Editing Linus Pauling (section)

== Early life and education ==
[[File:Herman Henry William Pauling.jpg|thumb|left|Herman Henry William Pauling, Linus Pauling's father, {{circa|1900}}]]

Linus Carl Pauling was born on February 28, 1901, in [[Portland, Oregon]],<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal |last=Dunitz |first=Jack D. |author-link=Jack D. Dunitz |date=1996 |title=Linus Carl Pauling. 28 February 1901–19 August 1994 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |language=en-gb |volume=42 |issue=9 |pages=316–326 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1996.0020 |pmid=11619334 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="childhood">{{Cite web |title=Linus Pauling's Childhood (1901–1910) |url=http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/chronology/page3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407144827/http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/chronology/page3.html |archive-date=April 7, 2022 |access-date=April 25, 2013 |website=[[Oregon State University]] |language=en-us}}</ref> the firstborn child of Herman Henry William Pauling (1876–1910) and Lucy Isabelle "Belle" Darling (1881–1926).<ref name="Nature">{{Cite book |last=Hager |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Hager |url=https://archive.org/details/forceofnaturelif00hage |title=Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling |date=1995 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-0-684-80909-0 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|22}} He was named "Linus Carl", in honor of Lucy's father, Linus, and Herman's father, Carl.<ref name="MeadHager">{{Cite book |title=Linus Pauling: Scientist and Peacemaker |date=2001 |publisher=[[Oregon State University Press]] |isbn=978-0-87071-489-4 |editor-last=Mead |editor-first=Clifford |editor-last2=Hager |editor-first2=Thomas |editor-link2=Thomas Hager}}</ref>{{rp|8}} His ancestry included German and English.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Linus Pauling: Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1954/pauling/biographical/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318142845/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1954/pauling/biographical/ |archive-date=March 18, 2022 |access-date=September 27, 2021 |website=Nobel Prize |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dunitz |first=Jack D. |author-link=Jack D. Dunitz |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/5737/chapter/13 |title=Biographical Memoirs |date=1997 |publisher=[[National Academies Press]] |isbn=978-0-309-05738-7 |volume=71 |pages=221–261 |language=en |chapter=Linus Carl Pauling |doi=10.17226/5737 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028051456/https://www.nap.edu/read/5737/chapter/13 |archive-date=October 28, 2021  |url-status=live |access-date=September 27, 2021  }}</ref>

In 1902, after his sister Pauline was born, Pauling's parents decided to move out of Portland to find more affordable and spacious living quarters than their one-room apartment.<ref name="GoGo">{{Cite book |last1=Goertzel |first1=Ted |author1-link=Ted Goertzel |url=https://archive.org/details/linuspaulinglife0000goer_i4n1 |title=Linus Pauling: A Life in Science and Politics |last2=Goertzel |first2=Ben |date=1995 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-00672-4 |language=en |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Lucy stayed with her husband's parents in Oswego until Herman brought the family to [[Salem, Oregon|Salem]], where he worked briefly as a traveling salesman for the Skidmore Drug Company. Within a year of Lucile's birth in 1904, Herman Pauling moved his family to [[Oswego, Oregon]] where he opened his own drugstore.{{r|GoGo|p=4}} He moved his family to [[Condon, Oregon]], in 1905.{{r|GoGo|p=5}} By 1906, Herman Pauling was suffering from recurrent [[abdominal pain]]. He died of a perforated [[Peptic ulcer|ulcer]] on June 11, 1910, leaving Lucy to care for Linus, Lucile and Pauline.{{r|MeadHager|p=9}}

Pauling attributes his interest in becoming a chemist to being amazed by experiments conducted by a friend, [[Lloyd A. Jeffress]], who had a small chemistry lab kit.{{r|GoGo|p=17}} He later wrote: "I was simply entranced by chemical phenomena, by the reactions in which substances, often with strikingly different properties, appear; and I hoped to learn more and more about this aspect of the world."<ref name="Abrams">{{Cite book |last=Abrams |first=Irwin |url={{GBurl|id=ny77bPwKxaUC|page=198}} |title=The Nobel Peace Prize and the laureates : an illustrated biographical history, 1901–1987 |date=1988 |publisher=G.K. Hall |isbn=978-0-8161-8609-9 |edition=2. print. |location=[[Boston]]}}</ref>

