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Lima and Callao Metro
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== History == === 1970s: First Designs === [[File:Map of the Lima and Callao Metro, year 1974.svg|left|thumb|Recreation of the original plan of the Lima and Callao metro network|227x227px]] Between 1972 and 1973, the "Metrolima" consortium elaborated the technical-economical feasibility studies and the pre-project of the "Mass Rapid Transit System for Passengers in the Metropolitan Area of [[Lima]] and [[Callao]]", approved by the Government of [[Peru]] in 1974.<ref name="El Comercio">{{cite web|access-date=9 March 2015|author=El Comercio|date=17 June 2014|language=es|title=El subterráneo de Lima que nunca se construyó|url=http://elcomercio.pe/economia/peru/subterraneo-lima-que-nunca-se-construyo-noticia-1736699}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> However, the political crisis generated by the sudden illness of President [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]] and the problem of his succession, added to the complexity of the Limean soil located in a highly [[seismic zone]], as well as the international economic crisis of the time, made it impossible to get the necessary financing of US$317,000,000.<ref name="El Comercio" /> This way, the "Metrolima" project, contemplating a total of 5 lines of underground train, was unable to be realized.<ref name="El Comercio" /> === 1980s: Initial construction === In 1986, the first presidency of [[Alan García]] created the "Autonomous Authority for the Mass Transit Electrical Transport System Special Project" with the Supreme Decree N° 001-86 MIPRE, with degree of Law N° 24565.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=5 March 2016|author=AATE|date=20 February 1986|language=es|title=Decreto supremo N° 001-86 MIPRE|url=http://www.aate.gob.pe/transparencia_aate/upload_planes/DS001_86_MIPRE.pdf}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=5 March 2016|author=AATE|date=19 May 2015|language=es|title=Memoria anual 2010|url=http://www.aate.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Memoria-Anual-2010.pdf}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> This entity called for a public contest for the implementation of this system, won by the Italian-capital "Consorcio Tralima" consortium. It started promptly the infrastructure work for an elevated viaduct metro. Construction started by placing the first stone on October 18, 1986,<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 18, 1986 |title=Cosapi Setiembre - Octubre 1986 |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MxmOOhjYzQpeiZfxSlVLX04guq-MeJTO/view |website=Cosapi |language=es}}</ref> making its construction the main promise made in 1987 by the newly elected Mayor of Lima and member of the government party [[Jorge del Castillo]].[[File:Tren Eléctrico viaducto inconcluso.jpg|thumb|left|The construction of Line 1 of the Lima Metro remained paralyzed for over 20 years until it was resumed in 2010.]]The work began with a maintenance facility in the [[Villa El Salvador|district of Villa El Salvador]], south of the city, where the trains were meant to be stored and receive preventive maintenance. Construction advanced at a relatively fast pace, but when Line 1 reached the Atocongo Station, the country became immersed in a deep economical and social crisis, in addition to corruption scandals involving President Garcia,<ref name=":0" /> which halted construction. It was meant to continue through [[Av. Aviación]] up to the Dos de Mayo Hospital in the city center, but the assigned budget had been already spent. On April 28, 1990, three months before ending the first government by [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|APRA]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 20, 1990 |orig-date= |title=Innaguran parcialmente el tren eléctrico |url=https://pbs.twimg.com/media/ChOyzIXWYAIUCO0.jpg |publisher=[[El Comercio (Peru)|El Comercio]] |language=es |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> Alan García celebrated the opening of the line, despite the fact that the line was incomplete and did not reach areas of higher demand and density. The metro remained nearly useless in practice, given that the required investments for its operation and maintenance were unjustifiable for its ridership. In spite of that, the subsequent governments tried to revive the project because of the significant investment put into the trains and infrastructure. On several occasions, candidates in both presidential and municipal elections used it politically with the promise of finishing the project, although it never materialized. The municipalities crossed by the metro started to cover the unfinished segments in an attempt to diminish the negative impact on the urban landscape. This way, the centre median of Av. Aviación had pillars with grass in order to avoid the invasion of ambulatory commerce (which represented a large problem in Lima at the time). Vegetation was planted in order to cover the uncovered pieces of steel and concrete of the unfinished project. Some districts also painted the columns and walls with images of Peruvian landscapes and nature, deeming the project as definitively cancelled.[[File:Tren Urbano Lima 2.jpg|thumb|left|The Lima Metro at its beginnings]]On August 5, 2001, the AATE (Electrical Train Autonomous Authority) was passed on to the [[Metropolitan Municipality of Lima]] through the Urgency Decree N° 058–2001.