Editing Lacquerware (section)

==East Asia==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| align = right
| total_width = 300
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Gourd-Shaped Sake Bottle with Aoi Crests.jpg
| caption1 =  ''[[Maki-e]]'' ''[[sake]]'' bottle with [[Tokugawa clan]]'s [[Mon (emblem)|''mon'' (emblem)]], Japan, [[Edo period]]. 
| image2 =Dish (Pan) with Dragon amid Clouds LACMA M.83.148.1.jpg
| caption2 = ''Diaoqi'' or [[carved lacquer]] dish with dragon amid clouds, China, [[Ming dynasty]], [[Wanli Emperor|Wanli]] era (1573–1620)
| image3 =Vietnamese Women's Museum, Gift Box.jpg
| caption3 = Lacquered betel-tray, Vietnam, [[Nguyễn dynasty]]
| image4 =Korean covered lacquer box, mid to late 18th century, lacquer, mother of pearl, tortoise shell and silk, HAA.JPG
| caption4 = Lacquered box with mother-of-pearl inlays, Korea, [[Joseon period]], mid to late 18th century}}
The oldest lacquer tree found is from the [[Jōmon period]] in Japan, 12600 years ago.<ref name=webb/><ref name = "nikkei1106"/> The oldest lacquerware in the world, burial ornaments which were created in 9th millennium B.C., were unearthed in early Jomon period tombs, at the [[Kakinoshima site]] in [[Hakodate]], [[Hokkaido]], Japan.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gary W. Crawford|title=Advances in Understanding Early Agriculture in Japan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/658369|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=52|number=S4|page=S334|date=October 2011|doi=10.1086/658369|jstor=10.1086/658369|s2cid=143756517|access-date=30 November 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name = "kakinoshima"/><ref name = "kakinoshimaj"/><ref name = "nikkei1106"/>
Various prehistoric lacquerwares have been unearthed in China dating back to the [[Neolithic]] period and objects. The earliest known lacquerware in China is thought to be a red wooden bowl, which was unearthed at a [[Hemudu culture]] ({{Circa|5th millennium BC}}) site in [[Zhejiang]], China.<ref>{{cite book 
|last=Fung 
|first=Christopher 
|title=China: Ancient Culture, Modern Land 
|year=1994 
|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press 
|location=Norman 
|isbn=9780806126838 
|page=[https://archive.org/details/china00robe/page/52 52] 
|chapter=The Beginnings of Settled Life 
|chapter-url-access=registration 
|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/china00robe/page/52 
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| last=Li
| first=Li
| title=China's Cultural Relics
| year=2011
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| location=Cambridge
| isbn=9780521186568
| pages=[https://archive.org/details/chinasculturalre0000lili_b4j8/page/139 139–140]
| edition=3rd
| url=https://archive.org/details/chinasculturalre0000lili_b4j8/page/139
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| last=Bagley
| first=Robert
| title=The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C.
| year=1999
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| location=Cambridge
| isbn=9780521470308 
| chapter=Shang Archaeology 
| page=178}}</ref>

===Chinese lacquerware===
{{Expand section|date=January 2022}}
{{See also|Carved lacquer}}
{{See also|Coromandel lacquer}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = center
| image1 = 虎座鸟架鼓（九连墩）.jpg
| caption1 =  Drum with and Bird and Tiger Frame, [[Chu (state)|Chu-state]], [[Spring and Autumn period]]. 
| image2 =元末明初 黑漆嵌螺鈿梅鵲紋委角長方盤-Tray with Flowering Plum and Birds MET DP704075.jpg
| caption2 = Tray with Flowering Plum and Birds, Late [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]]- Early [[Ming dynasty]]
| image3 =南宋-元 剔犀劍環紋香盒-Incense Box with Pommel Scroll Design MET DP214788.jpg
| caption3 = Incense Box with Pommel Scroll Design, [[Southern Song dynasty]]
| image4 =Armorial screen.jpg
| caption4 =Armorial [[folding screen]], [[Qing dynasty]], 1720–1730}}
<!-- linked from redirect [[Chinese lacquerware]] -->
[[File:Qin-Han Model Room of Lacquered Articles (10163492564).jpg|thumb|Museum display of lacquered furniture and furbishing. Lacquerware became a common luxury item from the [[Warring States]] to the [[Han dynasty]].]]
[[File:20080918094303!Red lacquer tray with gold engraving, Song Dynasty.jpg|thumb|[[Song dynasty]] lacquer tray with the gold-engraving technique ''qiangjin'' applied to it, 12th or 13th century]]
[[File:Lacquer painting over wood, Northern Wei.jpg|thumb|Lacquer painting from the Northern Wei dynasty.]]
[[File:A Late Qing Dynasty Abalone Shell Lacquerware Tobacco Oil Diffuser in black.jpg|thumb|An Abalone Shell Lacquerware Tobacco Oil Diffuser in black from the Late Qing Dynasty]]
[[File:Male figure from a lacquer painting over wood, Northern Wei.jpg|thumb|Male figure wearing ''[[Hanfu]]'' robes, from {{ill|lacquerware painting over wood|zh|彩绘人物故事漆屏}}, [[Northern Wei]] period, 5th century AD]]
During the [[Shang dynasty]] (ca. 1600–1046&nbsp;BC) of China, sophisticated lacquer process techniques developed became a highly artistic craft.<ref name=webb>{{cite book
|last=Webb
|first=Marianne
|title=Lacquer: Technology and conservation
|year=2000
|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann
|location=Oxford
|isbn=978-0-7506-4412-9
|page=3}}</ref>

