Editing Lancaster, Pennsylvania (section)

==History==
{{more citations needed section|date=September 2018}}<!--many paragraphs without citations-->

===18th century===
{{See also|Pennsylvania in the American Revolution}}
Originally called Hickory Town, Lancaster was renamed after the English city of [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]] by native [[John Wright (businessman)|John Wright]]. Its symbol, the [[Red Rose of Lancaster|red rose]], is from the [[House of Lancaster]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vacationsmadeeasy.com/LancasterPA/articles/AHistoryofLancasterPA.cfm|title=A History of Lancaster, PA|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref> Lancaster was part of the 1681 Penn's Woods Charter of [[William Penn]], and was laid out by [[James Hamilton (Pennsylvania)|James Hamilton]] in 1734. It was incorporated as a borough in 1742 and incorporated as a city in 1818.<ref>{{cite web | title=Lancaster County History | work=PHMC | url=http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/BAH/dam/counties/browse.asp?catid=36 | access-date=August 1, 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908093030/http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/dam/counties/browse.asp?catid=36 | archive-date=September 8, 2006 }}</ref>

In the summer of 1744 the Lancaster courthouse was the venue for an important colonial treaty between the Haudenosaunee Confederacy and the Provinces of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.  Conrad Weiser served as interpreter, and the text of the treaty was soon after published by Benjamin Franklin.<ref>''A Treaty, Held at the Town of Lancaster, in Pennsylvania, By the Honourable the Lieutenant-Governor of the Province, And the Honourable the Commissioners for the Provinces of Virginia and Maryland, With the Indians of the Six Nations, In June, 1744''.  Philadelphia: B. Franklin, 1744.</ref>

During the [[American Revolution]], Lancaster served for one day as the temporary [[List of capitals in the United States|capital of the United States]], seated at the Court House (built 1739, destroyed by fire in 1784 and rebuilt before relocating to current Lancaster County Courthouse in 1852; original site is now the [[Soldiers and Sailors Monument (Lancaster, Pennsylvania)|Soldiers & Sailors Monument]] at Penn Square c. 1874),<ref name="unchartedlancaster.com">{{Cite web|url=https://unchartedlancaster.com/2020/06/12/lancasters-old-courthouse-witness-to-great-moments-in-american-history/|title = Lancaster's old Courthouse: Witness to Great Moments in American History|date = June 12, 2020}}</ref> on September 27, 1777, after the [[Continental Congress]] fled [[Philadelphia]], which had been captured by the British. The revolutionary government then moved still farther away to [[York, Pennsylvania]].<ref name="capital">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cityoflancasterpa.com/lancastercity/cwp/browse.asp?a=3&bc=0&c=42722|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708160949/http://www.cityoflancasterpa.com/lancastercity/cwp/browse.asp?a=3&bc=0&c=42722|url-status=dead|title=City of Lancaster, PA|archivedate=July 8, 2011}}</ref>

===19th century===
{{See also|Pennsylvania in the American Civil War}}
Lancaster was the capital of Pennsylvania from 1799 to 1812, with the state capital located at the Court House (built 1784 and demolished 1852 and now site of Soldiers & Sailors Monument at Penn Square).<ref name="unchartedlancaster.com"/> In 1812, the capital was moved to [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]], where it has remained since.<ref name="capital" />

U.S. census reports show that, from 1800 to 1900, Lancaster ranked among the nation's top 100 most populous urban areas.

In 1851, the current [[Lancaster County Prison]], known locally as Lancaster Castle, was built in the city but shares no visual similarities with the [[Lancaster Castle]] in England. The prison remains in use, and was used for public hangings until 1912.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.co.lancaster.pa.us/lcprison/cwp/view.asp?a=705&q=521776|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118203232/http://www.co.lancaster.pa.us/lcprison/cwp/view.asp?a=705&q=521776|url-status=dead|title=Lancaster County Prison overview|archivedate=January 18, 2009}}</ref>  It replaced a 1737 structure on a [[Fulton Opera House|different site]].

The first long-distance paved road in the United States was the former [[Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike]], which connected the cities of Lancaster and Philadelphia. Opened in 1795, the turnpike was paved with stone the whole way, and overlaid with gravel. The sixty-two-mile turnpike cost more than $450,000, a staggering sum for the time. The route followed what is now [[Pennsylvania Route 340]] (also called the "Old Philadelphia Pike") from Lancaster to Thorndale and [[U.S. Route 30 Business (Downingtown, Pennsylvania)|U.S. Route 30 Business]] and [[U.S. Route 30 in Pennsylvania|U.S. Route 30]] from Thorndale to Philadelphia.

