Editing Lambeth (section)

==History==
===Toponymy===
The origins of the name of Lambeth come from its first record in 1062 as ''Lambehitha'', meaning 'landing place for lambs', and in 1255 as ''Lambeth''. In the [[Domesday Book]], Lambeth is called "Lanchei", which is plausibly derived from Brittonic Lan meaning a river bank and Chei being Brittonic for a quay.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wheatley|first1=Henry Benjamin|last2=Cunningham|first2=Peter|author-link1=Henry B. Wheatley|author-link2=Peter Cunningham (writer, born 1816)|title=London Past and Present: Its History, Associations, and Traditions|date=2011|orig-year=First published in 1891|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=355|isbn=9781108028073|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iwOT78ZYXhAC}}</ref> The name refers to a harbour where lambs were either shipped from or to. It is formed from the [[Old English]] 'lamb' and 'hythe'.<ref name="Mills">{{cite book | last=Mills | first=D. | title=Oxford Dictionary of London Place Names | year=2000 | publisher=Oxford}}</ref> '''[[South Lambeth]]''' is recorded as ''Sutlamehethe'' in 1241 and '''North Lambeth''' is recorded in 1319 as ''North Lamhuth''.<ref name="Mills"/>

=== Medieval ===
The manor of Lambeth is recorded as being under ownership of the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] from at least 1190.<ref name=Borough/> The Archbishops led the development of much of the manor, with Archbishop [[Hubert Walter]] creating the residence of [[Lambeth Palace]] in 1197.<ref name=Vauxhall1/> Lambeth and the palace were the site of two important 13th-century international treaties; the [[Treaty of Lambeth|Treaty of Lambeth 1217]] and the [[Treaty of Lambeth (1212)|Treaty of Lambeth 1212]].<ref>Cannon, John. "Treaty of Lambeth" A Dictionary of British History. Oxford University Press, 2009</ref> [[Edward, the Black Prince]] lived in Lambeth in the 14th century in an estate that incorporated the land not belonging to the Archbishops, which also included [[Kennington]] (the Black Prince road in Lambeth is named after him).<ref name=Vauxhall1>{{cite web |url=http://vauxhallhistory.org/lambeth/ |title=Lambeth |publisher=Vauxhall History Online Archive |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref> As such, much of the freehold land of Lambeth to this day remains under Royal ownership as part of the estate of the [[Duchy of Cornwall]].<ref name=Vauxhall2>{{cite web |url=http://vauxhallhistory.org/royal-southwark-and-lambeth/ |title=Royal Southwark and Lambeth |publisher=Vauxhall History |access-date=26 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161127214633/http://vauxhallhistory.org/royal-southwark-and-lambeth/|archive-date= Nov 27, 2016 }}</ref> Lambeth was also the site of the principal medieval London residence of the [[Duke of Norfolk|Dukes of Norfolk]], but by 1680 the large house had been sold and ended up as a pottery manufacturer, creating some of the first examples of [[English delftware]] in the country.<ref name=LambethWalk/> The road names, Norfolk Place and Norfolk Row reflect the history and legacy of the house today.<ref name=BritishHistory>{{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/surrey/vol4/pp50-64 |title=Lambeth: The parish|publisher=British History Online |work=A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4 |date=1912 |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref>

