Editing Lavender marriage (section)

==In the Anglosphere==
With the inclusion of [[morality clause]]s in the contracts of Hollywood actors in the 1920s, some [[closeted]] stars contracted marriages of convenience to protect their public reputations and preserve their careers. A noteworthy exception that demonstrated the precarious position of the public homosexual man was that of [[William Haines]], who brought his career to a sudden end at the age of 35. He refused to end his relationship with his male partner, Jimmy Shields, and enter into a marriage at the direction of his studio employer, [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]].<ref>{{cite glbtq.com|article-url=http://www.glbtq.com/arts/haines_w.html|article=Haines, William 'Billy' (1900-1973)|first=Benjamin|last=Trimmier|date=July 16, 2010|orig-year=2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929182923/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/haines_w.html |archive-date=September 29, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Some companies punished actors for defying these clauses by not paying them. Universal Film Company justified their actions by labeling the actor's behavior as unacceptable; this included having attractions that were not heterosexual. These clauses placed actors in a difficult situation as they put their livelihoods on the line and essentially pressured them into lavender marriages. Lavender marriages were also a way to preserve the public's image of a celebrity, especially if these celebrities were famous for their looks or sex appeal.<ref name=Morgan>{{Cite web|last=Morgan|first=Thad|title=When Hollywood Studios Married Off Gay Stars to Keep Their Sexuality a Secret|url=https://www.history.com/news/hollywood-lmarriages-gay-stars-lgbt|access-date=2020-12-03|publisher=HISTORY|language=en}}</ref> The end of the 20th century brought about a change for the LGBTQ+ community, particularly after the [[Stonewall riots|1969 Stonewall riots]]. Because of this, lavender marriages between celebrities became less common.<ref name=Morgan/>

<!-- THIS IS NOT ABOUT MIXED GAY/STRAIGHT MARRIAGE -- IT'S ABOUT THE USE OF THIS TERM LAVENDER -->
The term lavender marriage has been used to characterize the following couples/individuals:

* The English broadcaster and journalist [[Nancy Spain]] considered entering a lavender marriage to disguise her relationship with [[Joan Werner Laurie]], a magazine and book editor.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Collis|first1=Rose|title=A Trouser-wearing Character: The Life and Times of Nancy Spain |date=1997 |publisher=Casell |page=251 |isbn=9780304328796 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=baVZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22lavender+marriage%22 |access-date=January 18, 2015}}</ref>
* Actor [[Rock Hudson]], troubled by rumors that ''Confidential'' magazine was planning to expose his homosexuality, married [[Phyllis Gates]], a young woman employed by his agent, in 1955. Gates insisted until the time of her death that she had had no idea the marriage was anything other than legitimate.<ref>{{cite book|first=David|last=Bret|title=Rock Hudson|publisher=Robson Books|year=2004|page=121|isbn=9781861055576|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hnodAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>
* American theater actress and producer [[Katharine Cornell]] married stage director [[Guthrie McClintic]] in 1921. She appeared only in productions he directed, and they lived together in their Manhattan townhouse until his death in 1961.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mosel|title=Leading Lady: The World and Theatre of Katharine Cornell|url=https://archive.org/details/leadingladyworld00mose|url-access=registration|publisher=Little, Brown & Co|year=1978|isbn=9780316585378}}</ref>
* Swedish Hollywood actor [[Nils Asther]] and [[vaudeville]] entertainer [[Vivian Duncan]] had a brief marriage of convenience that resulted in one child; Asther was a well known [[homosexual]] man who had a relationship with actor/stuntman Kenneth DuMain.<ref>Nils Asther memoirs "Narrens väg - Ingen gudasaga", 1988, Sweden.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
Although lavender marriages are typically associated with LGBTQ+ celebrities, people of all backgrounds have used them for protection and convenience. These individuals have found solace on websites where they can express their distress about their marriages of convenience, but not many have talked about their experience outside of the Internet, apart from an article in ''[[The Guardian]]'' in November 2019, asking individuals to share their reasons for marrying for convenience.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guardian community team |date=2019-11-26|title=Are you in a marriage to hide your sexuality from others?|language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/nov/26/are-you-in-a-marriage-to-hide-your-sexuality-from-others |access-date=2020-12-03 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In November 2017, an article was published by the [[BBC]] about marriages of convenience in Asian LGBTQ+ communities in the UK.<ref name=bbc>{{Cite news|date=2017-11-08 |title=LGBT Asians turning to marriages of convenience |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-41899363 |access-date=2020-12-03}}</ref>

The BBC article and its participants refer to a "marriage of convenience" rather than a lavender marriage, but they are still referring to a marriage that hides one partner's sexuality or that of both. Individuals reported that family expectations and keeping up an image were several reasons why they had a marriage of convenience. Awemir Iqbal, a gay man originally from Pakistan and residing in West Yorkshire, stated that he understood why people had a marriage of convenience to satisfy their family's wishes. A fear of tarnishing the family name, or being disowned if they were to express their sexuality by pursuing same-sex relationships, leads some to enter into a marriage of convenience. Support for LGBTQ+ individuals comes from "Karma Nirvana", a group to help individuals escaping forced marriages. Karma Nirvana's founder, [[Jasvinder Sanghera]], says there are probably more marriages of convenience than are reported. Websites such as Mocmatch, Saathinight, and Al-Jannah are places where individuals can find partners to partake in a marriage of convenience.<ref name=bbc/>