The city of Lancaster was home to several important figures in American history. [[Wheatland (Lancaster)|Wheatland]], the estate of [[James Buchanan]], the fifteenth President of the United States, is one of Lancaster's most popular attractions. [[Thaddeus Stevens]], considered among the most powerful members of the [[United States House of Representatives]], lived in Lancaster as an attorney. Stevens gained notoriety as a [[Radical Republicans|Radical Republican]] and for his [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionism]]. The [[Fulton Opera House]] in the city was named for Lancaster native [[Robert Fulton]], a renaissance man who created the first fully functional steamboat. All of these individuals have had local schools named after them.

After the [[American Revolutionary War]], Lancaster became an iron-foundry center. Two of the most common products needed by pioneers to settle the Frontier were manufactured in Lancaster: the [[Conestoga wagon]] and the [[Long rifle|Pennsylvania long rifle]]. The Conestoga wagon was named after the [[Conestoga River]], which runs through the city.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/328979/Lancaster|title=Lancaster - Pennsylvania, United States|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref>  The innovative gunsmith [[William Henry (gunsmith)|William Henry]] lived in Lancaster and was a U.S. Congressman and leader during and after the American Revolution.

In 1803, [[Meriwether Lewis]] visited Lancaster to be educated in survey methods by the well-known surveyor [[Andrew Ellicott]]. During his visit, Lewis learned to plot latitude and longitude as part of his overall training needed to lead the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/jeff/LewisClark2/Timelines/1803/1803Timeline.htm|title=Lewis and Clark Expo timeline}}</ref>

In 1879, [[Franklin Winfield Woolworth]] opened his first successful [[Variety store|five and dime]] store in the city of Lancaster, the [[F. W. Woolworth Company]].<ref name="britannica.com"/>

===20th and 21st centuries===
Lancaster was one of the winning communities for the [[All-America City]] award in 2000.<ref>http://www.ncl.org/aac/past_winners/past_winners.html {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707222907/http://www.ncl.org/aac/past_winners/past_winners.html|date=July 7, 2010}}</ref>

In 2009, a community organization installed and began monitoring 164 closed-circuit cameras in Lancaster, which engendered some local opposition.<ref name=lancol1>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.lancasteronline.com/local/4/241024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819024113/http://articles.lancasteronline.com/local/4/241024|url-status=dead|title="Lancaster's candid cameras: Who funds them and what the controversial videos show"|archivedate=August 19, 2009}}</ref><ref name=lat622/><ref name=lancol2>[http://articles.lancasteronline.com/local/4/239161 "Keeping watch on the city's cameras"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627093946/http://articles.lancasteronline.com/local/4/239161 |date=2009-06-27 }}, ''Lancaster Online''</ref>

On October 13, 2011, Lancaster's City Council officially recognized September 27 as Capital Day, a holiday recognizing Lancaster's one day as capital of the United States in 1777.

Lancaster receives 20 times more refugees per capita than the rest of the United States, leading it to be dubbed "America's refugee capital" in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The refugee capital of the US |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-38776233 |access-date=2024-03-21 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Between 2005 and 2019, nearly 5,000 refugees were resettled in Lancaster.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-18 |title=The Value of Being Welcoming in Lancaster, Pennsylvania – Praxis |url=https://sites.tufts.edu/praxis/2024/02/18/the-value-of-being-welcoming-in-lancaster-pennsylvania/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> Lancaster announced its designation as a Certified Welcoming City in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Certified Welcoming City |url=https://www.cityoflancasterpa.gov/welcome/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=City of Lancaster, PA |language=en-US}}</ref> Nobel laureate [[Malala Yousafzai]] visited Lancaster in 2017 to honor its commitment to refugees, an experience she detailed in her book ''[[We Are Displaced]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=JENNIFER KOPF {{!}} Staff |date=2019-01-10 |title=Nobel laureate Malala's Lancaster visit sparks two chapters in her new book |url=https://lancasteronline.com/news/local/nobel-laureate-malalas-lancaster-visit-sparks-two-chapters-in-her-new-book/article_8dd0e2aa-1514-11e9-abff-cbf9ea5b2da0.html |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=LancasterOnline |language=en}}</ref> Lancaster City Council voted to end cooperation with [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=Lancaster City Council votes to end cooperation with ICE |url=https://www.abc27.com/local-news/lancaster/lancaster-city-council-votes-to-end-cooperation-with-ice/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=ABC27 |language=en-US}}</ref>