Editing Kentrosaurus (section)

==Discovery and naming==
[[File:Kentrosaurusberlin.jpg|thumb|left|Outdated skeletal mount (lectotype and paralectotypes), Museum für Naturkunde. This mount was erected in 1925 and was disassembled in 2006. In 2007 it was reassembled with a slightly altered posture]]
The first fossils of ''Kentrosaurus'' were discovered by the [[Germay|German]] Tendaguru Expedition in 1909, recognised as belonging to a [[Stegosauria|stegosaur]] by expedition leader [[Werner Janensch]] on 24 July 1910, and described by [[German people|German]] [[Palaeontology|palaeontologist]] [[Edwin Hennig]] in 1915.<ref name=Hennig1915/> The name ''Kentrosaurus'' was coined by Hennig and comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''{{lang|grc-Latn|kentron}}''/{{lang|grc|κέντρον}}, meaning "sharp point" or "prickle", and ''{{lang|grc-Latn|sauros}}''/{{lang|grc|σαῦρος}} meaning "lizard",<ref name=Liddell1980/> Hennig added the [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''aethiopicus'' to denote the provenance from Africa.<ref name=Hennig1915/> Soon after its description, a controversy arose over the stegosaur's name, which is very similar to the [[ceratopsian]] ''[[Centrosaurus]]''. Under the rules of biological nomenclature, forbidding [[Homonym (biology)|homonymy]], two animals may not be given the same name. Hennig renamed his stegosaur ''Kentrurosaurus'', "pointed-tail lizard", in 1916,<ref name="Hennig1916a" /> while Hungarian paleontologist [[Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás|Franz Nopcsa]] renamed the genus ''Doryphorosaurus'', "lance-bearing lizard", the same year.<ref name="Nopcsa16" /><ref name="Nopcsa16b" /> If a renaming had been necessary, Hennig's would have had priority.<ref name="Hennig1916b" /> However, because the spelling is different, both ''Doryphorosaurus'' and ''Kentrurosaurus'' are unneeded replacement names; ''Kentrosaurus'' remains the valid name for the genus with ''Kentrurosaurus'' and ''Doryphorosaurus'' being its [[junior objective synonym]]s.<ref name="dinosauria04" />[[File:Kentrosaurus brain and ganglium.JPG|thumb|[[Endocasts]] of the sacral [[ganglion]] and brain at Museum of Paleontology of Tübingen.]]
Although no complete individuals were found, some material was discovered in association, including a nearly complete tail, hip, several dorsal vertebrae and some limb elements of one individual. These form the core of a mount in the [[Museum für Naturkunde]] by Janensch.<ref name=Janensch1925/> The mount was dismantled during the museum renovation in 2006/2007, and re-mounted in an improved pose by Research Casting International.<ref name=MallROM/> Some other material, including a braincase and spine, was thought to have been misplaced or destroyed during [[World War II]].<ref name=Glut97/> However, all the supposedly lost cranial material was later found in a drawer of a basement cupboard.<ref name=Galton88/>

From 1909 onwards, ''Kentrosaurus'' remains were uncovered in four quarries in the ''Mittlere Saurierschichten'' (Middle Saurian Beds) and one quarry in the ''Obere Saurierschichten'' (Upper Saurian Beds).<ref name=MallisonRealLecto/> During four field seasons, the German Expedition found over 1200 bones of ''Kentrosaurus'', belonging to about fifty individuals,<ref name=Hennig1925/> many of which were destroyed during the Second World War.<ref name=Maier2003/> Today, almost all remaining material is housed in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (roughly 350 remaining specimens), while the museum of the Institute for Geosciences of the [[University of Tübingen]] houses a composite mount, roughly 50% of it being original bones.<ref name=MallisonRealLecto/> 
[[File:Fossil_Kentrosaurus_aethiopicus_in_Museum_für_Naturkunde_Berlin_001.JPG|right|thumb|Lateral view of a skeleton on display at the [[Museum für Naturkunde]], Berlin]]
In the original description, Hennig did not designate a [[holotype]] specimen. However, in a detailed monography on the osteology, systematic position and palaeobiology of ''Kentrosaurus'' in 1925, Hennig picked the most complete partial skeleton, today inventorised as '''MB.R.4800.1 through MB.R.4800.37''', as a lectotype (see [[syntype]]).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> This material includes a nearly complete series of tail vertebrae, several vertebrae of the back, a [[sacrum]] with five sacral vertebrae and both [[Ilium (bone)|ilia]], both [[Femur|femora]] and an [[ulna]], and is included in the mounted skeleton at the Museum für Naturkunde in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]. The type locality is Kindope, [[Tanzania]], north of Tendaguru hill.<ref name=":4">Janensch, W. (1925). Ein aufgestelltes skelett des stegosauriers Kentrurosaurus aethiopicus E. Hennig aus den Tendaguru-schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. ''Palaeontographica-Supplementbände'', 255-276.</ref>

Unaware that Hennig had already defined a lectotype, [[Peter Galton]]<ref name="Galton1982" /> selected two dorsal vertebrae, specimens MB.R.1930 and MB.R.1931, from the material figured in Hennig's 1915 description, as 'holotypes'. This definition of a holotype is not valid, because Hennig's selection has priority. In 2011, [[Heinrich Mallison]] clarified that all the material known to Hennig in 1915, i.e. all the bones discovered before 1912, when [[Hermann Heck]] concluded the last German excavations, are [[paralectotype]]s, and that MB.R.4800 is the correct lectotype.<ref>Mallison, H. (2011). The real lectotype of Kentrosaurus aethiopicus HENNIG, 1915. ''Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen'', 197-206.</ref>