Editing Lloyd Shapley (section)

== Life and career ==

Lloyd Shapley was born on June 2, 1923, in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], one of the sons of astronomers [[Harlow Shapley]] and [[Martha Betz Shapley]], both from Missouri.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/27/obituaries/martha-betz-shapley.html|title=MARTHA BETZ SHAPLEY|date=January 27, 1981|work=The New York Times}}</ref> He attended [[Phillips Exeter Academy]] and was a student at Harvard when he was drafted in 1943. He served in the [[United States Army Air Corps]] in [[Chengdu, China]] and received the [[Bronze Star Medal|Bronze Star]] decoration for breaking the Soviet weather code.<ref name=int>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2012/shapley-interview.html|title=Lloyd S. Shapley – Interview|publisher=Nobel Media AB| access-date = March 13, 2016}}</ref>

After the war, Shapley returned to Harvard and graduated with an [[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]] in mathematics in 1948. After working for one year at the [[RAND Corporation]], he went to [[Princeton University]] where he received a Ph.D. in 1953<ref name=princ>{{cite web | url = https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S35/03/02E57/index.xml | title = Princeton alumnus Shapley wins Nobel Prize | date= October 15, 2012 | access-date = March 13, 2016|publisher = [[Princeton University]]}}</ref> based on the thesis "Additive and non-additive set functions".{{r|AWT_LSShapley}}<ref name=PhDLink>{{cite web
|url=https://perso.uclouvain.be/pierre.dehez/Shapley/Shapley-Thesis.pdf
|title=Additive and non-additive set functions
|  author=L.S. Shapley|year=1953| access-date = May 13, 2021
}}</ref> His thesis and post-doctoral work introduced the [[Shapley value]] and the [[core (game theory)|core]] solution in [[game theory]].  Shapley defined game theory as "a mathematical study of conflict and cooperation." After graduating, he remained at Princeton for a short time before going back to the RAND corporation from 1954 to 1981. In 1950, while a graduate student, Shapley invented the board game ''[[So Long Sucker]]'', along with [[Mel Hausner]], [[John Forbes Nash]], and [[Martin Shubik]].<ref>Hausner, M., Nash, J. F., Shapley, L. S. & Shubik, M., (1964), "So Long Sucker, A Four-Person Game", ''Game Theory and Related Approaches to Social Behavior'', John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.</ref> Israeli economist and Nobel Laureate [[Robert Aumann]] considered Shapley to be "the greatest game theorist of all time."<ref name="Hagerty, James 2016">Hagerty, James, Lloyd Shapley: 1923–2016, Wall Street Journal, March 19–20, 2016, p. A7.</ref>

[[File:Lloyd Shapley 2 2012.jpg|left|thumb|upright=.85|Lloyd Shapley in Stockholm 2012]]
From 1981 until his death, Shapley was a professor at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA), serving at the time of his death as a professor emeritus there, affiliated with the Mathematics and Economics departments. He died on March 12, 2016, in [[Tucson, Arizona]], after suffering from a [[broken hip]], at the age of 92.<ref name=":0" />

Shapley was an expert [[Kriegspiel (chess)|Kriegspiel]] player, and an avid baseball fan.<ref name="Hagerty, James 2016"/>