During the [[Zhou dynasty|Eastern Zhou]] period (771–256&nbsp;BC), lacquerware began appearing in large quantity. This is the earliest era from which notable quantities of lacquerware have survived,<ref>
{{cite book
|last=Kleiner
|first=Fred S.
|title=Gardner's Art Through The Ages: A Global History 
|date=January 2012
|publisher=Wadsworth, Cengage Learning 
|location=Boston 
|isbn=9780840030597
| page=995 
|edition=14th}}</ref> with states, later kingdoms, of [[Qin (state)|Qin]] and [[Chu (state)|Chu]] producing the largest number of lacquerware. The state of Chu having the geographical advantage and warmer climates enabled dedicated mass cultivation of [[Toxicodendron vernicifluum|lacquer trees]] and for lacquerware to become a commercial industry.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=倪仁杰 |author2=汤云叶 |title=浅述战国楚地漆器工业造型艺术 |journal=工业设计 |date=October 2011}}</ref> Because of this, Chu-state became famous for its lacquerware exports in the neighbouring states in the [[Eastern Zhou dynasty|Zhou kingdom]], with literary references found in books like [[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]] and [[Shangshu]], and providing some cultural cross-pollination between [[Chu (state)#Culture|the southern culture of Chu]] and the culture of [[Zhongyuan]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=杜妍洁 |title=基于楚式髹漆工艺的现代文化创意产品设计研究 |journal=美与时代 |date=May 2019 |issue=796 |page=97}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=桂俊荣 |title=楚漆器文化艺术特质研究 |date=2011 |publisher=中国社会科学出版社 |location=Beijing |isbn=978-7516104675}}</ref>

At the time of the [[Han dynasty]] (206&nbsp;BC&nbsp;– 220&nbsp;AD), special administrations were established to organize and divide labor for the expanding lacquer production in China.<ref name=hangguo>
{{cite book
|title=Chinese arts & crafts
|year=2006
|publisher=China Intercontinental Press
|location=Beijing
|isbn=978-7-5085-0963-1
|pages=54–58
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PxZ5JWoTRsC
|author=Hang, Jian |author2=Guo, Qiuhui
|translator=Zhu, Youruo |translator2=Song, Peiming
}}</ref> Elaborate incised decorations were used in lacquerware during the Han dynasty.<ref name=met/>

In the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907), Chinese lacquerware saw a new style marked by the use of sheets of gold or silver made in various shapes, such as birds, animals, and flowers.<ref name=hangguo/> The cut-outs were affixed onto the surface of the lacquerware, after which new layers of lacquer were applied, dried, and then ground away, so the surface could be polished to reveal the golden or silvery patterns beneath.<ref name=hangguo/> This was done by a technique known as ''pingtuo''.<ref>{{cite book| title=East Asian lacquer: the Florence and Herbert Irving Collection |year=1991| publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art| location=New York| isbn=9780870996221 | pages=20–21 |author1=Watt, James C. Y. |author2=Ford, Barbara Brennan }}</ref> Such techniques were time-consuming and costly, but these lacquerware were considered highly refined.<ref name=hangguo/> It was also the period when the earliest practice of carving lacquerware began.<ref>{{cite book |last=Webb |first=Marianne| title=Lacquer: Technology and Conservation |year=2000| publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann| location=Oxford| isbn=9780750644129 |page=42}}</ref>

The art of inlaid gold, silver, and mother-of-pearl continued from the Tang into the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279).<ref name=wf-23>{{cite book|title=East Asian lacquer: the Florence and Herbert Irving Collection |year=1991| publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York| isbn=9780870996221| page=23 |author1=Watt, James C. Y. |author2=Ford, Barbara Brennan }}</ref> Several existing decorative techniques gradually developed further after the 10th century, such as ''[[diaoqi]]'' ([[carved lacquer]]) which involves building up layers comprising thinly-applied coats of lacquer and carving it into a three-dimensional design; ''qiangjin'' (engraved gold) in which fine lines are incised, an adhesive of lacquer is applied, and gold foil or powder is pressed into the grooves; and ''diaotian'' or ''tianqi'' (filled-in) in which the lacquer is inlaid with lacquer of another color.<ref name=met/> A variation of ''diaotian'' or ''tianqi'' is known as ''moxian'' (polish-reveal) in which a design is built up with lacquer in certain areas, the remaining areas are filled with lacquer of a different color, and the entire surface is polished down.<ref name=met/> Especially the art of inlaying lacquer with mother-of-pearl was intensively developed during the Song dynasty.<ref name=met>{{cite web|title=Lacquerware of East Asia|date=October 2004 |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/elac/hd_elac.htm|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|access-date=21 September 2011}}</ref><ref name=wf-23/> However, during the Song, the artistic craft also made use of inlaid gold in a process of which is to engrave intricate patterns in the lacquer surface and to fill the [[Intaglio (sculpture)|intaglio]] with gold powder.<ref name=hangguo/>

The knowledge of the Chinese methods of the lacquer process spread from China during the Han, Tang and Song dynasties,<ref name=foreign/> eventually it was introduced to Korea, Japan.<ref name=foreign>{{cite book|title=Ancient China's technology and science|year=1983|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|location=Beijing|isbn=978-0-8351-1001-3|page=211|editor=Institute of the History of Natural Sciences and Chinese Academy of Sciences}}</ref> In Japan, the art of lacquerware-making came along with Buddhism and other cultural artifacts from China via the Korean Peninsula during the 8th century,<ref name=ccl/> and carved lacquerware came to Japan from [[Ming dynasty]] China during the 14th century.<ref name=ccl>{{cite web|url=http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/dictio/data/shikki/chou.htm|title=Chinese Carved Lacquerware|author=Akio Haino|publisher=[[Kyoto National Museum]]|access-date=2007-08-16}}</ref> One of the earliest Japanese techniques for decorating the lacquer surface was, besides painting simple designs, the gold and silver foil inlay of the [[Nara period]] (710–784). This technique was transmitted from China during the Tang dynasty.<ref name=met/>

[[Coromandel lacquer]] is a Chinese export type, so called because it was shipped to European markets via the [[Coromandel coast]] of India.

