Editing Labor camp (section)

== Precursors ==
[[File:Convict labourers in Australia in the early 20th century.jpg|thumb|350px|A painter's impression of a convict ploughing team breaking up new ground at a farm in [[Port Arthur, Tasmania]] in the early 20th century]]
Early-modern states could exploit convicts by combining prison and useful work in manning their [[galley]]s.<ref>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Gibson
 | first1 = Mary
 | last2 = Poerio
 | first2 = Ilaria
 | chapter = Modern Europe, 1750–1950
 | editor1-last = Anderson
 | editor1-first = Clare
 | title = A Global History of Convicts and Penal Colonies
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BoNeDwAAQBAJ
 | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing
 | date = 2018
 | isbn = 978-1350000698
 | access-date = 2019-10-07
 | quote = A second early modern form of punishment, the galleys, constituted a more direct precedent to the earliest hard labour camps. [...] Galley rowing offered no promise of rehabilitation and, in fact, often led to disease and death. However, it shared with the prison workhouses of northern Europe a new aspiration to integrate hard labour into punishment for the eeconomic benefit of the state.
}}
</ref>
This became the sentence of many Christian captives in the [[Ottoman Empire]]<ref>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Magocsi
 | first1 = Paul Robert
 | author-link1 = Paul Robert Magocsi
 | year = 1996
 | title = A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mKRsElYNkC
 | edition = 2nd
 | location = Toronto
 | publisher = University of Toronto Press
 | publication-date = 2010
 | page = 185
 | isbn = 978-1442698796
 | access-date = 2019-10-07
 | quote = And what happened to the captives from Ukraine  [...]? The slaves functioned at all levels of Ottoman society [...]. At the lowest end of the social scale were galley slaves conscripted into the imperial naval fleet and field hands who labored on Ottoman landed estates.
}}
</ref>
and of Calvinists ([[Huguenots]]) in [[Ancien Régime|pre-Revolutionary France]].<ref>
{{cite book
 | last1 = van Ruymbeke
 | first1 = Bertrand
 | chapter = 'A Dominion of True Believers Not a Republic for Heretics': French Colonial Religious Policy and the Settlement of Early louisiana, 1699–1730
 | editor1-last = Bond
 | editor1-first = Bradley G.
 | title = French Colonial Louisiana and the Atlantic World
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_aWXrQd-u98C
 | location = Baton Rouge
 | publisher = Louisiana State University Press
 | date = 2005
 | page = 90
 | isbn = 978-0807130353
 | access-date = 2019-10-07
 | quote = Andre Zysberg's study shows that [...] nearly 1,500 Huguenots were sentenced to the galleys between 1680 and 1716 [...].
}}
</ref>