Editing Lille (section)

==History==
{{main|History of Lille}}
{{see also|Timeline of Lille}}

===Origins===
Archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BC,{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}} most notably in the modern ''quartiers'' of [[Fives (Lille)|Fives]], [[Wazemmes]] and Vieux Lille. The original inhabitants of the region were the [[Gauls]], such as the [[Menapii|Menapians]], the [[Morini|Morins]], the [[Atrebates]] and the [[Nervii|Nervians]], who were followed by [[Germanic peoples]]: the [[Saxons]], the [[Frisians]] and the [[Franks]].

The legend of "[[Lydéric and Phinaert]]" puts the foundation of the city of Lille at 640. In the 8th century, the language of [[Old Dutch|Old Low Franconian]] was spoken, as attested by [[toponymy|toponymic]] research.{{dubious|date=October 2020}}{{citation_needed|date=October 2020}} Lille's Dutch name is ''Rijsel'', which comes from ''ter ijsel'' (at the island) from [[Middle Dutch]] ''ijssel'' ("small island, islet"), [[calque]] of [[Old French]] l'Isle ("the Island"), itself from [[Latin]] ''Īnsula'', from ''īnsula'' ("island").

From 830 to around 910, the [[Vikings]] invaded Flanders. After the destruction caused by [[Normans]]' and the [[Magyars]]' invasion, the eastern part of the region was ruled by various local princes.

The first mention of the town dates from 1066: ''apud Insulam'' (Latin for "at the island"). It was then controlled by the [[County of Flanders]], as were the regional cities (the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] cities [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]], [[Arras]], [[Cambrai]] as well as the [[Carolingian Empire|Carolingian]] cities [[Valenciennes]], [[Saint-Omer]], [[Ghent]] and [[Bruges]]). The County of Flanders thus extended to the left bank of the [[Scheldt]], one of the richest and most prosperous regions of Europe.

===Middle Ages===
The Carolingian duke [[Eberhard of Friuli|Évrard]] lived in the city in the 9th century and participated in many of the day's political and military affairs. There was an important Battle of Lille in 1054. [[Raimbert of Lille]] (fl. c. 1100) was an early [[nominalism|nominalist]] who taught at Lille.<ref name="Poole">{{cite book |last1=Poole |first1=Reginald Lane |author1-link=Reginald Lane Poole |title=Illustrations of the History of Medieval Thought and Learning |date=1960 |publisher=Dover |location=New York, NY |pages=92–93 |edition=2}}</ref>

From the 12th century, the fame of the Lille cloth fair began to grow. In 1144 Saint-Sauveur parish was formed, which would give its name to the modern-day ''quartier Saint-Sauveur''.

The counts of Flanders, [[County of Boulogne|Boulogne]], and [[County of Hainaut|Hainaut]] came together with England and East Frankia and tried to regain territory taken by [[Philip II of France]] following Henry II of England's death, a war that ended with the French victory at [[Bouvines]] in 1214. [[Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders]] was imprisoned and the county fell into dispute: it would be his wife, [[Jeanne, Countess of Flanders]] and [[Constantinople]], who ruled the city. She was said to be well loved by the residents of Lille, who by that time numbered 10,000.

In 1225, the [[street performer]] and [[juggler]] [[Bertrand Cordel]], doubtlessly encouraged by local lords, tried to pass himself off as [[Baldwin I of Constantinople]] (the father of Jeanne of Flanders), who had disappeared at the [[Battle of Adrianople (1205)|battle of Adrianople]]. He pushed the counties of [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] and [[County of Hainaut|Hainaut]] towards sedition against Jeanne in order to recover his land. She called her cousin, [[Louis VIII of France|Louis VIII]] ("The Lion"). He unmasked the imposter, whom Countess Jeanne quickly had hanged. In 1226 the king agreed to free Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders. Count Ferrand died in 1233, and his daughter Marie soon after. In 1235, Jeanne granted a city charter by which city governors would be chosen each All Saint's Day by four commissioners chosen by the ruler. On 6 February 1236, she founded the Countess's Hospital ([[Hospice Comtesse]]). It was in her honour that the hospital of the Regional Medical University of Lille was named "Jeanne of Flanders Hospital" in the 20th century.