=== River crossings ===
Lambeth Palace lies opposite the southern section of the [[Palace of Westminster]] on the [[River Thames|Thames]]. The two were historically linked by a horse ferry across the river.<ref name="Borough">{{cite web |url=http://www.ideal-homes.org.uk/lambeth/lambeth-assets/histories/lb-of-lambeth |title=London Borough of Lambeth |publisher=Ideal Homes: A History of South-East London Suburbs |access-date=25 November 2016}}</ref> In fact, Lambeth could only be crossed by the left-bank by ferry or [[Ford (crossing)|fords]] until 1750.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lambeth {{!}} Description, History, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lambeth |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Britannica |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713231558/https://www.britannica.com/place/Lambeth |archive-date= Jul 13, 2022 }}</ref> Until the mid-18th century the north of Lambeth was marshland, crossed by a number of roads raised against floods. This marshland was also known as ''Lambeth Marshe''. It was drained in the 18th century but is remembered in the [[Lower Marsh]] street name. With the opening of [[Westminster Bridge]] in 1750, followed by the [[Blackfriars Bridge]], [[Vauxhall Bridge]] and [[Lambeth Bridge]] itself, a number of major thoroughfares were developed through Lambeth, such as Westminster Bridge Road, Kennington Road and Camberwell New Road.<ref name="Borough" /> Until the 18th century Lambeth was sparsely populated<ref name=":0"/> and still rural in nature, being outside the boundaries of central London, although it had experienced growth in the form of [[taverns]] and entertainment venues, such as theatres and [[Bear pit]]s (being outside inner city regulations).<ref name="LambethWalk">{{cite web |url=http://www.rpharms.com/museum-pdfs/lambeth-pharmacy-walk.pdf |title=Lambeth Pharmacy Walk |publisher=Royal Pharmaceutical Society |access-date=30 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201075712/http://www.rpharms.com/museum-pdfs/lambeth-pharmacy-walk.pdf |archive-date= Dec 1, 2016 }}</ref> The subsequent growth in road and marine transport, along with the development of industry in the wake of the [[Industrial Revolution]] brought great change to the area.<ref name="LambethWalk" />

=== Early modern ===
The area grew with an ever-increasing population at this time, many of whom were poor.<ref name="LambethWalk" /> As a result, Lambeth opened a parish [[workhouse]] in 1726. A parliamentary report of 1777 noted it had 270 inmates. In 1835 the Lambeth Poor Law Parish was formed. Run by an elected board of trustees, it comprised the parish of St Mary, Lambeth, "including the district attached to the new churches of St John, Waterloo, Kennington, Brixton, Norwood".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Lambeth/ |title=Lambeth (Parish of St Mary), Surrey, London |publisher=The history of the workhouse by Peter Higginbotham |access-date=25 November 2016}}</ref> Following in the tradition of earlier delftware manufacturers, the [[Royal Doulton]] Pottery company had their principal manufacturing site in Lambeth for several centuries.<ref name="WhiteHart" /> The Lambeth factory closed in 1956 and production was transferred to [[Staffordshire]]. However the Doulton offices, located on Black Prince Road still remain as they are a listed building, which includes the original decorative tiling.<ref name="WhiteHart" />

Between 1801 and 1831 the population of Lambeth trebled and in ten years alone between 1831 and 1841 it increased from 87,856 in to 105,883.<ref name="BritishHistory" /> The railway first came to Lambeth in the 1840s, as construction began which extended the [[London and South Western Railway]] from its original station at [[Nine Elms railway station|Nine Elms]] to the new terminus at [[London Waterloo railway station|London Waterloo]] via the newly constructed [[Nine Elms to Waterloo Viaduct]]. With the massive urban development of London in the 19th century and with the opening of the large Waterloo railway station in 1848 the locality around the station and Lower Marsh became known as [[Waterloo, London|Waterloo]], becoming an area distinct from Lambeth itself.<ref name="Mills" />

The Lambeth Ragged school was built in 1851 to help educate the children of destitute facilities, although the widening of the [[London and South Western Railway]] in 1904 saw the building reduced in size.<ref name="LambethWalk" /> Part of the school building still exists today and is occupied by the [[Beaconsfield (gallery)|Beaconsfield Gallery]].<ref name="LambethWalk" /> The Beaufoy Institute was also built in 1907 to provide technical education for the poor of the area, although this stopped being an educational institution at the end of the 20th century.<ref name="LambethWalk" />[[File:Westminster Bridge and Lambeth Bridge 1897.jpg|thumb|224x224px|Map of 1897, showing [[Lambeth Palace]] and [[Lambeth Bridge]]]]