==== Gallery ====
<gallery>
File:Red lacquered bowl from the Hemudu culture(Neolithic) in Zhejiang Museum.JPG|Red lacquer wood bowl from the Chinese [[Hemudu culture]] dated to 4000–5000&nbsp;BC, the oldest such piece ever found.
File:Accompanying Coffin, Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (10166279464).jpg|Coffin from the [[Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng]]
File:20230208 Painted lacquer lidded dou-bowl carved wirh dragons.jpg|Lacquer dou-vessel from the [[Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng]]
File:Warring States Lacquer Box (10336758635).jpg|Lacquerware box, [[Warring States period]]
File:Painted Lacquered Wood Mandarin Duck-shaped Case (10166864494).jpg|Painted Lacquered Wood Mandarin Duck-shaped Case, [[Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng]]
File:Lacquered Shield, Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (10170326594).jpg|Lacquered Shield, [[Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng]]
file:Warring States Lacquered Figure, Chu State (10162601104).jpg|Lacquered [[Xian (Taoist)|{{transliteration|zh|yuren}} (羽人) figure]] on a toad stand, [[Chu (state)|Chu kingdom]], Warring States period. 
File:20230208 Painted lacquer box in the shape of two rear-to-rear pigs.jpg|Lacquer box in shape of pigs, [[Chu (state)|Chu kingdom]], Warring States.
File:Lacquerware from State of Ch'u.jpg|Lacquerware box from the Jingmen Tomb ({{zh|labels=no|t=荊門楚墓|p=Jīngmén chǔ mù}}) of the [[State of Chu]] (704–223&nbsp;BC)
File:彩漆木雕小座屏，2014-04-06_05.jpg|Openwork lacquered screen with animal designs, Warring States period
File:Lacquer painting from Ch'u State.jpg|Details on the Chu lacquerware box, depicting men wearing precursors to ''[[Hanfu]]'' (i.e. traditional [[silk]] dress) and riding in a two-horsed [[chariot]]
File:朱雀攫蛇漆豆AM.jpg|''[[Zhuque]]'' {{transliteration|zh|dou}}-vessel, [[Chu (state)|State of Chu]] Warring States, 
File:20230208 Painted lacquer square hu-jar with dragon-shaped handles.jpg|Painted lacquer {{transliteration|zh|hu}}-jar with dragon-shaped handles, Warring States period
file:Lacquer box of phoenix pattern, Warring States, Zaoyang, Hubei, Hubei Museum.jpg|Lacquer box of phoenix pattern, Warring States.
File:20230208 Painted lacquer flat flask with coiled serpents.jpg|Painted lacquer flat flask with coiled serpents, Warring States.
File:MET DP100674.jpg|Lacquered winged goblet ([[:zh:羽觞]]), also known as "eared" or flanged cup (耳杯) from Warring States.
Lacquer bowls of cloud design, Warring States, Jiangling, Hubei, Jingzhou Museum.jpg|Lacquered flanged cup with cloud designs from Warring States.
File:Warring States Lacquer Eared Cup (10336760735).jpg|Lacquered winged cup from Warring States with geometric design.
File:Warring States Lacquered Cup, Chu State (10162831913).jpg|Lacquer phoenix cup, [[state of Chu]], Warring States.
File:20230208 Painted lacquer spouted cup with phoenixes.jpg|
File:Qin lacquer box.JPG|Lacquer box incised with "[[Panyu District|Panyu]]" in [[seal script]], from the [[Qin dynasty]]
File:Qin-Han Lacquered Erbei (Eared Cup) (10163790226).jpg|"Eared" or flanged cup (耳杯), Qin or Han dynasty
File:Qin-Han Lacquered Pot (10163478874).jpg|Lacquered flask, Qin or Han dynasty
File:Qin-Han Lacquered Case (10163588574).jpg|Pig-shaped lacquered case, Qin or Han dynasty
File:Mawangdui lacquerwares and tray.jpg|[[Han dynasty]] lacquerware unearthed at [[Mawangdui]], 2nd century BC
file:Mawangdui Han Lacquerware (10112576245).jpg|Lacquerware box from [[Mawangdui]], Han dynasty.
File:Mawangdui Han Lacquerware Screen (10112606213).jpg|Lacquerware [[folding screen|screen]], Han dynasty
File:Qin-Han Lacquered Plate (10163532664).jpg|Lacquer dish, [[Han dynasty]]
File:Western Han Inkstone & Lacquer Case (9831993673).jpg|Inkstone and lacquer case, [[Western Han dynasty]]
File:Lacquer flat plate with Cloud-dragon design and the words Marquis Dai's Household, Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan, Hunan Museum, picture2.jpg|Lacquer dish with cloud-dragon design, [[Han dynasty]]
File:Lacquer Wine-Cup Container.jpg|Lacquer Wine-Cup Container and wine cup set, Han dynasty
File:Western Han Lacquered Eared Cup of Prince Tian Chang (9979164306).jpg|[[Western Han dynasty]] Lacquered flanged cup, known as winged goblet ([[:zh:羽觞]]) or "eared cup"(耳杯) of Prince of Tianchang