The Countess died in 1244 in the [[Abbey]] of Marquette, leaving no heirs. The rule of Flanders and Hainaut thus fell to her sister, [[Margaret II, Countess of Flanders]], then to Margaret's son, [[Guy of Dampierre]]. Lille fell under the rule of France from 1304 to 1369, after the [[Franco-Flemish War]] (1297–1305).

The county of Flanders fell to the [[Burgundian State]] next, after the 1369 marriage of [[Margaret III, Countess of Flanders]], and [[Philip the Bold]], Duke of Burgundy. Lille thus became one of the three capitals of said Duchy, along with [[Brussels]] and [[Dijon]]. By 1445, Lille counted some 25,000 residents. [[Philip the Good]], Duke of Burgundy, was even more powerful than the [[List of French monarchs|King of France]], and made Lille an administrative and financial capital.

On 17 February 1454, one year after the [[Fall of Constantinople|taking of Constantinople]] by the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]], Philip the Good organised a [[Gargantua and Pantagruel|Pantagruelian]] banquet at his Lille palace, the still-celebrated "[[Feast of the Pheasant]]". There the Duke and his court undertook an oath to Christianity.

In 1477, at the death of the last duke of Burgundy, [[Charles the Bold]], [[Mary of Burgundy]] married [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian of Austria]], who thus became Count of Flanders.

===Early modern era===
[[File:Lille, la Vieille Bourse (PA00107639).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Vieille Bourse]] on the Grand' Place]]
The 16th and the 17th centuries were marked by a boom in the regional textile industry, the Protestant revolts and outbreaks of the [[Plague (disease)|plague]].

Lille came under the rule of the [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Charles V]] in 1519. The [[Low Countries]] fell to his eldest son, [[Philip II of Spain]], in 1555. The city remained under [[Spanish Habsburg]] rule until 1668. [[Calvinism]] first appeared in the area in 1542, and by 1555, the authorities were taking steps to suppress that form of [[Protestantism]]. In 1566, the countryside around Lille was affected by the [[Iconoclastic Fury]].{{sfnp|Trenard|1981|p=456}} In 1578, the Hurlus, a group of Protestant rebels, stormed the castle of the Counts of Mouscron. They were removed four months later by a Catholic [[Wallonia|Wallon]] regiment, and they tried several times between 1581 and 1582 to take the city of Lille, all in vain. The Hurlus were notably held back by the legendary [[Jeanne Maillotte]]. At the same time (1581), at the call of [[Elizabeth I of England]], the north of the [[Seventeen Provinces]], having gained a Protestant majority, successfully revolted and formed the [[Dutch Republic]]. The war brought or exacerbated periods of famine and plague (the last in 1667–1679).{{sfnp|Trenard|1981|p=457}}

The first printer to set up shop in Lille was Antoine Tack in 1594. The 17th century saw the building of new institutions: an [[Irish College]] in 1610, a Jesuit college in 1611, an Augustinian college in 1622, almshouses or hospitals such as the Maison des Vieux hommes in 1624 and the Bonne et Forte Maison des Pauvres in 1661, and of a [[mount of piety|Mont-de-piété]] in 1626.{{sfnp|Trenard|1981|pp=456-457}}

[[File:John Wootton (c. 1682-1764) - The Siege of Lille - RCIN 407182 - Royal Collection.jpg|thumb|left|[[Siege of Lille (1708)|Siege of Lille]] in 1708, by [[John Wootton]].]]
Unsuccessful French attacks on the city were launched in 1641 and 1645.{{sfnp|Trenard|1981|p=457}} In 1667, [[Louis XIV]] of France (the Sun King) successfully laid [[Siege of Lille (1667)|siege to Lille]], resulting in it becoming French in 1668 under the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]], provoking discontent among the citizens of the prosperous city. A number of important public works undertaken between 1667 and 1670, such as the [[Citadel of Lille|Citadel]] (erected by [[Vauban]]), or the creation of the quartiers of Saint-André and la Madeleine, enabled the French king to gradually gain the confidence of his new subjects in Lille, some of whom continued to feel Flemish, but they had always spoken the Romance [[Picard language]].

In 1708, during the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], the Grand Alliance [[Siege of Lille (1708)|captured Lille]]. For five years, from 1708 to 1713, the city remained occupied by the Dutch. Throughout the 18th century, Lille remained profoundly Catholic. It took little part in the [[French Revolution]], but there were riots and the destruction of churches. In 1790, the city held its first municipal elections.