In high school, Pauling conducted chemistry experiments by scavenging equipment and material from an abandoned steel plant. With an older friend, Lloyd Simon, Pauling set up Palmon Laboratories in Simon's basement.  They approached local dairies offering to perform butterfat samplings at cheap prices but dairymen were wary of trusting two boys with the task, and the business ended in failure.{{r|GoGo|p=21}}

At age 15, the high school senior had enough credits to enter [[Oregon State University]] (OSU), known then as Oregon Agricultural College.{{r|GoGo|p=22}} Lacking two American history courses required for his [[high school diploma]], Pauling asked the school principal if he could take the courses concurrently during the spring semester. Denied, he left [[Washington High School (Portland, Oregon)|Washington High School]] in June without a diploma.{{r|Nature|p=48}} The school awarded him an honorary diploma 45 years later, after he was awarded two Nobel Prizes.<ref name="Nobel" /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1998 |title=Pauling, Linus |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Biography |publisher=[[Thomson Gale]] |editor-last=Bourgoin |editor-first=Suzanne M. |volume=12 |page=150 |isbn=978-0-7876-2221-3 |oclc=498136139 |ol=24962233M |editor-first2=Paula K. |editor-last2=Byers}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pauling Finally Gets High School Diploma |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1962-06-19/ed-1/seq-1/ |access-date=August 3, 2022 |work=[[The Washington Star|Evening Star]] |date=June 19, 1962 |at=p. 1 col 6}}</ref>

Pauling held a number of jobs to earn money for his future college expenses, including working part-time at a grocery store for {{currency|8|USD}} per week (equivalent to {{currency|{{inflation|US|8|1916|r=-1}}|USD}} in {{inflation/year|US}}). His mother arranged an interview with the owner of a number of manufacturing plants in Portland, Mr. Schwietzerhoff, who hired him as an apprentice machinist at a salary of {{currency|40|USD}} per month (equivalent to {{currency|{{inflation|US|40|1916|r=-1}}|USD}} in {{inflation/year|US}}). This was soon raised to {{currency|50|USD}} per month.{{r|GoGo|p=23}} Pauling also set up a photography laboratory with two friends.{{r|GoGo|p=24}} In September 1917, Pauling was finally admitted by Oregon State University. He immediately resigned from the machinist's job and informed his mother, who saw no point in a university education, of his plans.{{r|GoGo|p=25}}

===Higher education===
[[File:LinusPaulingGraduation1922.jpg|thumb|left|Pauling's graduation photo from [[Oregon State University]], 1922]]

In his first semester, Pauling registered for two courses in chemistry, two in mathematics, mechanical drawing, introduction to mining and use of explosives, modern English prose, gymnastics and military drill.{{r|GoGo|p=26}} His roommate was childhood pal and lifelong best friend Lloyd Jeffress.<ref name=Linus>{{cite web|last1=Pauling|first1=Linus|title=Life with Lloyd Jeffress, June 5, 1986|url=https://paulingblog.wordpress.com/2009/07/02/paulings-best-friend-lloyd-jeffress/|website=The Pauling Blog|publisher=Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections and Archives Research Center|access-date=1 June 2016|date=2009-07-02}}</ref>  He was active in campus life and founded the school's chapter of the [[Delta Upsilon]] fraternity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swanson |first=Stephen |date=October 3, 2000 |title=OSU fraternity to donate Pauling treasures to campus library |url=http://oregonstate.edu/ua/ncs/archives/2000/oct/osu-fraternity-donate-pauling-treasures-campus-library |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202915/http://oregonstate.edu/ua/ncs/archives/2000/oct/osu-fraternity-donate-pauling-treasures-campus-library |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |access-date=April 29, 2013 |website=[[Oregon State University]] |language=en}}</ref> After his second year, he planned to take a job in Portland to help support his mother. The college offered him a position teaching [[Quantitative analysis (chemistry)|quantitative analysis]], a course he had just finished taking himself. He worked forty hours a week in the laboratory and classroom and earned {{currency|100|USD}} a month (equivalent to {{currency|{{inflation|US|100|1920|r=-2}}|USD}} in {{inflation/year|US}}), enabling him to continue his studies.{{r|GoGo|p=29}}