File:Han Painted Pottery Eared Cups (11867425585).jpg|Lacquered pottery flanged or eared cup, Han dynasty
File:Qin-Han Lacquered Erbei (Eared Cup) (10163662184).jpg|Lacquered flanged cup, known as winged goblet ([[:zh:羽觞]]), Han dynasty
File:西漢 黑地朱繪雲氣紋漆碗-Bowl with Geometric Designs MET DP355715.jpg|Western Han dynasty lacquer bowl
File:Lacquer flanged cups and dishes.jpg|Lacquer flanged cups and dishes from Mawangdui, Han dynasty
File:Western Han Lacquered An (Table) (9979165496).jpg|Lacquered table, [[Western Han dynasty]]
File:Kunming Oct 2007 044.jpg|Lacquerware in the shape of a man's head, [[Western Han]] (202&nbsp;BC&nbsp;– 9&nbsp;AD), [[Yunnan Provincial Museum]], Kunming
File:彩绘龙纹漆奁.jpg|Lacquer dressing case painted with dragon pattern, Han dynasty
File:Qin-Han Lacquered Case (10163765166).jpg|Lacquered case, Han dynasty
File:Lacquer Coffin Unearthed from the 2nd-century-BC Han Tomb No.1 at Mawangdui 2011-07.JPG|Lacquerware coffin of Mawangdui, Han dynasty
File:Mawangdui Han Second Coffin from Tomb -1 (10113019345).jpg|Second coffin of Mawangdui, Han dynasty
File:Mawangdui Han Third Coffin from Tomb -1 (10113109063).jpg|Third coffin of Mawangdui, Han dynasty
File:Lidded Cosmetic Box (Lian) with Scrolling Clouds and Supernatural Creatures LACMA AC1997.50.1.1-.2.jpg|Lidded cosmetic box, [[Western Han dynasty]], about 100&nbsp;BC&nbsp;– 25&nbsp;AD
File:Mawangdui Han Lacquerware (10112520884).jpg|Lacquerware pot from Mawangdui Tomb.
File:Small Round Lidded Cosmetic Box (Lian) with Scrolling Clouds and Birds LACMA M.2001.32.3a-b.jpg|Lacquered cosmetic box, [[Han dynasty]]
File:Lacquered Wooden Screen Reconstruction (9966944775).jpg|Lacquerware [[folding screen|screen]] of Prince of Nanyue (reconstruction), Han dynasty
File:Oval Lidded Cosmetic Box (Duoyuan He) with Scrolling Clouds, Animals, and Birds LACMA M.2001.32.1a-b.jpg|Oval Lidded Cosmetic Box (Duoyuan He) with Scrolling Clouds, Animals, and Birds, [[Han dynasty]]
File:Mawangdui Han Lacquerware (10112474374).jpg|Lacquered chest from Mawangdui.
File:Lacquer from han dynasty mawangdui.jpg|Lacquerware flanged drinking vessels and plates from the Mawangdui Tomb.
File:Basket from Lo-lang.jpg| Chinese painted artwork on the lacquered basket of Lolang, a region of the Han dynasty.
File:Qin-Han Lacquered Zun (10163965493).jpg|Lacquered {{transliteration|zh|zun}}, Han dynasty
File:Painted Iacquer dish unearthed from the tomb of Zhuran 01 2012-05.JPG|Painted lacquerware dish from the tomb of [[Zhu Ran]] (182–249&nbsp;AD) in [[Anhui province]], showing figures wearing ''[[Hanfu]]'', [[Eastern Wu]], [[Three Kingdoms period]].
File:Painted Iacquer narrow table unearthed from the tomb of Zhuran 2012-05.JPG|Painted lacquerware tray from the tomb of [[Zhu Ran]], [[Three Kingdoms period]].
File:Geta Unearthed from the Tomb of Zhu Ran 2012-05.JPG|Black lacquered clogs from the tomb of [[Zhu Ran]].
File:Painted Iacquer dish unearthed from the tomb of Zhuran 02 2012-05.JPG|Painted lacquerware dish from the tomb of [[Zhu Ran]], [[Three Kingdoms period]].
File:Mirror with phoenixes, birds, and flowers - Google Art Project.jpg|Lacquered mirror with bronze and silver inlays, [[Tang dynasty]]
file:Tang Mirror (50616050688).jpg|Black lacquered mirror back with four phoenixes, [[Tang dynasty]] 
File:China, Tang dynasty (618-907) - Song dynasty - Inlays for a Mirror or Box - 1969.78 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|Lacquer mirror box with inlays for a Mirror, Tang - [[Song dynasty]]
file:Bowl (Wan) in the Form of a Flower Blossom LACMA AC1994.208.1.jpg|Bowl in shape of a flower blossom, Song dynasty
File:Cup (Bei) with Sword-Pommel Pattern LACMA M.90.70.2.jpg|Cup with Sword-Pommel Pattern, Song dynasty
File:南宋 黑面剔犀劍環紋漆盒-Box with Pommel Scroll Design MET DP355771.jpg|Box with Pommel Scroll design, Song dynasty
File:'Abbot' by Liu Yun, dry lacquer, dated 1099, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG|Lacquered Buddhist abbot, Song dynasty
File:南宋 黑漆葵瓣盞（一對）-Pair of Plum-Blossom-Shaped Cups MET DP360355.jpg|Black lacquered plum-blossom-shaped cup, Song dynasty
File:Chest (Xiang) LACMA M.78.121.2.jpg|Black lacquer on wood core with wickerwork panels, Song dynasty
File:Tablescreen with Calligraphy of Sima Guang's (1019-1086) Family Instructions LACMA M.2000.191.jpg|Tablescreen with Calligraphy of [[Sima Guang]]'s Family Instructions, Song dynasty