===Post-French Revolution===
[[File:Lille watteau patrie.jpg|thumb|Lille in 1793]]
In 1792, in the aftermath of the French Revolution, the [[Austrians]], then in the United Provinces, laid siege to Lille. The "[[Column of the Goddess]]", erected in 1842 in the "Grand-Place" (officially named [[Place du Général-de-Gaulle (Lille)|Place du Général-de-Gaulle]]), is a tribute to the city's resistance, led by [[Mayor (France)|Mayor]] {{ill|François André-Bonte|fr}}. Although Austrian artillery destroyed many houses and the main church of the city, the city did not surrender, and the Austrian Army left after eight days.

The city continued to grow and, by 1800, had some 53,000 residents, leading to Lille becoming the seat of the Nord ''département'' in 1804. In 1846, a railway connecting Paris and Lille was built. In the early 19th century, [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]]'s [[Continental System|continental blockade]] against the United Kingdom led to Lille's textile industry developing even more fully. The city was known for its cotton while the nearby towns of [[Roubaix]] and [[Tourcoing]] worked wool. Leisure activities were thoroughly organised in 1858 for the 80,000 inhabitants. Cabarets or taverns for the working class numbered 1,300, or one for every three houses. At that time the city counted 63 drinking and singing clubs, 37 clubs for card players, 23 for bowling, 13 for skittles, and 18 for archery. The churches likewise have their social organizations. Each club had a long roster of officers, and a busy schedule of banquets festivals and competitions.<ref>Theodore Zeldin, ''France, 1848-1945, vol. 2, Intellect, Taste and Anxiety'' (1977) pp 2:270-71.</ref> In 1853, [[Alexandre Desrousseaux]] composed his lullaby "[[P'tit Quinquin (song)|P'tit quinquin]]".

In 1858, Lille annexed the adjacent towns of [[Esquermes]], [[Fives, Nord|Fives]], Moulins-Lille and [[Wazemmes]].<ref name=ehess/> Lille's population was 158,000 in 1872, growing to over 200,000 by 1891. In 1896 Lille became the first city in France to be led by a socialist, [[Gustave Delory]].

By 1912, Lille's population stood at 217,000. The city profited from the [[Industrial Revolution]], particularly via coal and the [[steam engine]]. The entire region grew wealthy thanks to its mines and textile industry.

===First World War===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S30293, Frankreich, Lille, Militärparade.jpg|thumb|German military parade in Lille, 1915]]
Lille's occupation by the Germans began on 13 October 1914 after a ten-day siege and heavy shelling, which destroyed 882 apartment and office blocks and 1,500 houses, mostly around the railway station and in the centre. By the end of October, the city was being run by German authorities. Because Lille was only 20&nbsp;km from the battlefield, German troops passed through the city regularly on their way to and from the front. As a result, occupied Lille became a place for the hospitalisation and the treatment of wounded soldiers as well as a place for soldiers' relaxation and entertainment. Many buildings, homes and businesses were requisitioned to those ends.<ref>Wallart, Claudine. [http://www.remembrancetrails-northernfrance.com/history/the-department-of-nord-and-the-coal-basin-under-german-occupation/lille-under-german-rule.html ''Lille under German Rule.''] Remembrance Trails of the Great War. Retrieved 1 January 2016.</ref>

Lille was liberated by the Allies on 17 October 1918, when General Sir [[William Birdwood]] and his troops were welcomed by joyous crowds. The general was made an honorary citizen of the city of Lille on 28 October.

The only{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} audio recording known to have been made during World War I was recorded near Lille in October 1918. The two-minute recording captured the Royal Garrison Artillery conducting a gas shell bombardment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://soundstudiesblog.com/2014/07/07/listening-to-traces-of-war-gas-shell-bombardment-1918/|title = Reproducing Traces of War: Listening to Gas Shell Bombardment, 1918|date = 7 July 2014}}</ref>

Lille was also the hunting ground of the German World War I flying ace [[Max Immelmann]], who was nicknamed "the Eagle of Lille".

===''Années Folles'', Great Depression and Popular Front===
[[File:Lille mairie face.jpg|alt=Lille city hall|left|thumb|upright=0.85|Lille's [[Art Deco]] [[Hôtel de Ville, Lille|Town Hall]] (1932)]]
In July 1921, at the [[Pasteur Institute]] in Lille, [[Albert Calmette]] and [[Camille Guérin]] discovered the first anti-[[tuberculosis]] [[vaccine]], known as [[BCG vaccine|BCG]] ("Bacille de Calmette et Guérin"). The [[Opéra de Lille]], designed by Lille architect [[Louis M. Cordonnier]], was dedicated in 1923.

