Editing Langkasuka (section)

==Historical records ==
The earliest and most detailed description of the kingdom comes from the Chinese [[Liang dynasty]] (502–557) record ''[[Liangshu]]'', which refers to the kingdom of "Lang-ya-xiu" ({{zh|c=狼牙脩}}, [[Middle Chinese]]: {{ipa|lɑŋ ŋˠa sɨu}}). The record mentions that the kingdom was founded over 400 years earlier,<ref name="historical encyclopedia" /> which made its founding likely in the 2nd century AD. According to ''Liangshu'', "Lang-ya-xiu" or Langkasuka was 30 days' journey from east to west, and 20 from north to south, 24,000 ''[[Li (unit)|li]]'' in distance from [[Guangzhou]]. It mentions that [[Aloeswood]] (''[[Aquilaria]]'') and [[camphor]] were abundant in the kingdom, and its capital was described as being surrounded by walls to form a city with double gates, towers and pavilions. Both men and women in Langkasuka wore [[sarong]]s with their torsos bare and their hair loose, although the king and senior officials covered their shoulders with cloth and wore gold earrings and belts of gold cord. Women of high status wrapped themselves in cloth and wore jeweled girdles.<ref name="historical encyclopedia">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA764 |title= Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1 |editor= Keat Gin Ooi |pages=764–765 |publisher= ABC-CLIO |date= 2004 |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2 }}</ref> It gives further information on some of its kings and also relates a story on a succession:

[[File:Emissary from Langkasuka.JPG|thumb|upright=1|left|Details from ''[[Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang]]'' showing an emissary from Langkasuka with description of the kingdom. [[Song dynasty]] copy of a [[Liang dynasty]] painting dated to 526–539.]]
{{blockquote|When the king goes forth he rides upon an elephant. He is accompanied by banners, fly-whisks, flags and drums and he is shaded with a white parasol. The soldiers of his guard are well-appointed. The inhabitants of the country say that their state was founded more than four hundred years ago. Subsequently the descendants became weaker, but in the king's household there was a man of virtue to whom the populace turned. When the king heard of this he imprisoned this man, but his chains snapped unaccountably. The king took him for a supernatural being and, not daring to injure him, exiled him from the country, whereupon he fled to India. The king of India gave him his eldest daughter in marriage. Not long afterwards, when the king of ''Lang-ya'' died, the chief ministers welcomed back the exile and made him king.|''Liangshu'', translation by [[Paul Wheatley (geographer)|Paul Wheatley]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Wheatley|author-link=w:Paul Wheatley (geographer)|title=The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500|location=Kuala Lumpur|publisher=[[w:University of Malaya|University of Malaya Press]]|year=1961|oclc=504030596|pages= 253–254}}</ref><ref>[https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B754 梁書/卷54] ''Liangshu'', Chapter 54.  Original text of the entry on Langkasuka in ''Liangshu'': 狼牙脩國，在南海中。其界東西三十日行，南北二十日行，去廣州二萬四千里。土氣物產與扶南略同，偏多𥴈沉婆律香等。其俗男女皆袒而被髮，以吉貝爲干縵。其王及貴臣乃加雲霞布覆胛，以金繩爲絡帶，金鐶貫耳。女子則被布，以瓔珞繞身。其國累磚爲城，重門樓閣。王出乘象，有幡毦旗鼓，罩白蓋，兵衛甚設。國人說，立國以來四百餘年，後嗣衰弱，王族有賢者，國人歸之。王聞知，乃加囚執，其鏁無故自斷，王以爲神，因不敢害，乃斥逐出境，遂奔天竺，天竺妻以長女。俄而狼牙王死，大臣迎還爲王。二十餘年死，子婆伽達多立。天監十四年，遣使阿撤多奉表曰：「大吉天子足下：離淫怒癡，哀愍衆生，慈心無量。端嚴相好，身光明朗，如水中月，普照十方。眉間白毫，其白如雪，其色照曜，亦如月光。諸天善神之所供養，以垂正法寶，梵行衆增，莊嚴都邑。城閣高峻，如乾陁山。樓觀羅列，道途平正。人民熾盛，快樂安穩。著種種衣，猶如天服。於一切國，爲極尊勝。天王愍念羣生，民人安樂，慈心深廣，律儀清淨，正法化治，供養三寶，名稱宣揚，佈滿世界，百姓樂見，如月初生。譬如梵王，世界之主，人天一切，莫不歸依。敬禮大吉天子足下，猶如現前，忝承先業，慶嘉無量。今遣使問訊大意。欲自往，復畏大海風波不達。今奉薄獻，願大家曲垂領納。」</ref>}}