file:Tray (Pan) in the Form of a Plum Blossom with Birds and Flowers LACMA M.86.330 (1 of 2).jpg|Pan in the Form of a Plum Blossom with Birds and Flowers, Late [[Song dynasty]]
File:黑漆嵌螺钿人物图盒.jpg|Black lacquered box with painted figures, Late [[Song dynasty]]
File:WLA haa Table Yuan Dynasty.jpg|A lacquered table of the [[Yuan dynasty]], 14th century, with an inlaid mother-of-pearl decoration of a tree
File:Rectangular Box (Changfang He) with Sword-Pommel Pattern LACMA M.84.121.1a-b.jpg|[[Carved lacquer]] box with the "Sword-Pommel Pattern", [[Yuan dynasty]] (1279–1368)
File:MET DP135209.jpg|Black lacquer box with pearl inlays, late Yuan to early Ming dynasty.
file:明初 剔紅庭園高士圖漆盤-Dish with garden scene MET DP256068 (cropped).jpg|Lacquer Dish with garden scene, Early Ming dynasty
File:Box with two phoenix birds and chrysanthemums, China, Ming dynasty, Yongle period, 1403-1424 AD, lacquer - Östasiatiska museet, Stockholm - DSC09540.JPG|Box, [[Ming dynasty]], [[Yongle Emperor|Yongle]] era (1403–1424)
File:明中期 剔犀劍環紋漆盒-Box with pommel scroll design MET DP704136.jpg|Lacquer Box with pommel scroll design, Ming dynasty
File:MET DP704124.jpg|Octagonal food box with pommel scrolls, Ming dynasty
File:Stemmed Cup (Gaozu Bei) with Sword-Pommel Pattern LACMA M.79.89.1.jpg|[[Carved lacquer]] stem cup with the "Sword-Pommel Pattern", mid-[[Ming dynasty]]
file:龙纹花瓣形雕漆盒 1520.jpg|Lacquer box with dragon motifs and inlays, Ming dynasty
File:Covered box with dragon, China, Ming dynasty, Jiajing era, 1522-1566 AD, carved lacquer - Tokyo National Museum - Tokyo, Japan - DSC08303.jpg|Covered box with dragon motif, Ming dynassty, Jiajing era, 1522-1566 AD
File:Seal Paste Box (Yinnihe) with Litchi Stems LACMA M.87.205a-b (1 of 2).jpg|    Carved red lacquer on wood core, Ming dynasty
File:朱漆描金百宝嵌庭院人物故事顶箱柜07587.jpg|Red Lacquer Wardrobes Inlaid with Various Treasures, Ming dynasty
File:万历款填漆戗金云龙纹立柜.jpg|Lacquer cabinet with dragon and cloud motifs, from [[Wanli era]], [[Ming dynasty]]
File:Dragon on 万历款填漆戗金云龙纹立柜.jpg|Detail of lacquer cabinet with dragon and cloud motifs, [[Ming dynasty]]
File:黑漆描金龙纹方角药柜07566.jpg| Black lacquered medicine cabinet with dragon patterns from [[Wanli era]], [[Ming dynasty]]. 
File:Rectangular tray with dragons and pearl, China, Ming dynasty, dated 1623 AD, wood with lacquer - Linden-Museum - Stuttgart, Germany - DSC03517.jpg|Tray with dragons, Ming dynasty.
File:明晚期_嵌螺鈿漆花鳥紋座屏-Table_screen_MET_DP-14362-001.jpg|Lacquer table-screen
file:Late Ming-Early Qing Lacquered Case (9979458956).jpg|Late Ming - Early Qing dynasty lacquered Case
File:Square Dish (Die) with Figure on Horse LACMA M.39.2.569.1.jpg|Square dish, [[Qing dynasty]], [[Kangxi]] era (1662–1722)
File:Cup with a poem composed by the Emperor Qianlong, China, Qing dynasty, 1736-1795, wood base, red and green lacquer - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC03964.JPG|[[Carved lacquer]] cup with a poem composed by the [[Qianlong Emperor]] (1735–1796), [[Qing dynasty]]
File:Dinastia qing, vaso a doppia zucca in lacca intagliata, con otto emblemi buddisti, 1800-50 ca.jpg|Carved lacquer [[calabash]]-bottle, Qing dynasty
File:Qing Lacquered Scripture Box (10152135216).jpg|Lacquered Scripture Box, Qing dynasty
File:Cina, paravento in stile coromandel, lacca, madreperla, tartaruga e oro, 1750-1800 ca. 01.jpg|[[Coromandel lacquer]] [[folding screen]] with a courtly progress in lacquer, [[mother of pearl]], [[tortoiseshell]] and gold, [[Qing dynasty]], 1750–1800
File:Qing Ruyi.jpg|Carved lacquer [[Ruyi (scepter)|ruyi]], Qing dynasty
File:Bruxelles Lit Qing 02 10 2011.jpg|Lacquer canopy bed, Qing dynasty
File:MBAM_2009.84,_Chinese_canopy_bed.JPG|Lacquer canopy bed, Qing dynasty
File:Qing_Red_Lacquer_Furniture.jpg|Lacquer table and chairs, Qing dynasty
File:Lacquered armor of the Dali Kingdom.jpg|Lacquered armor of the [[Dali Kingdom]]
File:Qing Lacquered Box.jpg|[[Qing dynasty]] Lacquered Box
File:Qing Woven Bamboo Lacquer Fruit Case (9979373444).jpg|Woven Bamboo Lacquer Fruit Case, [[Qing dynasty]]
File:Qing Lacquered Box - 1.jpg|[[Qing dynasty]] Lacquered Box
File:Snuff bottle, 19th century, carved lacquer, Dayton Art Institute.JPG|Qing dynasty carved lacquer snuff bottle.
File:Lacquered Furniture (10114201366).jpg|Carved lacquer chair, Qing dynasty
File:Yi lacquerware.jpg|Lacquerware set by the [[Yi people]].
</gallery>