From 1931, Lille felt the repercussions of the [[Great Depression]], and by 1935, a third of the city's population lived in poverty. In 1936, the city's mayor, [[Roger Salengro]], became [[Minister of the Interior (France)|Minister of the Interior]] of the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front]] but eventually killed himself after right-wing groups led a slanderous campaign against him.

===Second World War===
{{main|Lille during World War II}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 121-0396, Frankreich, Allee mit zerstörten Fahrzeugen.jpg|thumb|Wrecked vehicles in Lille, after the 1940 [[Siege of Lille (1940)|siege of the city]]]]
During the [[Battle of France]], Lille was besieged by German forces for several days. When Belgium was invaded, the citizens of Lille, still haunted by the events of World War I, began to flee the city in large numbers. Lille was part of the zone under control of the German commander in Brussels, and was never controlled by the [[Vichy France|Vichy government]] in [[German occupation of France during World War II|France]]. Lille was instead controlled under the [[Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France|military administration in Northern France]]. The ''départements'' of Nord and [[Pas-de-Calais]] (with the exception of the coast, notably [[Dunkirk]]) were for the most part liberated from 1 to 5 September 1944, by British, Canadian and Polish troops. On 3 September, German troops began to leave Lille out of fear of the British, who were on their way from Brussels. The city was liberated by a British force consisting largely of tanks.<ref>Landry, Gérard (1982). Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing sous l'occupation (in French). Rennes: Ouest-France. {{ISBN|9782858824236}}.</ref>

Rationing came to an end in 1947, and by 1948, normality had returned to Lille.

===Postwar===
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2020}}
[[File:Euralille tours.jpg|alt=Euralille quarter|thumb|The [[Euralille|Euralille quarter]]]]
In 1967, the Chamber of Commerce of Lille, Roubaix and Tourcoing were joined, and in 1969 the ''Communauté urbaine de Lille'' (Lille urban community) was created, linking 87 ''[[communes of France|communes]]'' with Lille.

Throughout the 1960s and the 1970s, the region was faced with some problems after the decline of the coal, mining and textile industries. From the early 1980s, the city began to turn itself more towards the [[tertiary sector of economic activity|service sector]].

Pierre Mauroy served as Mayor of Lille for 28 years from 1973 to 2001. Mauroy was Prime Minister for part of the term of Francois Mitterrand.

In 1983, the [[Véhicule Automatique Léger|VAL]], the world's first automated [[rapid transit]] underground network, opened. In 1993, a high-speed [[TGV]] train line was opened connecting Paris with Lille in one hour. This, with the opening of the [[Channel Tunnel]] in 1994 and the arrival of the [[Eurostar]] train put Lille at the centre of a triangle connecting Paris, London and Brussels.

Work on Euralille, an urban remodelling project, began in 1991. The Euralille Centre was opened in 1994, and the remodeled district is now full of parks and modern buildings containing offices, shops and apartments. In 1994 the "Grand Palais" was also opened for the general public, which is free for the public to enter on the first Sunday of every month.

===21st century===

Lille was chosen as a [[European Capital of Culture]] in 2004,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.mairie-lille.fr/cms/Welcome/Culture-leisure/european-capital-of-culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615231323/http://en.mairie-lille.fr/cms/Welcome/Culture-leisure/european-capital-of-culture |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2013 |title=Lille 2004 European Capital of Culture |work=mairie-lille.fr}}</ref> along with the [[Italy|Italian]] city of [[Genoa]].

Lille and Roubaix were affected by the [[2005 French riots|2005 riots]], like all of France's other urban centres.

In 2007 and again in 2010, Lille was awarded the label "Internet City".{{by whom|date=January 2020}}{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

The [[Saint-Joseph Chapel of Saint-Paul College in Lille|Saint-Joseph Chapel of Saint-Paul College]] was demolished in February 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lille : des militants identitaires s'opposent à la démolition de la chapelle Saint-Joseph|url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/hauts-de-france/nord-0/lille/lille-militants-identitaires-s-opposent-demolition-chapelle-saint-joseph-1913458.html|access-date=27 February 2021|website=France 3 Hauts-de-France|language=fr-FR}}</ref>