Editing Languedoc (section)

==History==
The Roman province of [[Gallia Narbonensis]] fell to the [[Visigothic Kingdom]] [[Early Middle Ages|from the 5th to the 8th centuries]]. Occupied briefly by the [[Emirate of Córdoba]] between 719 and 759, it was conquered and incorporated into the [[Kingdom of the Franks]] by [[Pepin the Short]] in 759 following the [[Siege of Narbonne (752–59)|Siege of Narbonne]].

The term Languedoc originated to describe a cultural region that was not necessarily politically unified. After the decline of the [[Carolingian Empire]] political rule fragmented into small territorial divisions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Streissguth |first1=Tom |title=The Middle Ages |date=2009 |page=182}}</ref>

[[King John of England]] lost his holdings in northern Languedoc to [[Philip II of France]]. He visited the region in 1214 seeking the restoration of those lands.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tyerman |first1=Christopher |title=God's War: A New History of the Crusades |date=2007 |isbn=9780141904313}}</ref>

In the 13th century, the [[See of Rome]] challenged the area's spiritual beliefs, and the region became attached to the [[Kingdom of France]] following the [[Albigensian Crusade]] (1208–1229). This crusade aimed to put an end to what the Catholic Church considered the [[Catharism|Cathar heresy]]. It enabled the [[Capetian dynasty]] to extend its influence south of the [[Loire]]. As part of this process, the former principalities of [[Trencavel]] (the Viscounty of [[Albi]], [[Carcassonne|Carcassona]], [[Béziers|Besièrs]], [[Agde]] and [[Nîmes]]) were integrated into the [[Crown lands of France|Royal French Domain]] in 1224. The [[County of Toulouse]] followed them in 1271. The remaining feudal enclaves were absorbed progressively up to the beginning of the 16th century; the [[County of Gévaudan]] in 1258, the [[County of Melgueil]] ([[Mauguio|Mauguiò]]) in 1293, the [[Lordship of Montpellier]] in 1349 and the [[Viscounty of Narbonne]] in 1507.

The territory falling within the jurisdiction of the [[Estates of Languedoc]], which convened for the first time in 1346, shrank progressively, becoming known during the [[Ancien Régime]] as the [[Provinces of France|province of Languedoc]].

The year 1359 marked a turning point in the history of the province.<ref>{{cite book|language=en|author=Rainer Babedl, Jean-Marie Moeglin|title="Identité régionale et conscience nationale en France et en Allemagne du Moyen Âge à l'époque moderne". actes du colloque organisé par l'université Paris XII – Val-de-Marne, l'Institut universitaire de France et l'Institut historique allemand à l'université Paris XII et à la fondation Singer-Polignac les 6 octobre 1993, 7 octobre 1993 et 8 octobre 1993|place=Sigmaringen|publisher=Thorbecke|date=1997 |edition=first|isbn=978-3-7995-7340-5|url=http://www.thorbecke.de/identite-regionale-et-conscience-nationale-en-france-et-en-allemagne-du-moyen-age-a-lepoque-moderne-p-298.html|access-date=15 March 2016}}.</ref> The three [[bailiwick]]s (''sénéchaussées'') of [[Beaucaire, Gard|Bèucaire]], [[Carcassonne|Carcassona]] and [[Toulouse|Tolosa]] had the status of ''bonnes villes'' (towns granted privileges and protection by the king of France in return for providing a contingent of men at arms). In that year, the three entered into a perpetual union, after which their contribution of royal officers was summoned jointly rather than separately for each of the three sénéchaussées.<ref name="Cazelles (1982)">{{cite book|language=fr |author=Raymond Cazelles |title=Société politique, noblesse et couronne sous Jean le Bon et Charles V |place= Geneva and Paris |publisher= Droz (published with the help of National Center for Scientific Research)|date= January 1982|edition= first|isbn= 978-2-600-04531-5 |url=http://www.droz.org/france/fr/399-9782600045315.html |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317000942/http://www.droz.org/france/fr/399-9782600045315.html|archive-date = 2016-03-17}}</ref><ref name="Ourliac (1967)">{{cite book|language=en|author=Paul Ourliac|title=Sur une province française|magazine=Journal des savants|date=1968|volume=3|issue=1|pages=190–195 |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/jds_0021-8103_1968_num_3_1_1178}}</ref><ref name="Gilles (1965)">{{cite book|author=Henry Gilles|title=The States of Languedoc at 15th c.|place=Toulouse|publisher=Éditions Privat|date=1965}}</ref><ref name="Guérout (1965)">{{cite book|language=fr |author=Jean Guérout|title=Henri Gilles. ''Les États de Languedoc au XV''. Toulouse, Édouard Privat, 1965. In-8o, 363 p., couverture illustrée. (Bibliothèque méridionale, 2e série, XL.)|magazine= Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes|date=1967|volume=125|number=1, pp. 285-295|pages=285–295|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/bec_0373-6237_1967_num_125_1_449758_t1_0285_0000_6}}</ref>

Towards the end of 14th century, the term "country of the three seneschalties" (''pays des trois sénéchaussées''), later to become known as Languedoc, designated the two bailiwicks of Bèucaire-Nîmes and [[Carcassonne|Carcassona]], and the eastern part of [[Toulouse|Tolosa]] (Toulouse), retained under the [[Treaty of Brétigny]]. At that time, the [[County of Foix]], which belonged to the seneschal of Carcassona until 1333 before passing to Toulouse, ceased to belong to Languedoc. At this time, the Duchy of Languedoc and the Spanish Duchy of Gandia (of Osuna) became one under the marriage of the two heirs. Later, Duke of Langeuedoc became Governor of Languedoc and Provence; as of 2024 the title is held by the son of the Late Dutchess of Gandia and Prince Obolensky Arnaud Henry Salas-Perez; though the governor role does not exist anymore, title of Duke of Languedoc et Lavandou still remains.

In 1542, the province was divided into two ''[[généralité]]s'': Toulouse for Haut-Languedoc, and Montpellier for Bas-Languedoc. This lasted until the [[French Revolution]] in 1789. From the 17th century onward, there was only one [[Intendant (government official)|intendance]] for the whole of Languedoc, with its seat in Montpellier.

Part of the territory where [[Occitan language|Occitan]] was spoken came to be called ''[[Occitan language|langue d'oc]]'', ''Lengadòc'' or Languedoc.