===Korean lacquerware===
{{Main|Najeonchilgi}}
[[File:Korea-Joseon-Lacquer drawer-01.jpg|left|thumb|Joseon Period - National Museum of Korea in Seoul]]

The very term 'Najeonchilgi' is a combination of two particular words: 'najeon'– mother-of-pearl and ‘chilgi’ which refers to lacquerware. ‘najeon’ refers to the composite material which forms the inner shiny shell layer.
The Three Kingdom period (57 B.C. – 668 A.D.) witnessed the introduction of the first method and the second one was introduced during the Shilla period (668–935 A.D.). The Goryeo dynasty (918–1392), considered the golden period of this craft, was influenced by Buddhism.

===Japanese lacquerware===
{{Main|Japanese lacquerware}}
[[File:Writing Box Yatsuhashi bridge design.jpg|thumb|Writing lacquer box with ''[[Irises screen|Irises at Yatsuhashi]]'', by [[Ogata Kōrin]], [[Edo period]] ([[National Treasure (Japan)|National Treasure]])]]
The term for lacquer is ''urushi'' (漆), source of the English hybrid word "[[urushiol]]". Etymologically, ''urushi'' may be related to the words ''uruwashii'' ("beautiful") or ''uruoi'' ("watered", "profitable", "favored"), due speculatively to their value or shiny appearance, or perhaps the humidifying rooms used in production of lacquered wares. The term "[[Japanning]]" in the 17th century is a term for the technique used by Europe to emulate Asian lacquer, derived from the then famous Japanese lacquer.

The general characteristic of Japanese lacquerware is the widespread use of various ''[[Maki-e]]'' techniques compared to other countries. As a result, there are many works in which relatively vivid gold and silver patterns and pictures shine on the black base of lacquerware, and the entire lacquerware is covered with shiny gold and silver grains.<ref name = "murata24"/>

====History and regional production====
Primitive lacquer was used in Japan as early as 12,600&nbsp;BC, during the [[Jōmon period]].<ref name = "nikkei1106">[https://megalodon.jp/2020-0707-0601-06/https://www.nikkei.com:443/article/DGXNASDG06018_W1A101C1CC1000/ 1万2千年前のウルシ木片 世界最古、福井で出土], [[The Nikkei]], November 6, 2011</ref>

Lacquer was used in Japan as early as 7000 BCE, during the [[Jōmon period]]. Evidence for the earliest lacquerware was discovered at the Kakinoshima "B" Excavation Site in [[Hokkaido]].<ref>Hokkaido's Minamikayabe Town, Kakinoshima site B (北海道の南茅部町の垣ノ島B遺跡)</ref> These objects were discovered in a pit grave dating from the first half of the Initial Jōmon period (approx. 9,000 years ago)<ref name = "nikkei1106"/><ref name = "kakinoshima">{{cite web|url=https://en.visit-hokkaido.jp/what-to-do/kakinoshima-jomon-archaeological-site/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707075655/https://en.visit-hokkaido.jp:443/what-to-do/kakinoshima-jomon-archaeological-site/|title=Kakinoshima Jomon Archaeological Site|publisher=Hokkaido Prefectural Government, Hokkaido Tourism Organization|archive-date=7 July 2020|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref name = "kakinoshimaj">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200128174441/http://www.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/ks/bns/jomon/remains_is_kakinoshima01.htm Kakinoshima Excavation Site] Hokkaido Government</ref> Japanese lacquering technology may have been invented by the Jōmon. They learned to refine ''urushi'' (poison oak sap)&nbsp;– the process taking several months. [[Iron(III) oxide|Iron oxide (colcothar)]] and [[cinnabar]] (mercury sulfide) were used for producing red lacquer.<ref name=autogenerated1>[https://heritageofjapan.wordpress.com/just-what-was-so-amazing-about-jomon-japan/ways-of-the-jomon-world-2/jomon-crafts-and-what-they-were-for/ Jomon crafts and what they were for] heritageofjapan.wordpress.com</ref> Lacquer was used both on pottery, and on different types of wooden items. In some cases, burial clothes for the dead were also lacquered.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Many lacquered objects have turned up during the Early Jōmon period; this indicates that this was an established part of Jōmon culture.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Experts are divided on whether Jōmon lacquer was derived from Chinese techniques, or invented independently. For example, Mark Hudson believes that “Jomon lacquer technology was developed independently in Japan rather than being introduced from China as once believed”.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010305204407/http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/APM/TXT/hudson-m-02-96.html Sannai Maruyama: A New View of Prehistoric Japan], Mark Hudson, Asia-Pacific Magazine, No. 2 May 1996 pp. 47–48.</ref><ref name=autogenerated1 />

During the Asuka and [[Nara period]]s, between the 7th and 8th centuries, Chinese lacquer art forms were imported to Japan.