In his last two years at school, Pauling became aware of the work of [[Gilbert N. Lewis]] and [[Irving Langmuir]] on the [[electronic structure]] of atoms and their [[chemical bond|bonding]] to form [[molecule]]s.{{r|GoGo|p=29}} He decided to focus his research on how the [[physical property|physical]] and [[chemical property|chemical properties]] of substances are related to the structure of the atoms of which they are composed, becoming one of the founders of the new science of quantum chemistry.<ref name=":0" />

Engineering professor Samuel Graf (1887–1966)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://engineering.oregonstate.edu/alumni-partners/oregon-stater-awards/searchable-awards-database/samuel-graf-engineering-hall-fame |title=Samuel Graf : Engineering Hall of Fame - 1998 &#124; College of Engineering &#124; Oregon State University |date=3 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 1966 |title=Long-Time OSU Faculty Man, Sam Graf, Dies |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/corvallis-gazette-times/31584297/ |website= |publisher=[[Corvallis Gazette-Times]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> selected Pauling to be his teaching assistant in a mechanics and materials course.{{r|GoGo|p=29}}<ref name="OSUArchives">{{Cite web |title=Pauling's Years as an Undergraduate at Oregon Agricultural College, Part 2 (1919–1922) |url=http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/chronology/page6.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031065844/http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/chronology/page6.html |archive-date=October 31, 2021 |access-date=May 27, 2015 |website=[[Oregon State University]]}}</ref><ref name="Marinacci">{{Cite book |last=Pauling |first=Linus |url=https://archive.org/details/linuspaulinginhi0000paul |title=Linus Pauling: in his own words : selected writings, speeches, and interviews |date=1995 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-0-684-81387-5 |editor-last=Marinacci |editor-first=Barbara |location=New York City |page=39 |language=en-us |author-mask=4 |access-date=May 27, 2015 |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> During the winter of his senior year, Pauling taught a chemistry course for [[family and consumer science|home economics]] majors. It was in one of these classes that Pauling met his future wife, [[Ava Helen Pauling|Ava Helen Miller]].{{r|GoGo|p=31}}{{r|Marinacci|p=41}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linus Pauling Biographical Timeline |url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/lpbio/timeline.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302113523/https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/about/linus-pauling-biographical-timeline |archive-date=March 2, 2022 |access-date=November 10, 2011 |website=[[Linus Pauling Institute]] |publisher=[[Oregon State University]] |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="AvaBook">{{Cite news |last=Richard |first=Terry |date=May 3, 2013 |title=Ava Helen Pauling, wife of Linus Pauling, subject of biography by Corvallis author Mina Carson |language=en |work=[[The Oregonian]] |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/books/index.ssf/2013/05/ava_helen_pauling_wife_of_linu.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513195013/https://www.oregonlive.com/books/2013/05/ava_helen_pauling_wife_of_linu.html |archive-date=May 13, 2021 |issn=8750-1317}}</ref>

In 1922, Pauling graduated with a degree in [[chemical engineering]]. He went on to graduate school at the [[California Institute of Technology]] (Caltech) in [[Pasadena, California]], under the guidance of [[Roscoe G. Dickinson|Roscoe Dickinson]] and [[Richard C. Tolman|Richard Tolman]].<ref name="mathgene" /> His graduate research involved the use of [[X-ray diffraction]] to determine the structure of [[crystal]]s. He published seven papers on the [[crystal structure]] of minerals while he was at Caltech. He received his PhD in [[physical chemistry]] and [[mathematical physics]],<ref name="paulingphd" /> [[summa cum laude]], in 1925.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 1925 |title=Commencement 1925 California Institute of Technology Pasadena |url=http://caltechcampuspubs.library.caltech.edu/2537/1/1925.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101163715/http://caltechcampuspubs.library.caltech.edu/2537/1/1925.pdf |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |access-date=March 29, 2013 |publisher=[[California Institute of Technology]]}}</ref>