Editing Lead zirconate titanate (section)

==Electroceramic properties==
Being piezoelectric, lead zirconate titanate develops a [[voltage]] (or potential difference) across two of its faces when compressed (useful for sensor applications), and physically changes shape when an external electric field is applied (useful for actuator applications).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=C. |first1=Steinem |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B0123693977005562 |title=Encyclopedia of Analytical Science |last2=A. |first2=Janshoff |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-12-369397-6 |edition=2nd |pages=269–276 |language=en |doi=10.1016/B0-12-369397-7/00556-2}}</ref> The [[relative permittivity]] of lead zirconate titanate can range from 300 to 20000, depending upon orientation and doping.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumari |first1=Nitu |last2=Monga |first2=Shagun |last3=Arif |first3=Mohd. |last4=Sharma |first4=Neeraj |last5=Singh |first5=Arun |last6=Gupta |first6=Vinay |last7=Vilarinho |first7=Paula M. |last8=Sreenivas |first8=K. |last9=Katiyar |first9=R.S. |date=2019-01-30 |title=Higher permittivity of Ni-doped lead zirconate titanate, Pb[(Zr0.52Ti0.48)(1-x) Nix]O3, ceramics |journal=Ceramics International |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=4398–4407 |doi=10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.11.117|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Being [[pyroelectric]], this material develops a voltage difference across two of its faces under changing temperature conditions; consequently, lead zirconate titanate can be used as a heat sensor.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=F. |first1=Wudy |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780444527455000794 |title=Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources |last2=C. |first2=Stock |last3=H.J. |first3=Gores |publisher=[[Elsevier Science]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-444-52745-5 |pages=660–672 |language=en |chapter=MEASUREMENT METHODS {{!}} Electrochemical: Quartz Microbalance |doi=10.1016/B978-044452745-5.00079-4}}</ref> Lead zirconate titanate is also [[ferroelectricity|ferroelectric]], which means that it has a spontaneous [[Polarization density|electric polarization]] ([[Electric dipole moment|electric dipole]]) that can be reversed in the presence of an electric field.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Pérez-Tomás |first1=Amador |title=Metal Oxides in Photovoltaics: All-Oxide, Ferroic, and Perovskite Solar Cells |date=2018 |work=The Future of Semiconductor Oxides in Next-Generation Solar Cells |pages=267–356 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128111659000089 |access-date=2024-04-29 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-811165-9.00008-9 |isbn=978-0-12-811165-9 |last2=Mingorance |first2=Alba |last3=Tanenbaum |first3=David |last4=Lira-Cantú |first4=Mónica|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The material features an extremely large [[relative permittivity]] at the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) near ''x''&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.52.<ref name=Rouquette2004>{{cite journal |last1=Rouquette |first1=J. |last2=Haines |first2=J. |last3=Bornand |first3=V. |last4=Pintard |first4=M. |last5=Papet |first5=Ph |last6=Bousquet |first6=C. |last7=Konczewicz |first7=L. |last8=Gorelli |first8=F. A. |last9=Hull |first9=S. |title=Pressure tuning of the morphotropic phase boundary in piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate |year=2004 |journal=[[Physical Review B]] |volume=70 |issue=1 |page=014108 |doi= 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.014108 |bibcode=2004PhRvB..70a4108R }}</ref>

Some formulations are [[Ohm's law|ohmic]] until at least {{val|250|u=kV|up=cm}} ({{val|25|u=MV|up=m}}), after which current grows exponentially with field strength before reaching [[avalanche breakdown]]; but lead zirconate titanate  exhibits time-dependent dielectric breakdown — breakdown may occur under constant-voltage stress after minutes or hours, depending on voltage and temperature, so its dielectric strength depends on the time scale over which it is measured.<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Electrical Characteristics of Ferroelectric Lead zirconate titanate Thin Films for DRAM Applications
| last1 = Moazzami | first1 = Reza |first2=Chenming |last2=Hu |first3=William H. |last3=Shepherd
| journal = IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
| date=September 1992 
| volume = 39 | issue = 9 | page = 2044
| url = http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~hu/PUBLICATIONS/Hu_papers/Hu_JNL/HuC_JNL_114.pdf | doi=10.1109/16.155876
}}</ref> Other formulations have dielectric strengths measured in the {{val|8|-|16|u=MV|up=m}} range.<ref>{{cite journal 
| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237514139
| title = Performance of Piezoelectric Ceramic Multilayer Components Based on Hard and Soft Lead zirconate titanate
| first1= B. |last1= Andersen| first2= E. |last2= Ringgaard| first3= T. |last3= Bove| first4= A. |last4= Albareda| first5= R. | last5= Pérez
| journal = Proceedings of Actuator 2000
| year = 2000
| pages = 419–422
}}</ref>