[[File:Tebako (Cosmetic box) Design of wheels-in-stream.jpg|thumb|Cosmetic box Design of wheels-in-stream in ''maki-e'' lacquer and mother-of-pearl inlay, [[Heian period]], 12th century (National Treasure)]]
In the [[Heian period]] (794–1185), various ''Maki-e'' techniques characteristic of Japanese lacquerware were developed. While the method of drawing designs with a brush by dissolving gold powder in lacquer is a common technique in other countries, the method of drawing designs with lacquer and then sprinkling gold, silver, or copper powder of various sizes and shapes on top to polish them was developed in Japan. This made it possible to make the gold and silver of lacquerware brighter than before.<ref name = "murata24">Masayuki Murata. ''明治工芸入門'' p. 24. Me no Me, 2017 {{ISBN|978-4907211110}}</ref>

In the [[Kamakura period]] (1185–1333), carved lacquer from the Song dynasty of China was imported to Japan. However, many Japanese lacquer craftsmen did not adopt the Chinese method of depositing lacquer and then carving it; instead, they created [[Kamakurabori]], a method of carving wood and then coating lacquer.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170618214433/http://ch.kanagawa-museum.jp/dm/kamakura/rekisi/k_rekisi02.html Carved lacquer and Lacquered sculpture] [[Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Cultural History]]</ref>

[[File:花鳥蒔絵螺鈿聖龕.jpg|thumb|A Japanese lacquerware produced and exported at the request of the [[Society of Jesus]]; [[Azuchi–Momoyama period]], 16th century, [[Kyushu National Museum]]]]
Japanese lacquerware was abundantly exported to China where the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] rulers generally described Japanese lacquerwares as " foreign lacquer " ( yangqi ). Yang Ming, and famous lacquer man [[Wuyue culture|Zhejiang]], made annotations for A Record of Decoration with Lacquer,&nbsp;... People of the Ming dynasty once recorded: “The decoration art with lacquer coated with gold originated (maki-e) from Japan". Yang in the reign of [[Xuande Emperor|Xuande]] of the Ming dynasty made a trip to Japan to study Japanese techniques, and a Japanese visited a Chinese imperial workshop in [[Beijing]] during the Ming dynasty. It is well documented that the [[Yongzheng Emperor]] had a formidable interest in Japanese lacquer, ''yangqi'', and this was reflected in many of the works produced in the Imperial workshops during his reign.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AN IMPERIAL GOLD-LACQUERED INCENSE STAND|url=https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5978882|access-date=2021-01-19|website=www.christies.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kleutghen|first=Kristina|date=2017|title=Imports and Imitations: The Taste for Japanese Lacquer in Eighteenth-Century China and France|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7308043513|journal=Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies|volume=17|issue=2|pages=175–206|doi=10.1353/jem.2017.0013|s2cid=165251830|issn=1531-0485|oclc=7308043513|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bayerova, Tatjana.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/960757571|title=Investigation and Conservation of East Asian Cabinets in Imperial Residences (1700–1900): Lacquerware & Porcelain. Conference 2013 Postprints.|date=2015|publisher=Böhlau Verlag|others=Griesser-Stermschegg, Martina., Trummer, Manfred., Schreiner, Manfred., Iby, Elfriede., Krist, Gabriela.|isbn=978-3-205-20192-2|location=Köln/Wien|oclc=960757571}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Victoria and Albert Museum.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/900484109|title=The Victoria and Albert Museum: a bibliography and exhibition chronology, 1852–1996|date=1998|publisher=Routledge|others=James, Elizabeth, 1957-|isbn=978-1-315-07424-5|location=London|oclc=900484109}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1227059965|title=THIRTY GREAT INVENTIONS OF CHINA from millet agriculture to artemisinin.|date=2020|publisher=SPRINGER VERLAG, SINGAPOR|isbn=978-981-15-6525-0|location=[S.l.]|oclc=1227059965}}</ref> In the [[Azuchi–Momoyama period|Azuchi-Momoyama period]] (1568–1600) also made its way into [[New Spain|Colonial Mexico]] ([[Manila galleon|Manila Galleons]]) and Europe by [[Nanban trade]]. Japanese lacquerware attracted European aristocrats and missionaries from Europe, and western style chests and church furniture were exported in response to their requests.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moreno|first=Pilar Cabañas|url=https://www.academia.edu/43481357|title=Traces of Japanese art in New Spain: screens, "enconchados" and maques|journal=Kawamura, Yayoi (Ed.), Namban Lacquer Remained in Spain. 400 Years After the. Keichô Embassy, Madrid, Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte y Japan Foundation, Pp. 85-106, Cd Versión|date=January 2013|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Namban & Enconchado: Japan and Mexico Meet|url=https://japan-and-mexico-meet.tumblr.com/?og=1|access-date=2021-01-19|website=japan-and-mexico-meet.tumblr.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416014842/https://japan-and-mexico-meet.tumblr.com/?og=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191225065626/http://en.urushi-joboji.com/urushi Urushi once attracted the world] urushi-joboji.com</ref>