<ref>{{Cite web |author-link= |title=Expediente del Decreto Urgencia Nº 00058 |url=https://www2.congreso.gob.pe/Sicr/TraDocEstProc/TraDoc_expdig_2001.nsf/B8A7D82F30BFAF7305256F260056634D/3A3BF47584383C6F05257DCB0055DF26?OpenDocument |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Congreso de la República |language=es}}</ref> Subsequently, the Lima Metro only made trips to give preventive maintenance to the trains. The columns and rights-of-way of the train remained, for more than two decades, as a living example of the bad management of the first [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|APRA]] government between 1985 and 1990. Several artistic and musical groups took advantage of the situation to satirize the project. The "El Tren Eléctrico" song by Juan Luis Dammert<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPhKHA0s11I Video of the "El Tren Eléctrico" song] ''YouTube.com''.</ref> and the imaginary launch campaign denominated "Lima 2427" (calculated finishing year given the progress rate the project had thus far), launched by artist Camila Bustamante. This campaign placed stickers in the supposed future stations and gave out informative flyers on the streets, allowing the general public to find out that the project didn't have just one line but seven interconnected lines servicing the whole city. === 2010s: Completion of the first line === [[File:Lima Metro Villa El Salvador Station.jpg|thumb|250px|Train in Villa el Salvador.]] In 2009, the government decided that the Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC) would retake the administration of the AATE (Electrical Train Autonomous Authority). It also put an entity called "Provias Nacional" in charge of organizing a public bid to select the consortium that would build the remaining sections of the project. Financing would come from a foreign debt operation with the [[CAF – Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean|Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean]] (CAF) for US$300 million. This credit was approved on August 18, 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAF supervisó ruta de la Línea 2 del Metro de Lima y Callao |url=https://www.caf.com/es/actualidad/noticias/2014/09/caf-superviso-ruta-de-la-linea-2-del-metro-de-lima-y-callao/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=www.caf.com |language=es}}</ref> On December 2, 2009, the government approved for the "Consorcio Tren Eléctrico Lima" consortium, (formed by Brazilian company [[Odebrecht]] and Peruvian company Graña y Montero) to build the line from the unfinished first segment until Grau station in Downtown Lima. Construction started On March 2, 2010, and the second segment opened on July 11, 2011.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=UrbanRail.Net > South America > Peru > Lima Metro |url=https://www.urbanrail.net/am/lima/lima.htm |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=www.urbanrail.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 July 2011 |title=Tras 25 años, Alan García inaugura Tren Eléctrico |url=http://noticias.terra.com.pe/peru/tras-25-anos-alan-garcia-inaugura-tren-electrico,38870ebcb2a11310VgnVCM10000098f154d0RCRD.html |publisher=Terra |language=es |access-date=January 1, 2024 |archive-date=October 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013034548/https://noticias.terra.com.pe/peru/tras-25-anos-alan-garcia-inaugura-tren-electrico,38870ebcb2a11310VgnVCM10000098f154d0RCRD.html |url-status=dead }}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> The third segment of the line that connects Downtown Lima to the northeastern district of San Juan de Lurigancho opened for public service on July 25, 2014.<ref name=":4" />[[File:Metro de Lima 2014.jpg|thumb|252x252px|Lima and Callao Metro showing Lines 1 (green), 2 (yellow), and 4 (red).]] On December 23, 2010, president Alan Garcia established through supreme decree 059-2010-MTC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aate.gob.pe/Nuevo%20portal/lared.html |title=Autoridad Autónoma del Tren Eléctrico - AATE | Red Básica del Metro de Lima |access-date=2011-02-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224223942/http://www.aate.gob.pe/Nuevo%20portal/lared.html |archive-date=February 24, 2011 }}</ref> the Basic Metro Network of Lima and Callao, signaling the implementation of a network consisting of 5 lines of metro for Lima, contemplating the construction of ground, elevated and underground segments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andina.com.pe/Espanol/Noticia.aspx?id=tn/ULB0MAQw= |title=Gobierno aprueba Red Básica del Metro de Lima y Callao que cubre diversos distritos |website=www.andina.com.pe |date=December 24, 2010 |language=es |access-date=2012-01-13}}</ref> === 2020s: Construction of second line === The consortium "Nuevo Metro de Lima", consisting of the companies COSAPI (Peru), Impregilo, [[Ansaldobreda|Ansaldo Breda & Ansaldo STS]] (Italy), Iridium, and Vialia (Spain) won the bid for the construction of Line 2 of the Lima Metro, and a segment of Line 4 that will connect it to the airport. The contract was signed on April 28, 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-09 |title=Gobierno concretó la firma del contrato de la Línea 2 del Metro de Lima {{!}} Economía {{!}} Gestion.pe |url=http://gestion.pe/economia/gobierno-llevo-cabo-firma-contrato-construccion-linea-2-metro-lima-2095686 |access-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409091916/http://gestion.pe/economia/gobierno-llevo-cabo-firma-contrato-construccion-linea-2-metro-lima-2095686 |archive-date=April 9, 2016 }}</ref> Though initially scheduled for completion in 2021, only the first segment of the project, spanning 5 kilometers and 5 stations, has been completed as of January 2024. This segment opened for operations in December 2023.<ref name=":3" />
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