Editing Lev Chernyi (section)

==Biography==
Pavel Dmitrievich Turchaninov was born to [[Russian nobility|noble family]] in the [[Smolensk Governorate]] of the [[Russian Empire]], on {{OldStyleDate|28 February|1878|16 February}}.{{Sfn|Baksht|2016|p=304}} His father, Dmitry Turchaninov, was a [[colonel]] in the [[Imperial Russian Army]].{{Sfn|Avrich|1971|p=180}}

===Revolutionary activities===
After coming of age, Turchaninov enrolled in [[Moscow University]] but he was expelled in 1901 for his activity in revolutionary groups.{{Sfn|Baksht|2016|p=304}} By the outbreak of the [[Russian Revolution of 1905]], he had joined the [[Anarchism in Russia|anarchist movement]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=56|2a1=Baksht|2y=2016|2p=304}} 

Under the pseudonym Lev Chernyi, he wrote a manifesto of his newfound [[anarchism|anarchist beliefs]], ''Associational Anarchism'', which he finished in February 1906.{{Sfn|Baksht|2016|p=304}} Chernyi's brother Sergey Turchaninov, himself a [[Marxism|Marxist]] and [[empirio-criticism|empirio-criticist]], criticised his brother's work for [[utopianism]] and a lack of basis in [[materialism]].{{Sfn|Baksht|2016|p=306}} In its own "Review of the Revolutionary Movement", the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire|Ministry of Internal Affairs]] described Chernyi's book as a "[[Paraphrase|paraphrasing]]" of the work of [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]].{{Sfn|Baksht|2016|p=305}} Researcher [[Allan Antliff]] himself compared it to [[Max Stirner]]'s book ''[[The Ego and Its Own]]''.{{Sfn|Antliff|2007|p=60}}

From 1906 to 1908, Chernyi was a member of the ''Buntar'' group, through which he began a relationship with [[Nina Yagodina]]. In April 1908, he was exiled to the [[Yeniseysk Governorate]] in [[Siberia]], while Yagodina was exiled [[Arkhangelsk Governorate]] in the [[Russian North]]. Turchaninov frequently attempted escaped from exile, aiming to reunite with Yagodina.{{Sfn|Baksht|2016|p=304}} 

===Exile===
In the autumn of 1908, he and a group of exiled revolutionaries made a plan to escape Siberia by hijacking a steamship. On 8 December 1908, the group ambushed a convoy at {{ill|Osinovo, Irkutsk Oblast{{!}}Osinovo|ru|Осиново (Иркутская область)}} and headed north along the [[Yenisey]], despite Chernyi's objections to the choice of route. On {{OldStyleDate|2 January|1909|20 December|1908}}, they captured [[Turukhansk]], where they led an armed uprising against the Tsarist authorities. Although he had himself refused to participate in the revolt, he was arrested on {{OldStyleDate|16 February|1909|3 February}}; two days later, the rebels were disarmed by the [[Imperial Russian Army]].{{Sfn|Baksht|2016|pp=304-305}} By this time, the authorities had identified Turchaninov as the writer Lev Chernyi. Despite his lack of direct involvement in the Turukhansk uprising, the Ministry of Internal Affairs held him responsible for organising the mutiny.{{Sfn|Baksht|2016|p=305}}

After this setback, he again made a last attempt to escape Siberia; this one was successful. Chernyi moved to [[Paris]], where he lived until the outbreak of the [[Russian Revolution|Russian Revolution of 1917]].{{Sfn|Baksht|2016|p=305}} Details about Chernyi's Siberian exile were only revealed after the opening of the [[State Archive of the Russian Federation]] and the State Archive of Krasnoyarsk Krai, which contributed to a more complete biographical picture of his life.{{Sfn|Baksht|2016|pp=302-303}}

===Return to Moscow===
After the [[February Revolution]], Chernyi returned to Moscow, where he joined the [[Moscow Federation of Anarchist Groups]], serving as the organisation's secretary.{{Sfnm|1a1=Antliff|1y=2007|1p=60|2a1=Avrich|2y=1971|2pp=179-180}} Although the Federation largely opposed [[illegalism|illegalist]] and [[expropriative anarchism|expropriative activities]], Chernyi himself advocated for the organization to seize private homes.{{Sfn|Avrich|1971|p=180}} Following the outbreak of the [[Russian Civil War]], Chernyi helped organise the [[Black Guards]], the armed wing of the Moscow Federation of Anarchist Groups.{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1pp=232-233|2a1=Baksht|2y=2016|2pp=302-303}} On 5 March 1918, the second issue of ''[[Anarkhiia]]'' after the [[October Revolution]], Chernyi published an article in which he denounced the new [[Russian Soviet Republic]] and declared it to be as much of a threat as the old regime.{{Sfn|Cooke|1999|p=25}} In subsequent issues of the paper, Chernyi outlined proposals for the [[decentralisation]] of industry and the abolition of hierarchical power.{{Sfn|Cooke|1999|pp=25-26}}

By the summer of 1918, [[Political repression in the Soviet Union|political repression]] against the anarchist movement drove many of Moscow's anarchists underground. In 1918, Chernyi himself facilitated the creation of an underground group of the Federation; and in 1919, he joined the [[Underground Anarchists]], founded by [[Kazimir Kovalevich]] and Pyotr Sobalev.{{Sfn|Avrich|1971|p=188}} On 25 September 1919, the Underground Anarchists carried out a [[Explosion in Leontievsky Lane|bombing]] of a [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Russian Communist Party]] meeting, killing 12 functionaries and wounding 55 others, including [[Nikolai Bukharin]], [[Yemelyan Yaroslavsky]] and [[Yuri Steklov]].{{Sfn|Avrich|1971|pp=188-189}} The bombing ultimately resulted in the intensification of political repression against the anarchists.{{Sfn|Avrich|1971|p=189}} Chernyi himself was not directly involved in the bombing.{{Sfn|Avrich|1971|pp=232-233}} 

===Arrest and execution===
During the political repression that followed the bombing, Lev Chernyi and [[Fanya Baron]] were detained on charges of [[counterfeit]]ing.{{Sfn|Polenberg|1999|p=350}} In September 1921, Chernyi and Baron were [[execution by shooting|shot]] by the [[Cheka]].{{Sfn|Avrich|1971|pp=232-233}} Their execution drew protests from others in the Russian anarchist movement, including [[Emma Goldman]]. The public outcry led to the [[government of Vladimir Lenin]] ordering the release and immediate deportation of a number of anarchist political prisoners, while other anarchists voluntarily left the country.{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=233|2a1=Polenberg|2y=1999|2pp=350-351}}