[[File:印籠-Inro with Fox's Wedding.jpg|thumb|''[[Inro]]'' with Fox's Wedding ({{transliteration|ja|[[Kitsune no yomeiri]]}}); [[Edo period]], late 18th – early 19th century]]
The [[Edo period]] (1603–1868) saw an increase in the focused cultivation of lacquer trees and the development of the techniques used. In the 18th century colored lacquers came into wider use. With the development of economy and culture, the artistic quality of lacquered furniture has improved. [[Hon'ami Kōetsu]] and [[Ogata Kōrin]] brought the designs of the [[Rinpa school]] of painting into lacquerware. From the middle of the Edo period, ''[[inro]]'' became popular as men's accessories, and wealthy merchants of the ''[[chōnin]]'' class and [[samurai]] class collected ''inro'' of high aesthetic value, precisely designed with lacquer.<ref name = "murata104">Masayuki Murata. ''明治工芸入門'' p. 104. Me no Me, 2017 {{ISBN|978-4907211110}}</ref><ref name = "saimitsu104">Yūji Yamashita. ''明治の細密工芸'' p. 80. Heibonsha, 2014 {{ISBN|978-4582922172}}</ref> [[Marie Antoinette]] and [[Maria Theresa]] are known collectors of Japanese lacquerware and their collections are now often exhibited in the [[Louvre]] and the [[Palace of Versailles]].<ref name = "murata24"/>

In the [[Meiji (era)|Meiji period]] (1868–1912), Richly-decorated lacquerwares in original designs were popular domestically, and even more so with Western buyers during this period of European and American [[Japonisme|fascination with Japanese art]]. [[Shibata Zeshin]]'s lacquer work was especially popular.{{sfn|Earle|1999|pp=186–187}} In addition, lacquerware called ''Shibayama'', which was created in the Edo period, became popular for its showy style, inlaid with gold, silver, shellfish, ivory, coral, tortoise shell and ceramics, and reached its peak during this period. Lacquerware called ''Somada'', which was created in the Edo period and characterized by regular patterns of finely cut seashells, [[gold leaf]] and silver leaf, also became popular during this period.<ref name = "saimitsu60">Yūji Yamashita. ''明治の細密工芸'' pp. 60–61. Heibonsha, 2014 {{ISBN|978-4582922172}}</ref> The government took an active interest in the art export market, promoting Japan's lacquers and other decorative arts at a succession of [[world's fair]]s.{{sfn|Earle|1999|pp=30–31}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2013/12/14/books/book-reviews/japonisme-and-the-rise-of-the-modern-art-movement-the-arts-of-the-meiji-period/|title=[Review:] Japonisme and the Rise of the Modern Art Movement: The Arts of the Meiji Period|last=Liddell|first=C. B.|date=2013-12-14|website=The Japan Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref> Lacquer from Japanese workshops was recognised as technically superior to what could be produced anywhere else in the world.{{sfn|Earle|1999|p=187}}

Today, the [[Government of Japan|Japanese government]] has designated excellent lacquer artists as [[Living National Treasure (Japan)|Living National Treasures]] and is encouraging them to make lacquerware. Lacquerware is produced throughout the Japanese archipelago, with many regional techniques and variations. Besides the very old Kamakura tradition mentioned above (and still alive today), the port town of [[Wajima, Ishikawa|Wajima]] provides a good example of regional lacquerware. ''[[Wajima-nuri]]'', dating back to the 16th century, is characterized by use of the elm-like Japanese zelkova (''[[keyaki]]'' 欅), powdered earth, and delicate features formed from cloth. (See the Japanese article, [[:ja:輪島塗|輪島塗]]. A more complete list of regional lacquer traditions is available in [[:ja:日本の漆器#生産地|the Japanese article]].)

<gallery>
File:Tiered Stand with Designs Alluding to The Tale of Genji.jpg|Tiered Stand with Designs Alluding to ''[[The Tale of Genji]]'', by [[Hon'ami Kōetsu]], 17th century
File:Reading Stand with Mount Yoshino.jpg|Reading Stand with [[Mount Yoshino]], Edo period, 18th century
File:Blade and Mounting for a Short Sword (Wakizashi).jpg|Lacquered exterior of ''[[wakizashi]]'' Fusamune, Edo period, 18th century
File:'Fuji Tagonoura', 'maki-e' picture by Shibata Zeshin, 1872.jpg|''Maki-e'' ''[[Mount Fuji|Fuji]] Tagonoura'', by [[Shibata Zeshin]], [[Meiji (era)|Meiji period]], 1872
File:Khalili Collection Japanese Meiji Art L160.jpg|''Maki-e'' Writing-table, by Shirayama Shosai, Meiji period, 19th century, [[Khalili Collection of Japanese Art]]
File:松田権六 蒔絵螺鈿有職文飾箱.jpg|by [[Living National Treasure (Japan)|Living National Treasure]] Gonroku Matsuda, [[Shōwa (1926–1989)|Showa period]], 1960
</gallery>
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====Ryukyuan lacquerware====
{{Main|Ryukyuan lacquerware}}
[[File:Chest with Cartouche Showing Figures on Donkeys in a Landscape, Magnolias, Plum Blossoms, Peonies, Birds, and Butterflies LACMA M.80.153.jpg|thumb|180px|Chest with a cartouche and carved [[relief]] showing an outdoor scene, [[Ryukyuan lacquerware]], c. 1750–1800]]
Ryukyuan lacquerware is one of the chief artistic products of the [[Ryukyu Islands]] (today [[Okinawa Prefecture]] of [[Japan]]); it is quite distinct from the lacquerware found among the surrounding cultures. Nevertheless, Chinese and Japanese influences are present.
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