This king then ruled for more than 20 years. He was succeeded by his son, King [[Bhagadatta (Langkasuka)|Bhagadatta]], who sent the first ambassadorial mission to China in 515.<ref name="crossroads">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5rG6reWhloC&pg=PA162 |title=The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BC-1300 AD) |author= Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h |pages=162–163 |others=Victoria Hobson (translator) |year=2002 |publisher=Brill |isbn= 978-90-04-11973-4 }}</ref><ref name=Coedes>{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|author-link= George Coedès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|pages=51, 77–78 |publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref> Further emissaries were sent in 523, 531, and 568.<ref name=miksic1>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjklDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 |title=Ancient Southeast Asia|first1= John Norman|author1-link=John N. Miksic |last1=Miksic|first2= Goh|last2= Geok Yian |date=14 October 2016|page=184 |isbn=978-1-317-27904-4 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref>
  
The [[Transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] of the kingdom's name in Chinese records changed over time. In the late seventh century, the Buddhist monk [[I Ching (monk)|Yi Jing]] mentioned encountering three Chinese monks who lived in a place named ''Lang-jia-shu'' (郎伽戍).<ref name="crossroads"/>

A [[Song dynasty]] work ''[[Zhu fan zhi]]'' (published in 1225) gives a description of the country of Ling-ya-si-jia (凌牙斯加). It mentions that its people cut their hair and wrapped themselves in a piece of cloth, its products included elephant tusks, rhinoceros horns, types of wood and camphor, and their merchants traded in wine, rice, silk and porcelain. It also says that the country paid tribute to a country named [[Sanfoqi]], which is usually interpreted to be [[Srivijaya]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIDGBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |title=Ghosts of the Past in Southern Thailand: Essays on the History and Histiography of Patani |author= Geoff Wade |pages=60–61 |editor= Patrick Jory |publisher=NUS Press |date=30 April 2013 |isbn= 978-9971-69-635-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=191282#凌牙斯國 |title=《諸蕃志卷上》 }} Original text: 	凌牙斯國，自單馬令風帆六晝夜可到，亦有陸程。地主纏縵跣足；國人剪發，亦纏縵。地產象牙、犀角、速暫番、生香、腦子。番商興販，用酒、米、荷池、纈絹、甆器等為貨；各先以此等物准金銀，然後打博。如酒一墱，准銀一兩、准金二錢；米二墱准銀一兩，十墱准金一兩之類。歲貢三佛齊國。</ref>