===Local government===
The current district of Lambeth was part of the large ancient parish of [[Lambeth (parish)|Lambeth St Mary]] in the [[Brixton (hundred)|Brixton]] hundred of [[Surrey]].<ref name="Youngs">{{cite book | first=Frederic |last=Youngs | title=Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England | volume=I: Southern England | year=1979 | publisher=[[Royal Historical Society]] | location=London | isbn=0-901050-67-9}}</ref> It was an elongated north–south parish with a {{convert|2|mi|km|0|abbr=off|adj=on|spell=on}} [[River Thames]] frontage to the west. In the north it lay opposite the cities of [[City of London|London]] and [[City and Liberty of Westminster|Westminster]] and extended southwards to cover the contemporary districts of [[Brixton]], [[West Dulwich]] and [[West Norwood]], almost reaching [[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]. Lambeth became part of the [[Metropolitan Police District]] in 1829. It continued as a single parish for [[Poor Law]] purposes after the [[Poor Law Amendment Act 1834]] and a single parish governed by a vestry after the introduction of the [[Metropolitan Board of Works]] in 1855.<ref name="Youngs" /> In 1889 it became part of the [[County of London]] and the parish and vestry were reformed in 1900 to become the [[Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth]], governed by Lambeth Borough Council. In the reform of local government in 1965, the Streatham and Clapham areas that had formed part of the [[Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth]] were combined with Lambeth to form the responsible area of local government under the [[London Borough of Lambeth]]. The current mayor is Annie Gallop as of May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brixtonbuzz.com/2021/04/cllr-annie-gallop-elected-mayor-of-lambeth-with-the-ebony-horse-club-at-loughborough-junction-nominated-as-her-chosen-charity/|title=CLLR Annie Gallop elected Mayor of Lambeth with the Ebony Horse Club at Loughborough Junction nominated as her chosen charity|date=22 April 2021}}</ref>

=== Modern ===
[[Lambeth Walk]] and Lambeth High Street were the two principal commercial streets of Lambeth, but today are predominantly residential in nature. Lambeth Walk was site of a market for many years, which by 1938 had 159 shops, including 11 butchers.<ref name=BBC1>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3651455.stm |title=Streets of London: Lambeth Walk |date=24 May 2004 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref> The street and surrounding roads, like most of Lambeth, were extensively damaged in the [[Second World War]].<ref name=BBC1/> This included the destruction of the Victorian Swimming Baths (built in 1897) in 1945, when a [[V2 Rocket]] hit the street, resulting in the deaths of 37 people.<ref name=Vauxhall4>{{cite web |url=http://vauxhallhistory.org/lambeth-baths/ |title=Lambeth Baths |publisher=Vauxhall History Online Archives |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref>

In 1948, when the first wave of immigrants of Afro-Caribbean descent arrived from Jamaica on the [[HMT Empire Windrush|Windrush]] cruise ship, they were housed in several areas within Brixton, especially [[Clapham]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diakite |first=Parker |date=2019-02-27 |title=The Brixton Pound: London's Historically Black Neighborhood Creates Own Currency |url=https://travelnoire.com/the-brixton-pound-london-black-neighborhood-own-currency |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=Travel Noire |language=en}}</ref> The [[Royal Pharmaceutical Society|Royal Pharmaceutical Society's headquarters]] were located in Lambeth High Street from 1976 until 2015.<ref name="RoyalPharm">{{cite web |title=Pharmacy History and Lambeth |url=http://www.rpharms.com/our-museum/pharmacy-history-and-lambeth.asp |access-date=25 November 2016 |publisher=[[Royal Pharmaceutical Society]]}}</ref>

Today, the center of government in [[Brixton]] has a strong Afro-Caribbean community. Other significant minorities include Africans, South Asians, and Chinese; they make up one third of Lambeth's population.<ref name=":0" /> The borough is a very densely populated area within London with a large young population. One third of its working age population are considered living in poverty. Lambeth ranks 8th out of 22 of the most deprived boroughs in London.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=State of the Borough 2016 |url=https://www.lambeth.gov.uk/sites/default/files/State%20of%20Borough%202016%20-%20v3.pdf |website=lambeth.gov.uk |page=5}}</ref>