Editing Levitated Dipole Experiment (section)

== Concept and development ==
{{See also|Levitated dipole}}
The concept of the levitated dipole as a [[fusion reactor]] was first theorized by [[Akira Hasegawa]] in 1987.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hasegawa|first=Akira|date=1987|title=A dipole field fusion reactor|url=http://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:21025528|journal=Comments on Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion|language=en|volume=11|issue=3|pages=147–151|issn=0374-2806}}</ref> The concept was later proposed as an experiment by Jay Kesner of [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] and Michael Mauel of [[Columbia University]] in 1997.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kesner|first1=J|last2=Mauel|first2=M|date=1997|title=Plasma Confinement in a Levitated Magnetic Dipole|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/95330/97ja013_full.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Plasma Physics Reports|volume=23|issue=9|page=742|bibcode=1997PlPhR..23..742K}}</ref> The pair assembled a team and raised money to build the machine. They achieved first plasma on Friday, August 13, 2004, at 12:53 PM. First plasma was done by (1) successfully levitating the dipole magnet and (2) [[Radio frequency|RF]] heating the plasma.<ref name="20040813plasma">{{cite web|date=13 August 2004|title=LDX begins first plasma experiments|url=https://www-internal.psfc.mit.edu/ldx/reports/FirstPlasma.html|access-date=7 August 2016|website=Levitated Dipole Experiment}}</ref> The LDX team has since successfully conducted several levitation tests, including a 40-minute suspension of the [[Superconductor|superconducting]] coil on February 9, 2007.<ref name="20070209levitation">{{cite web|date=9 March 2009|title=First flight and damaged L-coil|url=https://www-internal.psfc.mit.edu/ldx/reports/status_0702.html|website=Levitated Dipole Experiment}}</ref> Shortly after, the coil was damaged in a control test in February 2007 and replaced in May 2007.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 May 2007|title=Levitation coil replacement|url=https://www-internal.psfc.mit.edu/ldx/reports/status_0705.html|website=Levitated Dipole Experiment}}</ref> The replacement coil was inferior, a copper wound [[electromagnet]], that was also water cooled. Scientific results, including the observation of an inward turbulent pinch, were reported in [[Nature Physics]].<ref name="NaturePhysResults">{{cite journal|last1=Boxer|first1=A. C|last2=Bergmann|first2=R|last3=Ellsworth|first3=J. L|last4=Garnier|first4=D. T|last5=Kesner|first5=J|last6=Mauel|first6=M. E|last7=Woskov|first7=P|year=2010|title=Turbulent inward pinch of plasma confined by a levitated dipole magnet|journal=Nature Physics|volume=6|issue=3|pages=207|bibcode=2010NatPh...6..207B|doi=10.1038/nphys1510|doi-access=free}}</ref>