Editing Lithium polymer battery (section)

== History ==
{{main|Lithium-ion battery#History}}

The dry SPE was the first used in prototype batteries, around 1978 by [[Michel Armand]],<ref name="Armand">{{cite book| chapter=Extended Abstracts |author1=M. B. Armand |author2=J. M. Chabagno |author3=M. Duclot |title=Second International Meeting on Solid Electrolytes |place=St. Andrews, Scotland |date=20–22 September 1978}}</ref><ref name="Armand_2">{{cite book| chapter=Poly-ethers as solid electrolytes |author1=M. B. Armand, J. M. Chabagno |author2=M. Duclot |name-list-style=amp|title=Fast ion Transport in Solids. Electrodes and Electrolytes |editor1=P. Vashitshta |editor2=J.N. Mundy |editor3=G.K. Shenoy |publisher=North Holland Publishers, Amsterdam |date=1979}}</ref> and 1985 by ANVAR and Elf Aquitaine of France, and [[Hydro-Québec]] of Canada.<ref name="poly_history">{{cite journal |journal=Electrochimica Acta |volume=45 |issue=8–9 |date=3 January 2000 |pages=1501–1508 |title=An overview of the research and development of solid polymer electrolyte batteries |last1=Murata |first1=Kazuo |last2=Izuchi |first2=Shuichi |last3=Yoshihisa |first3=Youetsu |doi=10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00365-5}}</ref>

Nishi mentions that [[Sony]] started research on lithium-ion cells with gelled polymer electrolytes (GPE) in 1988, before the commercialisation of the liquid-electrolyte lithium-ion cell in 1991.<ref name="book_6">{{cite book |editor-last1=Yoshio |editor-first1=Masaki |editor-last2=Brodd |editor-first2=Ralph J. |editor-last3=Kozawa |editor-first3=Akiya |title=Lithium-ion batteries |publisher=Springer |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-387-34444-7 |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-34445-4|bibcode=2009liba.book.....Y }}</ref> At that time, polymer batteries were promising, and it seemed polymer electrolytes would become indispensable.<ref name="book_5">{{cite book |last=Nishi |first=Yoshio |title=Advances in Lithium-ion batteries |editor-last1=van Schalkwijk |editor-first1=Walter A. |editor-last2=Scrosati |editor-first2=Bruno |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |date=2002 |chapter=Chapter 7: Lithium-Ion Secondary batteries with gelled polymer electrolytes |isbn=0-306-47356-9}}</ref> Eventually, this type of cell went into the market in 1998.<ref name="book_6"/> However, Scrosati argues that, in the strictest sense, gelled membranes cannot be classified as "true" polymer electrolytes but rather as hybrid systems where the liquid phases are contained within the polymer matrix.<ref name="book_3">{{cite book |last=Scrosati |first=Bruno |title=Advances in Lithium-ion batteries |editor-last1=van Schalkwijk |editor-first1=Walter A. |editor-last2=Scrosati |editor-first2=Bruno |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |date=2002 |chapter=Chapter 8: Lithium polymer electrolytes |isbn=0-306-47356-9}}</ref> Although these polymer electrolytes may be dry to the touch, they can still include 30% to 50% liquid solvent.<ref name="book_4">{{cite book |last=Brodd |first=Ralf J. |title=Advances in Lithium-ion batteries |editor-last1=van Schalkwijk |editor-first1=Walter A. |editor-last2=Scrosati |editor-first2=Bruno |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |date=2002 |chapter=Chapter 9: Lithium-Ion cell production processes |isbn=0-306-47356-9}}</ref>

Since 1990, several organisations, such as Mead and Valence in the United States and [[GS Yuasa]] in Japan, have developed batteries using gelled SPEs.<ref name="poly_history"/>

In 1996, [[Bellcore]] in the United States announced a rechargeable lithium polymer cell using porous SPE,<ref name="poly_history"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tarascon |first1=J.-M.|author-link1 =Jean-Marie Tarascon |last2=Gozdz |first2=A. S. |last3=Schmutz |first3=C. |last4=Shokoohi |first4=F. |last5=Warren |first5=P. C. |date=July 1996 |title=Performance of Bellcore's plastic rechargeable Li-ion batteries |journal=Solid State Ionics |volume=86-88 |issue=Part 1 |pages=49–54 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/0167-2738(96)00330-X}}</ref> which was called a "plastic" lithium-ion cell (PLiON) and subsequently commercialised in 1999.<ref name="Nature_01"/>