Editing Laptop (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of laptops}}

{{See also|Portable computer#Early history}}

[[File:Alan Kay and the prototype of Dynabook, pt. 5 (3010032738).jpg|thumb|right|[[Alan Kay]] holding the mockup of his [[Dynabook]] concept in 2008]]

The history of the laptop follows closely behind the development of the [[personal computer]] itself. A "personal, portable information manipulator" was imagined by [[Alan Kay]] at [[Xerox PARC]] in 1968,<ref>{{cite thesis |author=John W. Maxwell |title=Tracing the Dynabook: A Study of Technocultural Transformations |year=2006 |type=PhD |publisher=University of British Columbia |url=http://thinkubator.ccsp.sfu.ca/Dynabook/Maxwell-DynabookFinal.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124101144/http://thinkubator.ccsp.sfu.ca/Dynabook/Maxwell-DynabookFinal.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2007 |access-date=17 October 2008}}</ref> and described in his 1972 paper as the "[[Dynabook]]".<ref>{{cite conference |author=Alan C. Kay |title=A Personal Computer for Children of All Ages |conference=Proceedings of the ACM National Conference |location=Boston |date=August 1972 |publisher=Xerox Palo Alto Research Center |url=http://www.mprove.de/diplom/gui/Kay72a.pdf |access-date=17 October 2008}}</ref> The IBM Special Computer APL Machine Portable (SCAMP) was demonstrated in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 January 2003|title=IBM Archives: IBM Personal Computer|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc/pc_1.html|access-date=16 May 2021|website=ibm.com|language=en-US}}</ref> This prototype was based on the [[IBM PALM processor]].<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM Personal Computer|date=23 January 2003|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc/pc_1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209190558/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc/pc_1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2004|publisher=IBM Inc}}</ref> The [[IBM 5100]], the first commercially available [[portable computer]], appeared in September 1975, and was based on the SCAMP prototype.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldcomputers.net/ibm5100.html|title=IBM 5100 computer|website=oldcomputers.net|access-date=6 July 2009}}</ref>

[[File:IBM 5100 - MfK Bern.jpg|thumb|[[IBM 5100]] (1975)]]

As 8-bit CPU machines became widely accepted, the number of portables increased rapidly. The first "laptop-sized notebook computer" was the [[Epson HX-20]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://files.support.epson.com/pdf/hx20__/hx20__sl.pdf |title=Epson SX-20 Promotional Brochure |access-date=2 November 2008 |publisher=Epson America, Inc. |year=1987 }}</ref><ref name="ipsj">{{cite web|url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0081.html|title=HC-20-Computer Museum|website=museum.ipsj.or.jp}}</ref> invented (patented) by [[Suwa Seikosha]]'s Yukio Yokozawa in July 1980,<ref name="patent">{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/FR2487094A1/en|title=portable computer system small|website=google.com}}</ref> introduced at the [[COMDEX]] computer show in [[Las Vegas]] by Japanese company [[Seiko Epson]] in 1981,<ref name="hx20">[http://oldcomputers.net/hx-20.html Epson HX-20], Old Computers</ref><ref name="ipsj"/> and released in July 1982.<ref name="ipsj"/><ref name="peres">Michael R. Peres, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NMJxyAwGvKcC&pg=PA306 ''The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography'', page 306], [[Taylor & Francis]]</ref> It had an [[LCD]] screen, a rechargeable battery, and a calculator-size printer, in a {{convert|1.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}} chassis, the size of an [[A4 paper|A4]] [[notebook]].<ref name="ipsj"/> It was described as a "laptop" and "notebook" computer in its patent.<ref name="patent"/>

[[File:Epson-hx-20.jpg|thumb|The [[Epson HX-20]], the first "[[Notebook (laptop)|notebook computer]]", was invented in 1980 and introduced in 1982.]]

[[File:GRiD Compass 1101 (1).jpg|thumb|[[Grid Compass|GRiD Compass 1101]] (1982)]]
Both [[RadioShack|Tandy/RadioShack]] and [[Hewlett-Packard]] (HP) also produced portable computers of varying designs during this period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldcomputers.net/trs100.html|title=Tandy/Radio Shack model 100 portable computer|website=oldcomputers.net|access-date=6 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldcomputers.net/hp85.html|title=Hewlett-Packard model 85|website=oldcomputers.net|access-date=6 July 2009}}</ref> The first laptops using the [[flip (form)|flip form factor]] appeared in the early 1980s. The [[Dulmont Magnum]] was released in Australia in 1981–82, but was not marketed internationally until 1984–85. The {{US$|8150|1982|round=-1}} [[Grid Compass|GRiD Compass 1101]], released in 1982, was used at [[NASA]] and by the [[United States military|military]], among others. The [[Sharp PC-5000]],<ref>[http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=476 Sharp PC-5000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404211845/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=476 |date=4 April 2019 }}, Old Computers</ref> the [[Ampere WS-1]],<ref name="ampere">{{Cite web |title=Bob Armstrong |url=http://cosy.com/language/cosyhard/cosyhard.htm |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=cosy.com}}</ref> and [[Gavilan SC]] were released between 1983 and 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldcomputers.net/gavilan.html|title=Gavilian SC computer|website=oldcomputers.net|access-date=7 July 2009}}</ref><ref name="ampere"/><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbh1XP4kCT4 Japanese PCs (1984)] (13:13), ''[[Computer Chronicles]]''</ref> The [[Toshiba T1100]] won acceptance by PC experts and the mass market as a way to have PC portability.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ethw.org/Milestones:Toshiba_T1100,_a_Pioneering_Contribution_to_the_Development_of_Laptop_PC,_1985|title=Milestones:Toshiba T1100, a Pioneering Contribution to the Development of Laptop PC, 1985 – Engineering and Technology History Wiki|website=ethw.org|date=3 November 2021}}</ref>
 