Langkasuka was known as "Long-ya-xi-jiao" (龍牙犀角) in ''[[Daoyi Zhilüe]]'' from the [[Yuan dynasty]] (1279–1368);<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%B3%B6%E5%A4%B7%E8%AA%8C%E7%95%A5#.E9.BE.8D.E7.89.99.E7.8A.80.E8.A7.92 |title=島夷誌略 }} Original text: 峯頂內平而外聳，民環居之，如蟻附坡。厥田下等。氣候半熱。俗厚。男女椎髻，齒白，繫麻逸布。俗以結親為重。親戚之長者一日不見面，必携酒持物以問勞之。為長夜之飮，不見其醉。民煮海為鹽，釀秫為酒。有酋長。地產沈香，冠於諸番。次鶴頂、降眞、蜜糖、黃熟香頭。貿易之貸，用土印布、八都刺布、靑白花碗之屬。</ref> and "Lang-xi-jia" (狼西加) during the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644), as marked in  Admiral [[Zheng He]]'s [[Mao Kun map]].<ref name="wade" /> ''Daoyi Zhilüe'' mentions that the natives of Langkasuka made salt from seawater and ferment rice wine, and produced [[Hornbill ivory|hornbill casques]], [[lakawood]], honey and gharuwood.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Wheatley|author-link=w:Paul Wheatley (geographer)|title=The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500|location=Kuala Lumpur|publisher=[[w:University of Malaya|University of Malaya Press]]|year=1961|oclc=504030596|page= 80}}</ref> The people wore cotton from the [[Philippines]] and printed cloth from India and local sources.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA179 |title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800|author= John Miksic |publisher=NUS Press |date=15 November 2013|isbn= 978-9971-69-574-3|page=179 }}</ref>

"Langkasuka" was mentioned in the [[Malay language|Malay]] text ''[[Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa]]'', and it was referred to as "Lengkasuka" in the [[Javanese language|Javanese]] poem ''[[Nagarakretagama]]''.<ref name="guy">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |pages=28–29 |title=Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia |author= Guy, John |publisher= Yale University Press |year= 2014 |isbn=978-0-300-20437-7 }}</ref> [[Tamil language|Tamil]] sources name "Ilangasoka" as one of [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra Chola]]'s conquests in his expedition against the [[Srivijaya]] empire. It was described as a kingdom that was "undaunted in fierce battles". Thai sources made no reference to Langkasuka, but Pattani was identified as one of the twelve [[Naksat cities]] under the influence of [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom|Nakhon Si Thammarat]] in Thai chronicles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_062_1m_ChandChirayuRajani_ReviewArticleBackgroundToSriVijaya.pdf |title=Background To The Sri Vijaya Story-Part I |author=M.C. Chand Chirayu Rajani }}</ref>

===Outline of Langkasuka's history===
A brief outline of the history of Langkasuka can be determined from the limited historical records available. The kingdom is thought to have been founded some time early in the 2nd century AD. It then underwent a period of decline due to the expansion of [[Kingdom of Funan|Funan]] in the early 3rd century. In the 6th century it experienced a resurgence and began to send emissaries to China. King [[Bhagadatta (Langkasuka)|Bhagadatta]] first established relations with China in 515 AD, with further emissaries sent in 523, 531 and 568.<ref name="crossroads"/> By the 8th century it had probably come under the control of the rising [[Srivijaya]] empire.<ref name="dougald"/> In 1025 it was attacked by the armies of King [[Rajendra Chola I]] in his [[South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I|campaign against Srivijaya]]. In the 12th century, Langkasuka was a tributary to Srivijaya. The kingdom declined and how it ended is unclear with several theories being put up.

The ''Pasai Annals'' mentioned that Langkasuka was destroyed around 1370.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://suvarnabhumi.psu.ac.th/tudb/newspic/articles_file16395510812024-04-3017_43_24.pdf |title=Langkasuka The Island of Asoka|first= W. |last=Linehan |journal=Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |date= April 1948| volume=21 |number= 1 |pages= 119-123|jstor=41560480 }}</ref> Some believed that Langkasuka remained under the control and influence of the [[Srivijaya empire|Srivijaya Empire]] until the 14th century when it was conquered by the [[Majapahit Empire]]. Langkasuka was probably conquered by [[Patani Kingdom|Pattani]] as it ceased to exist by the 15th-century. Several historians contest this and believe that Langkasuka survived up to the 1470s. The areas of the kingdom that were not under the direct rule of Pattani is thought to have embraced Islam along with Kedah in 1474.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamalakaran |first=Ajay |date=2022-03-12 |title=The mystery of an ancient Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Malay Peninsula |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1019293/the-mystery-of-an-ancient-hindu-buddhist-kingdom-in-malay-peninsula |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>