script|Javanese]], [[Sundanese script|Sundanese]] and [[Balinese script|Balinese]], as well as traditional Philippine scripts such as Luzon Kavi, the ancient scripts of Laguna Copperplate Inscriptions 900&nbsp;A.D. and [[baybayin]] that has surviving records from the 16th century.<ref name=pandey>Anshuman Pandey 2012. [http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n4266.pdf Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Kawi Script]</ref> The strongest evidence of Nagari influence is found on the [[Belanjong pillar]] in [[Sanur, Bali|Sanur]] in southern Bali, which consists of texts in two scripts: one in Early Nagari and the other in Early Kawi script. Further, the Sanur inscription overlaps into two languages – Sanskrit and Old Balinese. Of these, the Old Balinese language portion of the text is expressed in both Early Nagari and Early Kawi script. This inscription is likely from 914&nbsp;CE, and its features are similar to the earliest forms of Kawi script found in the central and eastern regions of the Bali's neighboring island of Java.<ref>De Casparis, J. G. ''Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the beginnings to c. AD 1500'', Leiden/Koln, 1975, pp. 36-37 with footnotes</ref>

According to de Casparis, the early Nagari-inspired Kawi script thrived for over three centuries between the 7th- and 10th-century, and after 910&nbsp;CE, the later Kawi script emerged incorporating regional innovations and South Indian influence (which in itself is influenced in part by Brahmi-Nandinagari). The four stages of Kawi script evolution are 910–950&nbsp;CE (east Javanese Kawi I), 1019-1042 (east Javanese Kawi II), 1100–1220 (east Javanese Kawi III), 1050–1220 (square script of the [[Kediri Kingdom|Kediri period]]).<ref>De Casparis, J. G. ''Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the beginnings to c. AD 1500'', Leiden/Koln, 1975, pp. 38-43 with footnotes</ref>

The earliest known texts in Kawi date from the [[Singhasari]] kingdom in eastern [[Java (island)|Java]]. The more recent scripts were extant in the [[Majapahit]] kingdom, also in eastern Java, [[Bali]], [[Borneo]] and [[Sumatra]]. The Kawi script has attracted scholarly interest both in terms of the history of language and script diffusion, as well as the possible routes for the migration of Buddhism and Hinduism to southeast Asian region because many of the major scripts of southeast Asia show South Indian Pallava script influence.<ref name=briggs>{{cite journal | last=Briggs | first=Lawrence Palmer | title=The Origin of the Sailendra Dynasty: Present Status of the Question | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | publisher=JSTOR | volume=70 | issue=2 | year=1950 | issn=0003-0279 | doi=10.2307/595536 | pages=78–82| jstor=595536 }}</ref>

The modern [[Javanese script]], state George Campbell and Christopher Moseley, emerged in part through the modification of the Kawi script over the medieval era. This modification occurred in part via secondary forms called ''pasangan'' in Javanese, and also from changes in shape.<ref>{{cite book|author1=George L Campbell|author2=Christopher Moseley|title=The Routledge Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bLbN4O2EdcsC&pg=PA28|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-22297-0|pages=28–30}}</ref> It also shows influence of the northern and western Javanese script forms based on the Pallava Grantha script found in [[Tamil Nadu]] as well as the [[Arabic script|Arabic]] and [[Latin script|Roman script]] with changes in theo-political control of Java and nearby islands from the 14th- to 20th-century.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Patricia Herbert|author2=Anthony Crothers Milner|title=South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures : a Select Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EqbeRzdDrsC&pg=PA127|year=1989|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1267-6|pages=127–129}}</ref>