From 1983 onward, several new input techniques were developed and included in laptops, including the [[touch pad]] ([[Gavilan SC]], 1983), the [[pointing stick]] (IBM [[ThinkPad 700]], 1992), and [[handwriting recognition]] ([[Linus Write-Top]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oldcomputers.net/linus.html |title=Linus Write-Top |access-date=18 October 2008}}</ref> 1987). Some CPUs, such as the 1990 Intel [[Intel 80386|i386SL]], were designed to use minimum power to increase the battery life of portable computers and were supported by dynamic [[power management]] features such as Intel [[SpeedStep]] and AMD [[PowerNow!]] in some designs.

Some laptops in the 1980s using red [[plasma display]]s could only be used when connected to AC power, and had a built in power supply.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDwEAAAAMBAJ&dq=toshiba+t3100+plasma&pg=PA96 | title=InfoWorld | date=10 November 1986 }}</ref>

The development of [[memory card]]s was driven in the 1980s by the need for a floppy-disk-drive alternative, having lower power consumption, less weight, and reduced volume in laptops. The Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) was an industry association created in 1989 to promote a standard for memory cards in PCs. The specification for PCMCIA type I cards, later renamed PC Cards, was first released in 1990.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cNnvbyOKioEC&dq=PCMCIA+september+1989&pg=PA14 | title=PCMCIA System Architecture: 16-bit PC Cards | isbn=978-0-201-40991-8 | last1=Anderson | first1=Don | date=27 January 1995 | publisher=Addison-Wesley Professional }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2Fa5SDi0G8C&dq=PCMCIA+september+1989&pg=PA264 | title=PC Mag | date=21 December 1993 }}</ref>

[[File:Zenith supersPORT (1).jpg|thumb|200px|A [[Zenith SupersPort]] laptop, released in 1988]]

Displays reached 640x480 ([[VGA]]) resolution by 1988 ([[Compaq SLT|Compaq SLT/286]]), and color screens started becoming a common upgrade in 1991,<ref>{{Cite web|title=IBM PS/2 CL57SX {{!}} Laptop Pics|url=http://laptop.pics/IBM-ps2-cl57sx/|access-date=5 December 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><!-- see discussion --> with increases in resolution and screen size occurring frequently until the introduction of 17" screen laptops in 2003. Hard drives started to be used in portables, encouraged by the introduction of 3.5" drives in the late 1980s, and became common in laptops starting with the introduction of 2.5" and smaller drives around 1990; capacities have typically lagged behind those of physically larger desktop drives.

By 1992 the laptop market was growing about three times faster than that of desktops.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/25/business/business-technology-ibm-enters-us-notebook-pc-market.html | title=BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY; I.B.M. Enters U.S. Notebook PC Market | work=The New York Times | date=25 March 1992 }}</ref> By 1994 laptops were also more profitable than desktops, and accounted for one sixth of the personal computer market, up from one twentieth in 1990. They was so important that [[Dell]] risked, experts said, "second-rate status" in the industry for not having a strong laptop product line.<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref>

[[Optical disc drive]]s became common in full-size laptops around 1997: initially, CD-ROM drives, supplanted by CD-R, then DVD, then [[Blu-ray]] drives with writing capability. Starting around 2011, the trend shifted against internal optical drives, and as of 2022, they have largely disappeared, though are still readily available as external [[peripheral]]s.

Resolutions of laptop [[webcam]]s are 720p (HD), or 480p in lower-end laptops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/laptops-need-better-webcams/|title=In The Age Of Zoom, Bad Laptop Webcams Are A Big Problem|date=8 April 2020|website=Digital Trends}}</ref> The earliest-known laptops with [[1080p]] (Full HD) webcams, like the Samsung 700G7C, were released in the early 2010s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/reviews/samsung-700g7c-review/|title=Samsung 700G7C review: Samsung 700G7C|first=Scott|last=Stein|website=CNET}}</ref>